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Results for “Drinking Behavior”

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PubMed1991

Salient issues in the development of alcohol abuse in adolescence.

A developmental orientation that focuses on phase specific adolescent events is proposed to conceptualize and direct research concerning adolescent drinking behavior. The potential usefulness of this approach is illustrated with regard to the developmental events of the onset of puberty, the changing roles of peers and friends, and the process of individuation with regard to parental relations. The role of childhood behavior problems as risk factors for adolescent alcohol abuse is discussed and a proposal is made to investigate further coexisting disorders among chemically dependent adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Free-choice ethanol consumption under the influence of GABAergic drugs in rats.

BACKGROUND: Neurobiological mechanisms leading from controlled alcohol consumption to addiction are poorly understood. Among multiple neurotransmitters gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) is suggested to play a role. The present investigation studied effects of drugs interacting with the GABAergic system on the motivation of ethanol consumption. METHODS: Fifty male PVG/OlaHsd rats were analyzed for free-choice ethanol drinking behavior without and with pre-exposure to drugs acting on the GABAergic system. For pretreatment, animals received the benzodiazepine agonists or antagonists diazepam, flumazenil, or Ro15-4513, or the GABA uptake inhibitor tiagabine via the drinking water for 4 weeks (day -21 until day 7). On day 0, two bottles containing 5% and 12% ethanol were added. On day 7, GABAergic drug exposure was discontinued and drug solutions were replaced by water. Between days 8 and 35, three alcohol deprivation periods of 1 to 3 days were randomly implemented. RESULTS: The animals ingested substantial amounts of ethanol that was differentially affected by the GABAergic drugs. Diazepam increased and flumazenil decreased ethanol consumption significantly by about 30%. Without GABAergic drug pretreatment, a significant alcohol deprivation effect indicated by enhanced ethanol consumption after re-exposure to alcohol was observed after the third deprivation phase. The deprivation effect was prevented by pretreatment with diazepam or flumazenil, unaffected by Ro15-4513, and advanced by tiagabine. CONCLUSIONS: Modulation of GABAergic neurotransmission affects subsequent ethanol consumption and deprivation effects. Because enhancing of the GABAergic tone by the GABA uptake inhibitor tiagabine or by the benzodiazepine diazepam had different behavioral consequences, it seemed likely that the two drugs induce differential adaptive changes leading to distinct alterations in the motivation to consume alcohol.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1994

The role of beta1 and beta2 adrenoceptors in isoproterenol-induced drinking.

The present study examined the contribution of beta1 and beta2 adrenoceptor activation to drinking behavior and the stimulation of plasma renin activity produced by the mixed beta adrenoceptor agonist, isoproterenol. The stimulation of drinking by beta adrenoceptor activation could occur via two independent pathways; by either directly stimulating renal beta1 adrenoceptors on the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin or by stimulating vascular beta2 adrenoceptors that would decrease blood pressure and activate afferent neural and humoral mechanisms. Selective pharmacological antagonism of each adrenoceptor type was achieved by administering atenolol (2.5 mg/kg), a beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, or ICI 118,551 (1 mg/kg), a beta2 adrenoceptor antagonist, before treatment with isoproterenol (25 micrograms/kg). Neither adrenoceptor mechanism alone could account for all of the water intake or stimulation of plasma renin activity due to isoproterenol treatment. Cardiovascular recordings confirmed the selectivity of the antagonists to their respective receptor subtypes, with atenolol blocking the beta1 adrenoceptor-mediated heart rate increases and ICI 118,551 blocking the beta 2 adrenoceptor-mediated depressor response to isoproterenol. The results provide evidence that the stimulation of both beta1 and beta2 adrenoceptors by isoproterenol acts in a synergistic manner to induce drinking and renin-angiotensin system activation.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Elementary school drinking: the role of temperament and learning.

Drinking in elementary school, despite its low base rate, has been shown to predict alcohol use in middle school (Wilson, Battistich, Syme, & Boyce, 2002), which in turn predicts alcohol abuse or dependence in young adults (Guo, Collins, Hill, & Hawkins, 2000). The authors report 1 of the 1st examinations of the relationship between personality and psychosocial learning risk factors and drinking behavior among elementary school students. Fifth-grade students completed measures of disinhibition, positive and negative alcohol expectancies, and drinking. MIMIC modeling, tests of mediation, and tests of moderation were completed to test these relations. It was found that disinhibition and positive alcohol expectancies were each related to drinking in 5th graders. Disinhibition moderated the relation between positive alcohol expectancies and drinking in some cases. Mediation was not supported.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1996

