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PubMed1981

Biosynthesis of xyloglucan in suspension-cultured soybean cells. Occurrence and some properties of xyloglucan 4-beta-D-glucosyltransferase and 6-alpha-D-xylosyltransferase.

A particulate enzyme fraction that catalyzes the transfer of glucose from UDP-[14C]glucose and of xylose from UDP-[14C]xylose into a xyloglucan has been isolated from suspension-cultured soybean cells. The incorporation of radioactivity from [14C]xylose into the polysaccharide was dependent on the presence of UDP-glucose in the incubation mixture, and that from [14C]glucose was dependent on the concentration of UDP-xylose in the mixture. Mn2+ was required for the incorporation of xylose and the optimum concentration of Mn2+ was about 10 mM. This reaction showed a pH optimum at 6.5 to 7.0 in 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid buffer and was inhibited by phosphate buffer and Tris buffer. On hydrolysis with Trichoderma endoglucanase, the polysaccharide synthesized in vitro gave a pentasaccharide, a hepatasaccharide, and a small amount of non-asaccharide. Based on the results from fragmentation and methylation analyses, the following structures were proposed for the penta- and the heptasaccharides from the xyloglucan synthesized in vitro: (formula, see text).

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed2006

[18FDG PET cerebral function imaging in 10 vascular dementia patients receiving needling at Baihui(DU20), Shuigou(DU26) and Shenmen(HT7)].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of needling at Baihui(DU20), Shuigou(DU26) and Shenmen(HT7) on glucose metabolism in different regions of the brain in vascular dementia patients. METHODS: Ten patients with vascular dementia were randomized into 2 groups, and the patients in the control group received the treatment with needling in the routine acupoints for hemiplegia (chosen from 6 Yang meridians of the hand and foot), while those in treatment group received needling at 3 additional acupoints, namely Baihui(DU20), Shuigou(DU26) and Shenmen(HT7), which were specific for dementia treatment. All the patients were examined by positron-emission tomography(PET) to detect the glucose metabolism in different brain regions before and after acupuncture treatment by means of semiquantitative analysis of the average values of radioactive count in the brain regions. RESULTS: Needling at the additional 3 acupoints could obviously enhance glucose metabolism in the bilateral frontal lobes, bilateral thalamus, temporal lobe and lentiform nucleus on the uncompromised side. CONCLUSION: The effect of needling at Baihui(DU20), Shuigou(DU26) and Shenmen(HT7) on vascular dementia is closely related to improved cerebral glucose metabolism.

Acupuncture Points↗

PubMed1988

Steady-state models of glucose-perturbed Dictyostelium discoideum.

Young sorocarps of Dictyostelium discoideum were incubated in the presence of 50 mM [14C]glucose, and nine metabolites were isolated over a period of 60 min to determine their specific radioactivity. The program TFLUX was used to construct models consisting of 17 metabolite pools and 40 reactions (excluding external pools). Net glucose uptake was 10% or less in the two experiments chosen for extensive analysis, and a single steady-state model was adequate to describe the data in both cases. Despite differences in metabolite levels, flux, and labeling kinetics, the models of glucose-perturbed metabolism confirm earlier conclusions regarding metabolic compartments.

Carbon Radioisotopes↗

PubMed1978

Effect of the type and proportion of dietary carbohydrate on serum glucose levels and liver and muscle glycogen synthesis in the rat.

The effect of the type of dietary carbohydrate on oral glucose tolerance and on in vivo incorporation of labeled glucose or fructose into liver and muscle glycogen in the rat were investigated. The intake of fructose or sucrose reduced, as compared with starch or glucose, glucose incorporation into liver glycogen and caused a slight deterioration of the glucose tolerance. These effects were observed already when 50% of the total dietary carbohydrate was substituted by fructose or sucrose. The incorporation of labeled glucose into muscle glycogen was not affected by the type of dietary carbohydrate. Specific radioactivity of liver and muscle glycogen and the concentration of muscle glycogen after administration of labeled fructose were higher in fructose-adapted than in glucose-adapted rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Reduction of inositol triphosphate in retinal microvessels by glucose and restimulation by myo-inositol.

