SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Running”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources

PubMed2004

Program running versus problem solving: mental task effect on tonic heart rate.

It was hypothesized that mental tasks that involve program running (RUN tasks) would cause a greater tonic heart rate (HR) increase than tasks that require the search for problem solutions (EDIT tasks). Three experiments using verbal, numeric, and graphic material were run to compare tasks matched for difficulty but differing in qualitative demands (RUN vs. EDIT tasks). As predicted, filling in missing letters in words caused a larger HR increase than finding words that were logical continuations of a series of words (Experiment 1) and performing arithmetic operations caused a greater HR increase than logical completion of a series of digits (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, two of three tasks that demanded counting of graphic elements caused a larger HR increase than a task that required logical completion of a series of graphic elements. Experiments 1 and 2 also showed that RUN tasks evoked greater phasic HR acceleration than EDIT tasks.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Running combined simple and vertical mattress suture: a rapid skin-everting stitch.

BACKGROUND: Vertical mattress sutures are used in skin surgery to produce eversion of the wound edges, which produces a better, cosmetically acceptable scar. The disadvantages of this closure include the risk of wound hypereversion if tied too tightly, longer time to perform the stitch, and difficulties with grasping the externalized loops during suture removal. OBJECTIVE: To examine and discuss the new modification of running vertical mattress sutures, which can overcome the disadvantages. METHODS: Running combined simple and vertical mattress suture techniques are presented in a series of schematic diagrams that follow. RESULTS: The running combined simple and vertical mattress is easier and quicker to close the wound than the classic interrupted or running vertical mattress suture. Whereas the mattress suture everts the wound edges, the simple suture coapts the sides, preventing undue inversion or hypereversion of the wound. Suture removal is less uncomfortable for the patient and is performed faster by the medical staff owing to a reduction in the number of externalized loops by half compared with the classic vertical mattress stitch. CONCLUSION: Alternation of the vertical mattress and simple running suture saves the surgeon's time without lessening the advantages of good wound eversion and hence the formation of a less apparent, cosmetically more appealing scar after wound contraction.

Dermatologic Surgical Procedures↗

PubMed1996

Calcium-induced inactivation of NMDA receptor-channels evolves independently of run-down in cultured rat brain neurones.

1. Calcium-induced transient inactivation of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) channels was studied in cultured rat hippocampal and cerebellar granule neurones using patch-clamp techniques and confocal scanning microscopy. 2. During whole-cell recordings, in the presence of 2 mM external Ca2+, conditioning (2-20 s) pulses of NMDA (20-100 microM) caused a transient decrease in NMDA responses. Recovery developed in two phases with time constants of 0.6 and 40 s. The slow phase of the recovery could be prevented either by strong intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) buffering with 30 mM BAPTA or by using Ca(2+)-free extracellular solution. 3. Simultaneous measurement of currents and Ca(2+)-dependent fluorescence revealed a close correlation between the time constants of [Ca2+]i decay and the slow component of NMDA-activated test current recovery. 4. During prolonged recordings, the transient inactivation was not related to irreversible NMDA-activated current run-down. After 25 min of recording with ATP-free intracellular solution, NMDA-activated currents in hippocampal neurones irreversibly decreased by 49 +/- 5% while inactivation decreased by 8% (n = 9). Calyculin A and FK-506 (phosphatase inhibitors) significantly delayed run-down but did not modulate the transient inactivation. 5. In cerebellar granule cells that did not show run-down (4 mM MgATP in the pipette) the percentage of transient inactivation strongly decreased during 25 min of recording (from 28 +/- 6 to 7 +/- 5%, n = 15). 6. In cell-attached recordings (5 microM NMDA in the pipette), elevation of [Ca2+]i (application of 100 microM NMDA to the soma) caused a reversible reduction of single NMDAR channel open probability (NPo) due to a decrease in the frequency of channel opening. 7. In inside-out patches, application of Ca2+ to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane caused a rapid and reversible decrease in NPo (13 out of 29 patches). In the absence of run-down, the ability of Ca2+ to transiently inhibit NMDAR channel activity disappeared after 3-5 min of recording. 8. These results indicate that Ca(2+)-induced transient inactivation of NMDAR currents develops independently from the run-down and suggest that a diffusible Ca2+ -dependent factor mediates NMDAR channel inactivation.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Forward and backward running waves in the arteries: analysis using the method of characteristics.

