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PubMedDate not supplied

[Diagnosis and classification of variants of color vision in the light of new methodological approaches].

The authors suggest that the parameters of color force of the receptors and the possible abnormal disposition of their maximal sensitivity by the spectrum be taken into consideration in the diagnosis of color perception. Assessment of color force was acknowledged to be more significant than of color abnormalities, both from a viewpoint of occupational selection, and from a clinical viewpoint. This is reflected in the suggested classification of color vision and in recommendations for use in practical ophthalmology of new threshold tables created by Yustova-Alexeyeva et al. These tables are based on the results of colorimetric investigations, and the results of their trials are reliable.

Calorimetry↗
PubMed1995

[Pigment method to train color vision in the rehabilitation of railway workers with congenital disorders of color perception].

The authors elaborated an effective method to master color vision through pigment tables. The method enables subnormal trichromats to normalize or improve colors perception and relieve existing disorders. The training course for deuteranomalopia "C" patients should comprise 8-10 procedures, that for deuteranomalopia "B" and protanopia "C" patients-11-13 procedures, that for protanopia B" patients--under 20 procedures. The effects remain at least 1 year after the course.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Recognition performance of subjects with color-vision deficiencies on a polychromatic sonar screen for ship navigation.

To facilitate differentiation between objects that are approaching, stationary, and moving away, these objects are represented in different colors on the screens of sonar locating devices used in ship navigation. Yellow represents stationary objects, and represents approaching objects, and green represents those objects moving away. A total of 46 subjects with normal color vision and 184 individuals with color-vision deficiencies, among them 29 deuteranopic, 100 deuteranomalous, 21 protanopic and 34 protanomalous individuals, were investigated for their ability to identify different signals. Ten different objects were presented for a period of 64 s each. As a minimal requirement it was established that 50% of the respective experimental group be capable of recognizing the objects within half of this time. Whereas 73.3% of the subjects with normal color vision could meet this requirement, none of the subjects in the different groups with color-vision deficiencies could do so. Only 16.1% of the deuteranopic subjects, 33.1% of the deuteranomalous individuals, 16.2% of the protanopic subjects, and 37.6% of the protanomalous individuals detected all objects within 32 s. No appreciable difference in the ability to recognize signals occurred among the different groups of subjects with color-vision deficiencies.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1994

Eye movement abnormalities in carriers of blue-cone monochromatism.

PURPOSE: Although impaired color vision and ERG changes have been detected in carriers of blue-cone monochromatism (BCM), no eye movement abnormalities have been identified. Quantitative eye movements of three obligate carriers of BCM were analyzed. METHODS: Horizontal and vertical eye movements of three obligate carriers of two families with BCM with visual acuity of 20/20 or better were recorded using the magnetic search coil technique. Subjects were examined fixing in primary and eccentric gaze and during horizontal and vertical smooth pursuit at 20 degrees, 40 degrees, and 80 degrees per second. RESULTS: All carriers displayed fixation instability. In two subjects, fine-amplitude upbeat, jerk-type nystagmus was detected. Reduced pursuit gain was found in the carriers. The third subject had small downbeat nystagmus. CONCLUSION: Abnormal eye movements are described for the first time in carriers of BCM. The nystagmus is clearly distinct from congenital or latent nystagmus and is similar to the nystagmus reported in BCM. Because all carriers had excellent visual acuity, in BCM, nystagmus is intrinsic to the disease and can appear independently of the visual defect.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Color vision in diabetics].

Color perception is often already altered even if the ocular, anatomic and functional exams maintain their results within the normal limits. This fact is more important in diabetes, where chromatic abnormalities exist at half of the subjects, even if they do not reveal any signs of diabetic retinopathy. The authors present some of the methods in clinical exam of color perception, the characters of dyschromatopsia and glycemic self control using the method of coloured bandelets, types of dyschromatopsia which may appear during the evolution of the diabetes, and also the predictive effect of dyschromatopsia for the appearance of diabetic retinopathy.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1994

HIV-related ocular microangiopathic syndrome and color contrast sensitivity.