Individual differences in perceived riskiness of drinking in pregnancy: antecedents and consequences.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether differences in perceived riskiness of alcohol consumption during pregnancy were related to self-reported alcohol consumption among a community sample of pregnant women. Further, this study examined the impact of prior experiences on risk perceptions, focusing on previous pregnancy experiences and on previous alcohol-related problems. METHOD: The hypothesized relationships among variables were tested simultaneously in a structural equation model. Subjects included 159 pregnant women, all of whom drank regularly before pregnancy recognition, who were recruited from prenatal clinics and through newspaper advertisements. RESULTS: Perceived riskiness of drinking during pregnancy was lower among women who had previously given birth to a healthy child and among women with greater numbers of previous alcohol problems. Prior adverse pregnancy experience did not predict perceived risk. Perceived risk negatively predicted actual alcohol consumption during pregnancy, suggesting that previous healthy pregnancy experiences and alcohol problems increase drinking in pregnancy indirectly, through perceived risk. A direct positive effect from previous alcohol problems to drinking in pregnancy also was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that risk perceptions play a role in drinking behavior among pregnant women and help to illuminate the relationship between parity and alcohol consumption. Interventions designed to reduce drinking among pregnant women, which have generally relied on providing information, may be improved by considering the impact of previous experiences and addressing erroneous beliefs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Drinking styles and drinking problems.

Little research has focused on the range of drinking styles within a particular society. The intent of this study was to continue the development of an empirical typology of drinking behavior by replicating and extending the results of two previous projects. The earlier work had looked mainly at "normal" drinking, while this study placed more emphasis on types of problem drinking and on the relationships among various types of "normal" and "problem" drinking. The data were taken from a 1979 national probability sample of the adult population of the United States, with 1,169 cases classified as current drinkers. The results clearly showed that a variety of drinking styles exist, regardless of whether one is concerned with "normal" or "pathological" drinking. More importantly, certain types of "normal" drinking and types of comportment while drinking were powerful predictors of "problem" drinking.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Recent developments in alcoholism:opioid peptides.

A large body of evidence indicates that the endogenous opioid system plays an important role in maintaining alcohol drinking behavior. Research is reviewed indicating that the reinforcing properties of alcohol which lead to continued and repeated bouts of drinking are due, in part, to alcohol-induced activation of the endogenous opioid system. Opioid receptor antagonists decrease alcohol craving, alcohol consumption, and loss of control over drinking. The potential of opioid receptor antagonists to improve treatment outcome in comprehensive relapse prevention programs is discussed.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2000

A new assessment of the ability of oral ethanol to function as a reinforcing stimulus.

BACKGROUND: In animal studies, the ability of ethanol to function as a reinforcer has been described as weak to moderate. This is in contrast with the human condition, where the consumption of alcoholic beverages can result in a variety of unwanted drinking behaviors. However, when the ethanol self-administration pattern is examined, animal studies over the last several years indicate that the ability of ethanol presentation to maintain behavior may be greater than originally assumed. METHODS: We reevaluated the ability of ethanol to function as a reinforcing stimulus in two paradigms by using an analysis of drinking bout characteristics. Data from previous studies that employed two self-administration models were analyzed. With the "dipper" model, small amounts of ethanol are presented after each completion of a response requirement; with the "sipper" model, the animal is allowed access to a drinking tube that contains ethanol for an extended period after completing a single response requirement. For both models, the consumption pattern could be characterized as occurring in a bout. Each drinking bout was divided into runs within the bout, and run rates and size were analyzed. As well, in the sipper model, the data on response requirement size were reviewed to demonstrate the ability of ethanol presentation to maintain high levels of responding in this model. RESULTS: From this assessment, we suggest that ethanol presentation in non-food- or non-water-restricted rats is as reinforcing as many other stimuli generally considered to be strong reinforcers (i.e., food in food-restricted rats). Using run size, we demonstrated that intake control appears to be regulated by shifts in run size during the bout and not run rate. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of the pattern of ethanol consummatory bouts and the behaviors that precede them is critical in understanding how ethanol functions as a reinforcer. By using a drinking pattern analysis, the shifts in the momentary salience of the ethanol stimulus can be evaluated in these animal models. In addition, the separation of responding required to gain access to ethanol from consumption of ethanol demonstrated that ethanol presentation in this procedure can be a strong reinforcer for rats.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1994

Alcohol consumption and its effect on the dietary patterns of Hualapai Indian women.