The one-dimensional equations of flow in the elastic arteries are hyperbolic and admit nonlinear, wavelike solutions for the mean velocity, U, and the pressure, P. Neglecting dissipation, the solutions can be written in terms of wavelets defined as differences of the Riemann invariants across characteristics. This analysis shows that the product, dUdP, is positive definite for forward running wavelets and negative definite for backward running wavelets allowing the determination of the net magnitude and direction of propagating wavelets from pressure and velocity measured at a point in the artery. With the linearizing assumption that intersecting wavelets are additive, the forward and backward running wavelets can be separately calculated. This analysis, applied to measurements made in the ascending aorta of man, shows that forward running wavelets dominate during both the acceleration and deceleration phases of blood flow in the aorta. The forward and backward running waves calculated using the linearized analysis are similar to the results of an impedance analysis of the data. Unlike the impedance analysis, however, this is a time domain analysis which can be applied to nonperiodic or transient flow.

Aorta↗

PubMed1986

The influence of caffeine ingestion on incremental treadmill running.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of caffeine ingestion on estimated substrate utilisation during treadmill running at an initial level of 70%-75% of maximal oxygen consumption after which subjects ran to exhaustion. Twelve subjects undertook either a control, placebo, a small (10 mg X kg-1) or a large (15 mg X kg-1) dose of caffeine in a double-blind design to determine whether caffeine affected the substrate usage during running. Venous blood was collected prior to and during the experimental runs and was later analysed for free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, triglycerides, lactate and glucose concentrations. The results of this experiment suggest that maximal running performance can be increased by large doses of caffeine. Furthermore, the subjects' respiratory exchange ratios were lower and FFA concentrations were higher following the ingestion of large amounts of caffeine than during other trials, suggesting that a larger proportion of energy was derived from fat being used preferentially during the trial following ingestion of this large dose of caffeine. The subjects rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were lower following the ingestion of a large dose of caffeine than it was in any of the other trials. This study differs from others in this area in so much that caffeine has been found to have positive effects during maximal running when used in large doses.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Comparison of the bronchial response to running and cycling in asthma using an improved definition of the response to work.

The bronchial responses to treadmill running and ergometer cycling have been compared in 13 adults with asthma. The exercises were performed on separate days with an interval ranging from three days to six months. The study was designed to ensure that the time course of oxygen consumption during running was replicated during cycling. The response to exercise was estimated by taking serial measurements of the maximum forced expiratory flow rate and forced expiratory volume in one second before and after work. Indices used to describe the response were (b-a)/b and a/b, where b and a were the average lung function before and the lowest value after exercise respectively. There was no significant difference in the lung function of the subjects before running and cycling nor did the duration of exercise or oxygen consumption differ between the two exercises. Eleven of the 13 patients showed a reduction in ventilatory capacity after both forms of exercise. Differences in the lung function responses to the two forms of standard work were trivial and not statistically significant, amounting to only about 1%. It is suggested that previous reports of larger responses to running than cycling were probably due to higher energy expenditures during running. General problems regarding the description and comparison of the responses to exercise are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Coronary artery calcification measured at electron-beam CT: agreement in dual scan runs and change over time.

PURPOSE: To use a recently described regression approach to evaluate agreement in the quantity of coronary artery calcification (CAC) with two consecutive acquisitions (dual scan runs) at electron-beam computed tomography (CT) in a quality-control program and to assess the change in CAC quantity over time in an individual. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1,376 asymptomatic research participants, who were not selected because they were at high risk for coronary artery disease, were examined for the quantity of CAC with dual scan runs at electron-beam CT. With these data, 95% limits of agreement were established and used to evaluate differences between scan runs performed approximately 3.5 years apart in 81 participants. RESULTS: The 95% limits of agreement depended on the mean quantity of CAC in the dual scan runs. Of the 81 participants whose examinations were approximately 3.5 years apart, 59 (73%) had no apparent change in CAC between the two examinations, 21 (26%) had large increases suggesting progression of CAC, and one (1%) had a large decrease suggesting regression of CAC. CONCLUSION: The demonstrated method can be used to evaluate both agreement in dual scan runs and change in quantity of CAC over time.

Calcinosis↗

PubMed2005

Increased mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase protein and enzyme activity in rat epididymal fat upon cessation of wheel running.

