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PubMed1987

[Genetic structure of aboriginal populations of northeastern USSR. VI. Correlations of genetic and geographic distances between populations and subpopulations].

Significant correlation of genetic distances (estimated for 17 polymorphic loci) between populations of Asia and Alaska Eskimos, coast and reindeer chuckchies, Kamchatka koryaks and Chuckotka even with geographic distances (r = 0.650; P less than 0.01) is shown. Also, significant correlation of genetic and geographic distances between 5 coast chuckchies subpopulations have been revealed (r = 0.871; P less than 0.001). The findings can indicate some ecological conditionality of population and subpopulation genetic structure's features.

Alaska↗

PubMed1987

Genetic studies of low-abundance human plasma proteins. V. Evidence for a second orosomucoid structural locus (ORM2) expressed in plasma.

Orosomucoid (ORM) or alpha-1-acid glycoprotein is an acute-phase protein of human plasma whose function is suggested to be the competitive inhibition of cellular recognition by infective agents. Genetically determined variation in ORM has been reported, with two major alleles segregating in all populations studied to date. Isoelectric focusing-immunoblotting studies of ORM revealed the presence of isoprotein species that did not segregate with the predominant alleles at the ORM locus and suggested the expression of a second structural gene locus for orosomucoid (ORM2). Genetically independent variation consistent with expression of the ORM2 locus was observed in plasma samples from American blacks but was not observed in U.S. whites or sampled populations of North- and South-American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, or New Guinea Highlanders. The population allele frequencies for this locus were .958, .025, .006, and .011 for alleles ORM*1, ORM2*2, ORM2*3, and ORM2*4, respectively. Family studies confirm the autosomal codominant inheritance of the observed phenotypes.

Alleles↗

PubMed1987

Occurrence of volatile nitrosamines in food samples collected in three high-risk areas for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Fifty-four samples of foods consumed frequently in Tunisia, southern China and Greenland, all high-risk areas for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), were analysed for the presence of volatile nitrosamines by gas chromatography (GC) combined with a thermal energy analyser (TEA). Relatively high levels of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) were found in Tunisian stewing base (touklia) and dried mutton preserved in olive oil (qaddid). In one Chinese salted and dried fish sample, a high level of NDMA (133 micrograms/kg) was detected, but for the 14 others the levels ranged from undetectable to 14 micrograms/kg, with a mean of 3 micrograms/kg. Similarly high levels of NDMA, were found in Eskimo dried, unsalted fish samples. NDMA, NPIP and NPYR at various levels were present in Chinese vegetables fermented in brine. The possible role of nitrosamines in the etiology of NPC is discussed.

China↗

PubMed1985

[Population genetics of taiga hunters-deer breeders. Characteristics of the prevalence of HLA system markers among the native population of Central Siberia].

The postulated peculiarities of distribution of the HLA antigens in the Evenk population of the Central Siberia indicate this population to be, on the whole, Mongoloid. Prolonged isolated existence of small inbred populations of the Evenks resulted in the number of specific HLA-complex features, such as poor antigen diversity, low level of heterozygosity. Non-homogeneity of gene frequencies was noted, the prevailing genes being A9, B40 with frequencies reaching 50%. Of the remaining alleles found in the Evenks A2, Aw19 in A locus, B5, B15, B17, B27, Bw35 in B locus and Cw2, Cw3, Cw4-in C locus are only widely spread. Similar heterozygosis levels and the HLA-system profiles draw the Evenks and the populations of American Indians and Eskimos closer to one another. On the basis of the fact that significant positive correlation exists between genetic and geographic distances determined for the Evenks and the native populations of America, genetic resemblance of these populations may be considered as evidence for their original relationship. Postulated closeness of native Central-Siberian populations to Americanoids, as regards HLA-system, makes it possible to consider formation of specific complex of HLA-system peculiarities in native American population in the light of their Siberian origin, for the first time.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1985

[Determination of the genetic polymorphism of the 3d complement component (C'3) by vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis].