Studies of Native American diet have ignored the nutritional and dietary effects of alcohol consumption. Studies of Native American alcohol consumption have largely ignored the socioeconomic characteristics and drinking behaviors of women. Seven-day 24-hour dietary recalls collected from 28 Hualapai Indian women revealed that 12 participants (43%) drank alcoholic beverages. Drinkers frequently skipped meals, yet maintained an energy intake higher than non-drinkers by consuming high calorie alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages and by eating large restaurant meals. Despite energy intake differences, drinkers and non-drinkers did not differ in body weight or percent body fat. Drinkers were not at risk for protein malnutrition as reported for other female drinkers, but Hualapais' tendency to fast while drinking may increase their risk of liver disease. In contrast to reports of Native American males, female drinkers in this sample were often high school graduates with full-time jobs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Drinking patterns and attitudes toward drinking in the late-middle-aged.

The main objective of this study was to gain insight into attitudes toward drinking, drinking patterns and the relationship between attitudes and drinking patterns in the population in the age range 55 to 69. Respondents over 55 years of age were compared to those below 55. The former ones were more likely to be abstainers and less tolerant toward others' drinking. Being tolerant toward others' drinking was negatively associated with abstaining from alcohol. Some differences were observed between being tolerant toward drinking patterns of men, women, or relatives, and own drinking behavior.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1996

Alcohol use among college students in Scotland compared with norms from the United States.

Four hundred fifty-six undergraduates at a Scottish university completed the Core Alcohol and Drug Survey, an instrument widely used in the United States to examine the nature, scope, and consequences of alcohol and other drug use on college campuses. The Scottish students were found to drink more frequently, consume more alcohol, and engage in binge drinking more often than their American counterparts. The Scottish students also demonstrated higher rates of hangovers, missed classes, and blackouts than the Americans, but the percentage of American students who had driven while intoxicated was greater than that of the Scots. Focus groups of students in Scotland and interviews with student affairs personnel and local officials indicated that student drinking is not generally viewed as a problem because extensive alcohol use appears to be part of Scottish culture and is readily accepted. Students reported that their drinking, other than in pubs, was spread out over time and was associated with eating and social activities. At student social events where alcohol was served, there was little evidence of loud, inappropriate, aggressive, or otherwise rowdy behavior; drinking appeared to be handled in a more controlled, safe, and responsible way than among US college students.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Angiotensin II reduces serotonin release in the rat subfornical organ area.

In the present study we used intracerebral microdialysis techniques to examine whether angiotensin II (ANG II) modulates the release of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the subfornical organ (SFO) in freely moving rats. Extracellular concentrations of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the region of the SFO were significantly decreased by microinjection of ANG II (10 pmol, 50 nl), but not by vehicle, into the dialysis site. No significant changes in the 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels caused by ANG II were observed in the sites away from the SFO. Water ingestion significantly enhanced the amount of the decrease in the 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations in the SFO area elicited by the ANG II injection. These results show that ANG II may reduce the release of 5-HT in the SFO area, and imply that the 5-HT receptor mechanism in the SFO area may participate in the elicitation of the drinking behavior to ANG II.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed2006

Religion and alcohol in the U.S. National Alcohol Survey: how important is religion for abstention and drinking?

OBJECTIVE: This paper examines the relative importance of three religion variables (religious preference, religiosity, and alcohol proscription) and eight demographic variables (gender, ethnicity, education, income, marital status, age, region, and employment status) as statistical predictors of drinking versus abstention and moderate versus heavy drinking. METHOD: Data from 7370 telephone interviews from the 2000 National Alcohol Survey are analyzed using bivariate cross-tabulations and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: When analyzed by religious preference groups, the NAS showed diverse patterns of abstention and drinking that suggest that religion variables are important for drinking behaviors. It was found that the religion variables are strongly associated with abstention. For statistical prediction of heavy versus moderate drinking, religion variables significantly improve model fit but are secondary to gender and age. CONCLUSIONS: Religion variables are important for drinking patterns, especially abstention. The relationship of religion to lower levels of alcohol abuse merits further study, such as investigating religious denominations with healthy patterns of abstention and moderate drinking, to learn how these norms are initiated and maintained. Such knowledge has promise of application in programs for prevention and treatment of alcohol problems.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Acoustic startle reactivity during acute alcohol withdrawal in rats that differ in genetic predisposition toward alcohol drinking: effect of stimulus characteristics.