Triacylglycerol synthesis in rat epididymal fat overshoots sedentary levels at 10, 29, and 53 h of physical inactivity after 21 days of wheel running. The purposes of the present study were to determine 1) whether this effect is also observed after an acute bout of physical activity and 2) what enzymatic changes might contribute to this effect. We show that more than one bout of physical activity, such as that which occurs with 21 days of wheel running, is necessary for palmitic acid incorporation into triacylglyceride (triglyceride synthesis) to overshoot sedentary values, which suggests that pretranslational mechanisms may be responsible for this overshoot effect. Ten hours after 21 days of wheel running, activity of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase-1 (mtGPAT1) isoform, a key regulator of triacylglycerol synthesis, overshot sedentary values by 48% and remained higher than sedentary values at 29 and 53 h of reduced physical activity. The overshoot in mtGPAT1 activity was accompanied by an increase in mtGPAT protein level. Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein-binding protein level was higher in sedentary 29 h after 21 days of wheel running. AMP kinase-alpha Thr(172) phosphorylation was increased immediately after treadmill running, but decreased to sedentary values by 5 h after activity. Casein kinase-2alpha protein level and activity were unchanged. We conclude that an increase in mtGPAT protein might contribute to the overshoot in triacylglycerol synthesis.

Adenylate Kinase↗

PubMed2005

Exercise by lifelong voluntary wheel running reduces subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide production in the heart.

Evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidant production, in association with an accumulation of oxidative damage, contribute to the aging process. Regular physical activity can delay the onset of morbidity, increase mean lifespan, and reduce the risk of developing several pathological states. No studies have examined age-related changes in oxidant production and oxidative stress in both subsarcolemmal (SSM) and interfibrillar (IFM) mitochondria in combination with lifelong exercise. Therefore, we investigated whether long-term voluntary wheel running in Fischer 344 rats altered hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, antioxidant defenses, and oxidative damage in cardiac SSM and IFM. At 10-11 wk of age, rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: sedentary and 8% food restriction (sedentary; n = 20) or wheel running and 8% food restriction (runners; n = 20); rats were killed at 24 mo of age. After the age of 6 mo, running activity was maintained at an average of 1,145 +/- 248 m/day. Daily energy expenditure determined by doubly labeled water technique showed that runners expended on average approximately 70% more energy per day than the sedentary rats. Long-term voluntary wheel running significantly reduced H2O2 production from both SSM (-10.0%) and IFM (-9.6%) and increased daily energy expenditure (kJ/day) significantly in runners compared with sedentary controls. Additionally, MnSOD activity was significantly lowered in SSM and IFM from wheel runners, which may reflect a reduction in mitochondrial superoxide production. Activities of the other major antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and glutathione levels were not altered by wheel running. Despite the reduction in mitochondrial oxidant production, no significant differences in oxidative stress levels (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified proteins, protein carbonyls, and malondialdehyde) were detected between the two groups. The health benefits of chronic exercise may be, at least partially, due to a reduction in mitochondrial oxidant production; however, we could not detect a significant reduction in several selected parameters of oxidative stress.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1980

Entrainment by red light of running activity and ovulation rhythms of rats.

Controversy exists regarding whether or not the circadian rhythms of nocturnal rodents can be entrained by red light. Female albino rats that were free-running in continuous darkness (DD) were exposed to 2 h of red light (> 650 nm) near the beginning (dusk signals) or the end (dawn signals) of their active 12-h period of running. Red dawn signals advanced and red dusk signals delayed the onset of running on subsequent days. Because the altered onsets of running persisted in DD, the red light had produced a true entrainment of the circadian rhythm of running activity. The fact that the time of ovulation was similarly shifted by red light suggests that the circadian rhythm of luteinizing hormone secretion was also entrained by red light.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Free-running rhythms of melatonin, cortisol, electrolytes, and sleep in humans in Antarctica.

The geographic isolation and the prolonged absence of sunlight during winter make Antarctica an interesting environment for studying circadian rhythms. This study explored the effects of wintering on sleep, hormonal, and electrolyte rhythms in four human subjects living in a small Antarctic base. Up to the last sunset sleep, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, cortisol, sodium, and potassium rhythms were synchronized within clock time. During the 126 days of winter, when there was no sunlight, the circadian rhythms of all measures free ran in each individual. For example, the free-running periods for the cortisol excretory rhythm were 24 h 29 min, 24 h 45 min, 25 h 7 min, and 25 h 14 min for subjects C, J, K, and G, respectively. The period lengths of C, J, and K were significantly different, whereas there was no significant difference between K and G. The phase relationships between each rhythm remained constant in three out of the four subjects. Total daily output and rhythm amplitude for 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, potassium, and sodium remained constant during the entrained and free-running stages of the study. Significant changes in total daily cortisol excretion were observed during the year with one subject producing less and two subjects more while the rhythms were free running. When the sun reappeared during spring, all rhythms again synchronized and entrained to the daylight. These results show that 1) circadian rhythms can free run, even when the subjects have knowledge of time; and 2) within a small communal group, individuals can maintain unique free-running periods.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Increases in plasma beta-endorphin/beta-lipotropin immunoreactivity after treadmill running in humans.