A variant of the vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method, hitherto not applied in determination of C'3, is used. The method allows simultaneous determination of the C'3 phenotypes and other serum proteins in human blood. In this paper, the influence of aging of the serum samples and of the Tf polymorphism on the C'3 electrophoregram is discussed. The gene frequencies in Mongolian population (MPR) are: C'3S = 0.9605, C'3F = 0.0375, and the rare variants C'3Srare = 0.0013, C'3Frare = 0.0007; in Chukchi these are 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, respectively; in Eskimos - 0.9556, 0.0222, 0.0111; Evenki - 0.9359, 0.0641, 0.0; Yakuts - 0.9091, 0.0909, 0.0; Komi-Zyrians - 0.8507, 0.1493, 0.0; Komi-Permiyak - 0.8176, 0.1698, 0.0068.

Alleles↗

PubMed1985

Cadmium concentrations in blood samples from an East Greenlandic population.

An analysis for cadmium was made of 101 human blood samples from the district of Angmagssalik, East Greenland, and 29 from East Greenlanders living temporarily in Copenhagen. No relationship could be found between concentrations of blood cadmium and ethnic origin (Eskimos--Danes), sex, age or amount of seal eaten. Only smoking habits were reflected, as a median of 2.2 micrograms/l was found in smokers and 1.1 in non-smokers. Since analyses of organs from seals have suggested that the WHO provisional, tolerable weekly intake is exceeded by a factor as high as 10 as a result of seal eating, it is surprising that seal eating is without any effect on the blood concentration.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

[Genetic structure of the populations of native inhabitants of the northeastern USSR. IV. The Koryaks of Kamchatka].

Genetic structure of four Kamchatka subpopulations (675 individuals) was estimated for 25 erytrocyte and serum systems, some blood groups and for taste sensitivity to PTC. 23 of 38 loci examined are completely monomorphic. These are: AK, Ca-1, Cat, Dia, Est1-4, GOT, G-6-PD, LDH A and B, MDH, PGM2, SoD, Hb alpha and beta, ChE1, Lap, Alb, Cp, Tf, Rh. Following allele frequencies were found for polymorphic loci: AcPA = = 0.616; AcPB = 0.383; AcPC = 0.0015; EsD1 = 0.882; GLO - I1 = 0.156; GPT1 = 0.611; PGDA = = 0.959; PGM1(1) = 0.953; ChE2+ = 0.039; Gc1 = 0.888; Hp1 = 0.173; r(0) = 0.620; P(A) = 0.201; q(B) = 0.179; le = 0.192; M = 0.397; P1+ = 0.585; t = 0.371. According to monomorphic and polymorphic loci set, Kamchatka Koryaks are rather similar to other ethnic North-East Asiatic groups, being the most approximate to Reindeer Chuckchies and the most remote from Alaskan and Asiatic Eskimos. In other words, the extent of genetic differences between Kamchatka Koryaks and North-East populations corresponds to the geographic distribution and the degree of ecological differences in these populations. Analysis of interpopulation heterogeneity permitted to reveal the extent of contribution of individual loci to "differentiation" of North-East ethnic groups. The possible influence of ecological factors on interpopulation and intersubpopulation heterogeneity of the loci analysed is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Studies with an improved white cell isolation method to assess the vitamin C status in surveys.

A method for isolating white cell which employs a disposable syringe has been modified and adapted to nutrition survey work. Methylcellulose was used as a clumping agent for erythrocytes. This method was more rapid and was easier to perform than a previously recommended metrizoic acid technique which gave similar results. Average leucocyte recovery was 62% and erythrocyte contamination was 0.75 erythrocyte per leucocyte. Recovery of added ascorbic acid to white cell pellets was better than 95% and tests of the reproducibility of the assay gave a coefficient of variation of 6% for samples in the deficient range. Extraction of vitamin C from white cells was carried out in a centrifuge tube and took only 30 sec. Vitamin C was found to be stable for several weeks after freezing either the white cell extracts in dilute metaphosphoric acid or simply the white cell pellets. The method was utilized under field conditions during a small survey of Eskimos from Arctic Bay. The significance of the white cell vitamin C content as an index of nutritional status is discussed.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed1966

Respiratory virus antibodies in sera of persons living in isolated communities.