PURPOSE: Color vision deficits in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease were reported, and a retinal pathogenic mechanism was proposed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of color vision deficits with HIV-related retinal microangiopathy. METHODS: A computer graphics system was used to measure protan, deutan, and tritan color contrast sensitivity (CCS) thresholds in 60 HIV-infected patients. Retinal microangiopathy was measured by counting the number of cotton-wool spots, and conjunctival blood-flow sludging was determined. Additional predictors were CD4+ count, age, time on aerosolized pentamidine, time on zidovudine, and Walter Reed staging. The relative influence of each predictor was calculated by stepwise multiple regression analysis (inclusion criterion; incremental P value = < 0.05) using data for the right eyes (RE). The results were validated by using data for the left eyes (LE) and both eyes (BE). RESULTS: The only included predictors in multiple regression analyses for the RE were number of cotton-wool spots (tritan: R = .70; deutan: R = .46; and protan: R = .58; P < .0001 for all axes) and age (tritan: increment of R [Ri] = .05, P = .002; deutan: Ri = .10, P = .004; and protan: Ri = .05, P = .002). The predictors time on zidovudine (Ri = .05, P = .002) and Walter Reed staging (Ri = .03, P = .01) were additionally included in multiple regression analysis for tritan LE. The results for deutan LE were comparable to those for the RE. In the analysis for protan LE, the only included predictor was number of cotton-wool spots. In the analyses for BE, no further predictors were included. The predictors Walter Reed staging and CD4+ count showed a significant association with all three criteria in univariate analysis. Additionally, tritan CCS was significantly associated with conjunctival blood-flow sludging. CONCLUSION: CCS deficits in patients with HIV disease are primarily associated with the number of cotton-wool spots. Results of this study are in accordance with the hypothesis that CCS deficits are in a relevant part caused by neuroretinal damage secondary to HIV-related microangiopathy.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1976

Missing colours (fehlfarben) of deuteranopes and extreme deuteranomalous observers.

UNLABELLED: The directions of lacking colur discrimination (Fehlfarben) were determined within the framework of the three-dimensional colour space for four deuteranopes and two extreme deuteranomalous observers. RESULTS: (a) intra-individually, there is no significant correlation between the slope of the isochromatic lines and hue; (b) inter-individually, their Fehlfarben, respective their copunctual points, do not appear to stem from one population; (c) the extreme deuteranomalous do not reveal a trend towards or awau from protanopia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Reference to the Abney effect within the scope of linear opponent-color theory].

The Abney effect states that desaturation of spectral colours does not only change their chromatic saturation but also their hue. By means of Hering's perceptual criteria "neither blue nor yellow" and "neither green nor red" and heterochromatic brightness matching, chromaticity loci were measured in a visual tri-stimulus colorimeter; the loci served for construction of an opponent-colour triangle and the associated opponent-colour space. The chromaticity line resulting from the perceptual criterion "neither green nor red" deviated markedly--as an expression of the Abney effect--from a straight line. This phenomenon was captured by piecewise linearizing. The transformation of the (known) fundamental colour space, which may be interpreted as a cone excitation space, onto the opponent colour space thus gained yielded an explicit opponent-colour theory that reproduces some aspects of the Abney effect.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1996

Performance of color-dependent air traffic control tasks as a function of color vision deficiency.

BACKGROUND: This experiment was conducted to validate the requirement for normal color vision in Air Traffic Control Specialist (ATCS) personnel who work at en route center, terminal, and Flight Service Station (FSS) facilities. METHODS: A data base was developed involving 121 individuals with normal color vision, 31 simple and 44 extreme anomalous trichromats, and 48 dichromats; both protans and deutans were included. The performance of subjects with normal color vision was compared with the performance of individuals with various classifications of color vision deficiencies on a battery of color-dependent ATCS tasks. Simulations of the ATC color tasks concerned color coding in flight progress strips (at en route centers), aircraft lights and Aviation Signal Light indicator (in tower operations), and color weather radar (at FSS's). RESULTS: Errors were rare among normal trichromats. Mean errors were significantly higher at every level (degree) of color vision deficiency. Approximately 6% of color deficient subjects were able to perform ATC color tasks without error. The 6% were all from the simple anomalous trichromat category; all extreme anomalous trichromats and dichromats were prone to error on ATC tasks. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that these findings provide support for the requirement of normal color vision in the initial medical screening of ATCS personnel.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The characteristics of the color perceptive space in protanomals].

Color vision of three protanomal subjects was studied by means of direct paired comparison technique using 25 colors with different brightness. It was shown that the characteristics of their color vision could be completely and adequately described in the frames of the four-dimensional spherical model of color perception. The spatial axes could be identified as the two color-opponent mechanisms (red-green and blue-yellow) and the two achromatic mechanisms (brightness and darkness). Deformation of the color axes in protanomals (as compared with the normal trichromatics) was demonstrated in the "red" and "yellow" spectral region. The visual disturbance in protanomal subjects involves not only color but also achromatic mechanisms. This is manifested in the a deformation of perceptual brightness scale. In comparison with normal trichromatic subjects, the protanomals perceive the red and adjacent colors as achromatic while green, yellow-green, and orange as more bright but low-saturated colors.

Adolescent↗