Six well-trained endurance athletes were studied to determine if submaximal treadmill exercise results in increased plasma levels of beta-endorphin/beta-lipotropin (Bh-Ep/Bh-LPH) immunoreactivity. Bh-Ep/Bh-LPH immunoreactivity was measured by radio immunoassay in plasma from six experienced runners before and after 30-min treadmill runs at a self-selected pace, 60 and 80% VO2 max, and a control experiment of 30 min rest. All tests were randomized and occurred during the same time of day for a given subject (0600--1500 h). Preexercise Bh-Ep/Bh-LPH values averaged between 10 and 20 pg/ml and increased two- to fivefold after each run. The increase was statistically significant (P less than 0.05) only after the 60% run when Bh-Ep/Bh-LPH increased to a mean of 58.3 pg/ml. A large individual variation in the Bh-Ep/Bh-LPH response to running was noted. Mood state and perceptual data were also collected, and no significant relationship with Bh-Ep/Bh-LPH was evident. These data suggest that the stress of treadmill running acts as a stimulus to greater Bh-Ep/Bh-LPH secretion, a reduction in its degradation, or a combination of these, which leads to increased levels of these ligands in venous blood. The physiological significance of these increased plasma levels is not clear.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Prevention of myocardial disease in JCR:LA-corpulent rats by running.

The JCR:LA-corpulent rat is a congenic strain that, if homozygous for the cp gene, is obese with a very low-density lipoprotein hyperlipidemia and is insulin resistant. The male corpulent rats develop atherosclerotic lesions of the major arteries and myocardial lesions. Corpulent and lean male rats were induced through mild food restriction to run intensively (approximately 6,000 m/day) from 6 wk to 6 mo of age. Food restriction, especially when coupled with running, lowered all classes of lipids in the whole serum of corpulent rats. The principal changes in lipid concentrations were in the very low-density lipoprotein fraction. Food restriction caused a significant drop in fasting insulin levels of corpulent rats and decreased beta-cell hyperplasia. Both effects were more marked in the running animals. There was a significant decrease in myocardial lesion frequency in the food-restricted corpulent rats and an absence of lesions in the running rats. The results indicate that intensive physical activity can largely correct the lipid abnormalities and insulin resistance of this atherosclerosis-prone strain, and these changes are associated with inhibition of the disease process. However, moderate food restriction has similar effects, and the greater effects seen with intensive running may simply reflect an effectively more severe metabolic restriction in the presence of the exercise.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Intracranial self-stimulation motivates treadmill running in rats.

Most animal running models have traditionally used aversive motivators to induce exercise tasks. This study demonstrates treadmill running motivated by reinforcement of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), providing an alternative model with which to study physiological responses to exercise. Twenty-nine male Sprague-Dawley rats were stereotaxically implanted with bipolar electrodes aimed at the ventral tegmental area of the brain. After 7 days of operant lever-press training for ICSS, rats that pressed at least 50 presses/min were randomly divided into three conditions: exercise-reinforcing brain stimulation (Ex-St), exercise-aversive shock (Ex-Sh), and sedentary controls (C). Ex-St and Ex-Sh ran for 30 min at 25 m/min at 5% grade for 2 wk with ICSS and electric shock as the motivator, respectively, while C did not run. At the end of 2 wk, Ex-St and Ex-Sh performed an endurance run. Results show that Ex-St ran longer than Ex-Sh [63 +/- 10 vs. 42 +/- 10 (SD) min; P less than 0.05]. HR was higher in Ex-St than in C (P less than 0.05). Rectal temperature increased similarly in both exercise groups. This model provides a highly effective method to motivate treadmill running in rats and as such can be used to characterize physiological responses to exercise without the potentially confounding influence of stress associated with an aversive shock motivator.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Running-induced muscle injury and myocellular enzyme release in rats.