It is known that young adults living in urban areas of many different parts of the world have serum antibodies against a number of viruses commonly associated with respiratory disease. It seemed possible that people living in isolated regions of the world, having infrequent contact with others, might have fewer virus infections, and, if so, that this would be reflected in an infrequent occurrence or low level of antibodies in their sera. Therefore sera were obtained from children and adults living in remote village-type communities in the Pacific (Micronesian islanders), North America (Eskimos) and South Africa (Hottentots). Antibodies against influenza viruses A2 and B, parainfluenza virus types 1, 2 and 3, reovirus types 1, 2 and 3, and two M rhinoviruses were present usually in a high proportion of sera in the three population groups; the results differed little from those for non-isolated communities. It seems that an extreme degree of isolation is required to reduce contact with viruses so that a population has little or no antibody.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1974

The influences of race and environment on ischemic heart disease.

Certain "primitive" peoples such as traditional-living nomadic Eskimos have as yet been spared from the current epidemic of ischemic heart disease. A review of risk factors for underdeveloped populations suggests that environment rather than constitution is responsible. Favourable factors include the absence of overeating, a substantial level of of physical activity, only recent acquisition of the cigarette habit and absence of competitiveness. However, risk factors generally operate as in the "white" community, and where a Western lifestyle is embraced through either migration or acculturation the prevalence of ischemic heart disease rapidly increases to the levels encountered in "civilized" groups.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1971

Ethanol metabolism in various racial groups.

Eskimos and Indians, according to casual reports, take longer to sober up after an alcoholic debauch than do whites. We studied this apparent difference by administering ethanol to appropriate subjects and determining blood alcohol concentrations at intervals. We found the concentrations fell significantly faster in whites. Neither previous experience of alcohol nor general diet appeared to account for this difference, leaving genetic factors as the indicated cause.

Adult↗

PubMed1966

Acute purulent meningitis in Alaska natives: epidemiology, diagnosis and prognosis.

During the period 1957-1964, 69 cases of purulent meningitis were treated at the U.S. Public Health Service Hospital in Bethel, Alaska, a 65-bed facility serving about 10,000 Eskimos and Indians in the remote Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta area. Nearly two-thirds of the patients were infants, among whom the case fatality rate was 37.2%, compared with the overall fatality rate of 30.4%. In 52% of the cases no causative organism could be demonstrated on smear or culture. Of the bacteriologically positive cases, one-third were due to pneumococci and one-third to meningococci. Prognosis was not affected by previous treatment or recovery of the organism. Since 1957, an annual average of one out of 74 infants in the area has had purulent meningitis; one out of 200 has died of the disease. Chronic otitis media, poor nutrition, a high incidence of respiratory disease and the relative inaccessibility of medical care are significant factors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1965

The elusive source of psittacosis in the Arctic.

Eskimos and Arctic Indians have a high incidence of psittacosis antibodies. The following Arctic birds were therefore examined in an endeavour to find the reservoir of infection: snow geese in their Arctic nesting grounds; migrating geese in the spring and in the fall; ptarmigan, raven, and snow bunting on the Arctic Circle in the late winter. Psittacosis virus was not recovered from any of the birds examined, but a percentage of migrating geese had psittacosis antibodies. The source of human and avian antibodies in the Arctic remains elusive.

Animals↗

PubMed1967

The irrigation smear--a new cytodiagnostic technique for the detection of cancer of the uterine cervix.

Using the Davis cytopipette, cytologic smears were prepared from 2014 patients; 1367 of these specimens were obtained by the patients themselves. The series included 57 cases of carcinoma or atypia of the cervix, and 50 (88%) of these cases were found to have abnormal cells in the irrigation smear.Cytopipette samples were obtained by a nurse from 647 Eskimos, but cell preservation in this group was not satisfactory because of a delay of several weeks in preparing the smears. Accurate results depend also on specific training of the personnel reading the smears because fewer cells may be present in these smears than in cervical scrape smears.The irrigation smear is recommended as a reasonably accurate method of screening women for cancer of the cervix if they are not being examined regularly by the cervical scrape method. Hospital admissions of females may be a fruitful source of such cases.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1984

Advances in the dental search for Native American origins.