BACKGROUND: We have previously reported an association between greater alcohol withdrawal magnitude after a single alcohol exposure and a genetic predisposition toward low alcohol drinking in rats selectively bred for differences in alcohol intake when acoustic startle reactivity to a tone stimulus was used to index acute alcohol withdrawal. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the quality of the acoustic startle stimulus (noise versus tone) is important for detecting a genetic relationship between alcohol withdrawal magnitude and alcohol drinking behavior. METHODS: Alcohol-naive male rats selectively bred for high alcohol intake [alcohol-preferring (P), high-alcohol-drinking (HAD)1, and HAD2] or low alcohol intake [alcohol-nonpreferring (NP), low-alcohol-drinking (LAD)1, and LAD2] received a single intragastric infusion of water or alcohol (4.0 g/20.3 ml/kg; 25% v/v), and acoustic startle test sessions were given at 14, 16, 18, 20, and 24 hr after infusion. Each test session consisted of a 5-min acclimation period followed by random presentation of various white noise stimuli (90, 100, 110, and 120 dB.) RESULTS: Line differences in acoustic startle magnitude under control conditions were present in all three pairs of selectively bred lines; P rats showed a greater startle magnitude relative to NP rats, whereas both LAD lines showed a greater startle magnitude relative to both HAD lines. During alcohol withdrawal, the P, HAD1, and HAD2 lines showed enhanced startle magnitude compared with their water-treated controls. No change in startle magnitude during alcohol withdrawal was found in the NP, LAD1, or LAD2 lines. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to our prior findings, these results showed a genetic association between high alcohol drinking and a greater startle response magnitude to a noise stimulus during alcohol withdrawal. It seems that the genetic association between alcohol drinking and alcohol withdrawal, as assessed by the acoustic startle response, depends on the quality of the acoustic startle stimulus.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1994

Opioid involvement in alcohol drinking.

A large body of evidence indicates that the endogenous opioid system plays an important role in maintaining alcohol drinking behavior. Evidence is reviewed that indicates that the reinforcing properties of alcohol that lead to continued and repeated bouts of drinking may be due, in part, to alcohol-induced activation of the endogenous opioid system. Much of this evidence is pharmacologic in nature. Blocking the action of endogenous opioid peptides via administration of opioid antagonists significantly attenuates alcohol consumption in animals under a variety of experimental conditions. In clinical trials, opioid receptor antagonists decrease alcohol consumption, relapse rates, subjective high, and alcohol craving in outpatient alcoholics. The potential clinical utility of opioid receptor antagonists in the treatment of alcoholism and alcohol dependence is discussed.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1996

Seasonal variation in alcohol use.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to describe and quantify seasonality in a number of indicators on alcohol use. METHOD: The data analyzed cover a period between 1988 and 1994, and are collected by a telephone survey of persons living in Glasgow and Edinburgh, Scotland. The analysis is on data from 29,256 respondents. Cosinor analysis is the analytical instrument applied; a dummy variable is incorporated in the analysis to model the December peak in alcohol use. RESULTS: Annual seasonality in alcohol use excluding drinking behavior in December, is highest in the summer. Seasonality with regard to changes in the proportion of respondents who report drinking alcohol in the previous month, or in the proportion of less regular heavy drinkers, is, although statistically significant, not very pronounced. With regard to drinking five or more drinks on 11 or more occasions in the past month the level of seasonality is very pronounced. The December peak in alcohol use powerfully influences the proportion of respondents who report drinking alcohol in the previous month, and the proportion of irregular and regular heavy drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: The data support previous advice that health promotion and health policy activities in relation to alcohol use should take place during the December festive period and, if one aims at heavy drinking, the summer.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1989

Reactions, expectancies, and college students' drinking.

This study examined the relationship between adolescent girls' drinking behavior and the expected reactions of parents and friends to this behavior. Analysis indicated that friends were expected to be generally more approving than parents of frequency and quantity of current drinking. The discussion focused on these results and their relationship to competing hypotheses about adolescents' alcohol use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Effect of pentylenetetrazole on ethanol intake, ethanol kinetics, and social behavior in male Wistar rats.

Stress and anxiety are often implicated in excessive alcohol use. The nature of this interaction, however, is not understood. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the anxiogenic agent, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), on the acquisition and maintenance of ethanol drinking behavior in male Wistar rats. In rats maintained on a limited access procedure, with a choice between a 12% w/v ethanol (ETOH) solution and water available for 30 min each day, acute PTZ administration (1.5 to 15.0 mg/kg) did not modify ETOH intake. Chronic PTZ administration elicited a significant suppression in ETOH intake; however, this effect developed gradually over time. During the acquisition phase, chronic PTZ treatment also suppressed ETOH consumption. Chronic, but not acute, treatment with PTZ seemed to enhance water consumption. To assess whether the effect of PTZ on ETOH intake was due to either alterations in ETOH kinetics or behavior, blood ETOH levels and social interaction behaviour were examined. PTZ (15.0 mg/kg) produced a significant suppression in social interaction behavior, although tolerance developed to this effect on chronic PTZ administration. Both acute and chronic PTZ treatment (15 mg/kg) resulted in lower blood ETOH levels achieved after administration of 1.0 g/kg po of ETOH. Because the anxiogenic effect of PTZ was not maintained on repeated administration, yet the suppression of ETOH intake was only observed after chronic treatment, this suggests a dissociation between the processes regulating these behaviors.

Alcohol Drinking↗