The relationships and time course of exercise-induced muscle damage, estimated by beta-glucuronidase activity and microscopy, to muscle swelling, estimated by muscle water content and microscopy, and to the serum activity of creatine kinase (CK) and the concentration of carbonic anhydrase III were studied in rats 2, 12, 48, and 96 h after 90 min of intermittent running uphill (+13.5 degrees) or downhill (-13.5 degrees) at a speed of 17 m/min. The injury was more pronounced in soleus after uphill running and in the red parts of quadriceps femoris and in the white part of vastus lateralis after downhill running, whereas triceps brachii was not damaged. Increase in muscle water content preceded the increase of beta-glucuronidase activity. Both running protocols similarly increased serum CK 2 h postexercise. After downhill running a second peak in serum CK was observed 48 h later. The CK changes were not in concert with the changes in muscle water content or beta-glucuronidase activity, suggesting that these responses may not be mechanistically (or causally) related.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

GTP modulates run-up of whole-cell Ca2+ channel current in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner.

1. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from CA1 neurons acutely dissociated from rat hippocampus to study the effects of guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) on the gradual increase in Ca2+ channel current amplitude that takes place over several minutes after breaking in to whole-cell mode ("run-up"). 2. Including GTP (500 microM) in the patch pipette significantly prolonged the duration of run-up of peak Ca2+ channel current to its maximum value compared with controls without GTP when the recording solutions contained Ca2+. On the other hand, GTP significantly enhanced run-up when Mg2+ and Ba2+ were substituted for intracellular and extracellular Ca2+, respectively. 3. The enhancement of run-up of the current in the Mg/Ba condition appeared to be due both to an initial increase in current amplitude that was complete within 30 s after break in and to a more rapid initial rate of run-up when compared with the Ca2+ condition. GTP did not affect the absolute maximum amplitudes of the currents in either Ca2+ or Ba2+ conditions. 4. We conclude that an early GTP-dependent modulation of Ca2+ channel current is qualitatively altered, depending on whether Ca2+ or Ba2+ is used as the charge carrier. Evidence of this modulation is apparent within seconds after rupture of the membrane patch. Conceivably, influences occurring during the period of "equilibration" with electrode contents could alter subsequent regulatory steps.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Stormwater run-off and pollutant transport related to the activities carried out in a modern waste management park.

Stormwater run-off from twelve different areas and roads has been characterized in a modern waste disposal site, where several waste management activities are carried out. Using nonparametric statistics, medians and confidence intervals of the medians, 22 stormwater quality parameters were calculated. Suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and total phosphorus, as well as run-off from several areas, showed measured values above standard limits for discharge into recipient waters--even higher than those of leachate from covered landfill cells. Of the heavy metals analyzed, copper, zinc and nickel were the most prevalent, being detected in every sample. Higher concentrations of metals such as zinc, nickel, cobalt, iron and cadmium were found in run-off from composting areas, compared to areas containing stored and exposed scrap metal. This suggests that factors other than the total amount of exposed material affect the concentration of metals in run-off, such as binding to organic compounds and hydrological transport efficiency. The pollutants transported by stormwater represent a significant environmental threat, comparable to leachate. Careful design, monitoring and maintenance of stormwater run-off drainage systems and infiltration elements are needed if infiltration is to be used as an on-site treatment strategy.

Environmental Monitoring↗

PubMed1996

Nonphotic phase-shifting and the motivation to run: cold exposure reexamined.

Circadian rhythms in rodents can be phase shifted by appropriately timed activity. This may be dependent on motivational context; running induced by a novel wheel is effective, whereas running induced by cold has been inferred to be ineffective. This issue was reexamined using a different cold exposure procedure. On the first day of constant dark, 6 h before usual dark onset, Syrian hamsters were exposed to cold (+/- 4 degrees C) in their home cages, or were confined to novel wheels for 3 h. Activity rhythms were significantly phase advanced by 92 +/- 10 min following cold exposure and 86 +/- 17 min following novel wheel running, compared to 13 +/- 18 min in a control condition. Most hamsters exhibited eating, drinking, and modest levels of wheel running (1367 +/- 292 counts/6 h) during and for 3 h after cold exposure. Phase shifts following cold were not affected by food and water deprivation but were significantly attenuated by locking the wheel for 6 h beginning at cold onset (24 +/- 12 min). These data indicate that cold-induced running, even at modest levels, is an effective nonphotic Zeitgeber and do not provide support for a hypothesis that motivational contexts determine the phase-shifting value of physical activity.

Algorithms↗