The Sinodont dental morphology pattern of NE Asia is today more complex and was so by 20,000 years ago, than the simplified Sundadonty of SE Asia-Oceania, and the very simplified pattern that evolved greater than 20,000 B.P. All Native Americans are Sinodonts. Intra--and inter-hemispheric statistical analyses of 28 dental traits in greater than 6000 N & S American and greater than 1100 NE Asian crania reveal three temporally stable American sub-patterns, suggesting prior evolution in Sino-Siberia. The hypothesized biocultural associations and migration episodes are: (1) "Upper Cave" Sinodonts with the generalized Chinese Microlithic Tradition reach the Arctic steppe via the Lena basin to become Paleo--and most later Indians. (2) Smaller-game-hunting Siberian Diuktaians cross to Alaska at forest-forming terminal land bridge times to become Paleo-Arctic and subsequent Na-Dene-speaking NW forest Indians. (3) Lower Amur basin-N Japan blade-makingfolk evolve a coastal culture on the way to the land bridge's SE terminus at Anangula-Umnak where the oldest skeletons of the dentally distinctive but variable Aleut-Eskimos have been found.

Americas↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Platelet structure and function role of prostaglandins.

A long way has been travelled since platelets were likened to sponges in 1961. At that time research on thrombotic mechanisms was mainly concentrated on blood coagulation. Since then, a shift of emphasis toward the study of platelets has dramatically evolved. How to prevent platelets from becoming sticky at sites of injury has been the main concern for platelet researchers over the past decade. Following adherence of platelets to a damaged vessel wall, prostaglandin synthesis is triggered leading to the formation of thromboxane A2, the most potent platelet activating agent so far discovered. By an "autocatalytic" process, thromboxane A2 together with the released ADP are responsible for the growth of the platelet thrombus. Among the substances released by the alpha-granules is the mitogenic factor, which, by stimulating the proliferation of smooth muscle cells from the media to intimal layers in arteries, is instrumental in the generation of atherosclerotic plaques. The narrowing of the vessel wall lumen can be further aggravated by the formation of a thrombus over the plaque, thereby occluding the vessel, and leading to cardiovascular diseases or stroke depending on the location of the lesion. An all-out effort to find a means for preventing platelet stickiness is currently under way. The recent discovery of prostacyclin has been the cornerstone for most of the research carried out so far in this field. The presently available antiplatelet drugs should be used with caution. Indeed, whereas a dramatic thrombosis may occur with full platelet activation, a catastrophic hemorrhage may follow the "neutralization" of platelets. Eskimos who are fed with eicosapentaenoic acid, the precursor of a potent antiplatelet agent, may indeed be immune against thrombotic disorders; however, they have an increased tendency to bleed.

Aspirin↗

PubMed1982

[Dietary behavior, way of life, and nasopharyngeal cancer].

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is prevalent in Southeast Asia, Maghreb countries and Greenland/Alaska. This cancer, wherever prevalent, is closely associated to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), but its geographical repartition also suggests the possibility of a cultural factor. A comparison of food habits and way of life of Cantonese, Maghreb populations and Eskimos shows certain common points: dried fish or meat, fermented and sometimes rotten, as well as salt preserved vegetables. Certain berries of Euphorbiaceae are eaten by children and the plant itself is used in traditional medicine. These Euphorbiacea contain cancer promoting agents, able to reactivate the EBV latency. The hypothesis proposed here is that cancerous effects common to the different regions at high risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma exists and that they either act separately or reactivate the EBV latency.

Africa, Northern↗

PubMed1983

Tuberculosis in Inuit.

Tuberculous infection was first introduced to the majority of the Inuit (Eskimos) in the first half of this century. In the 1950s tuberculosis became a grave problem with the mortality rate approaching 1% per annum and the incident rate almost 3%. The annual risk of infection has been estimated at 25% per annum. These are probably the highest rates recorded anywhere in the world in the 20th century. Some 20-30 years ago, an intensive case-finding programme as well as a treatment programme began in all three jurisdictions where the Inuit live (northern Canada, Alaska and Greenland). The preventive measures differed; Alaska relying mainly on chemoprophylaxis and Greenland on BCG vaccination, while Canada adopted both measures. Over the last 20 years, the rates fell rapidly with the mortality rate approaching zero, and the morbidity (incidence) rate falling (Canadian Inuit) by the record 14% per annum. The high rates in the Inuit were, in part, an expression of the lack of 'natural' resistance acquired by other races through the exposure to tubercle bacilli for many generations. Over-crowding in igloos and frequent starvation among those Inuit who relied on cariboo meat, undoubtedly contributed a great deal to the gravity of the problem. The rapid decline of the rates is without doubt primarily caused by the intensive tuberculosis programme and the compliance of the Inuit with the demands of this programme; better housing and in some cases, improved nutrition doubtlessly also played a part.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