The formation of inositol phospholipids (IPLs) and inositol phosphate esters (IPEs) in response to glucose was studied in isolated retinal microvessels from porcine eyes. Retinal microvessels incubated from 60 hr with myo-[3H]inositol were sequentially extracted to obtain IPLs and IPEs. [3H]Inositol-labelled IPLs were deacylated to produce the corresponding glycero derivatives. Both deacylation products and water-soluble IPEs were monitored by anion-exchange chromatography. In the presence of high glucose (30 mM) the labelling in inositol triphosphate (IP3) was reduced to 77% and was restimulated by adding myo-inositol (final concentration 0.4 mM) to 158% of the control under physiological conditions of glucose (5 mM) and myo-inositol (0.04 mM). With a fixed glucose concentration (5 mM), IPE accumulation was observed with increasing concentrations of exogenous myo-inositol. Under physiological conditions (glucose 5 mM, myo-inositol 0.04 mM) the distribution (percentage) of radioactivity in phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-phosphate (PIP2) was 63:19:18. The myo-inositol concentration dependence of IPL formation was also demonstrated. A decrease in IP3 in response to high glucose without changing PIP2 but with a reduction in PI indicated that PI may act as a reservoir to replace a possible loss of PIP2. These findings suggest that availability of myo-inositol by retinal microvessels may be essential to maintain the normal signal transduction and cell proliferation associated with IPL turnover under high glucose concentration.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Influence of lipolysis on the mobilization of 2,4,5,2'4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl from adipocytes in vitro.

Epididymal adipocytes, isolated from rats pretreated with [14C]-2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (6-CB), were utilized to examine the relationship between the mobilization of lipid and 6-CB and to determine whether 6-CB was differentially associated with subcellular organelles over time as has been demonstrated for newly synthesized lipid. Lipolysis, induced by the presence of 8 X 10(-7) M isoproterenol (ISO) for 50 min, depleted approximately 1% of total cellular triacylglycerols (TG) regardless of time from treatment with 6-CB. The percentage of cellular 6-CB released from adipocytes to incubation buffer infranatants was not correlated with the magnitude of lipolysis produced over the 50-min incubation period; nor was the percentage of 6-CB released to the buffers correlated with the length of the incubation period, regardless of the presence of ISO. Although adipocytes responded similarly to lipolytic stimuli independent of time (days) since 6-CB treatment, significant decreases were found in the percentage of 6-CB released from adipocytes over time. The in vitro labeling of this newly synthesized TG in fat cells with [U-14C]glucose or [1-14C]palmitate demonstrated that TG was differentially distributed among adipocyte organelles. Newly synthesized TG was also the first to be mobilized under lipolytic stimulus. 6-CB was not released in a similar fashion, since radioactivity associated with the chemical levels of [14C]-6-CB and glucose-derived 14C in buffers were not correlated over time. 6-CB was found to redistribute to all available lipid pools during the subcellular fractionation procedure and thus did not resemble TG. However, it is possible that 6-CB may exist in equilibrium among organelle fractions and that it becomes sequestered within the nonsoluble lipid compartment with time, thus decreasing its appearance in the soluble buffer infranatants over the experimental time course.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1996

Ketoacids attenuate glucose uptake in human trophoblasts isolated from first-trimester chorionic villi.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that ketoacids (acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyrate) diminish glucose transport in trophoblasts cultured from first-trimester chorionic villi. STUDY DESIGN: First-trimester trophoblasts were obtained by transabdominal chorionic villus sampling for subsequent cytogenetic analysis. The cells were established as a continuous line exhibiting trophoblast characteristics. Trophoblasts were cultured in Ham's F12/Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (1:1) supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum. Experiments were initiated by a 24-hour preincubation in serum-free Ham's F12/Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium followed by incubation with ketoacids (acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyrate, 0 to 10 mmol/L) in the presence or absence of insulin-like growth factor-I (100 ng/ml). The cells were challenged with 2-deoxy-[1,2-3H]D-glucose (0.1 mmol/L) for 5 minutes and then cell-associated radioactivity was measured. Total ribonucleic acid was extracted from cells incubated with ketoacids in the presence or absence of insulin-like growth factor-I, and Northern blots were probed with a phosphorus 32-labeled complementary deoxyribonucleic acid fragment encoding the rat GLUT 1. RESULTS: Ketoacids caused a dose-dependent inhibition of glucose transport. At 5 mmol/L acetoacetic acid there was a > 50% reduction in the rate of glucose transport in both control and insulin-like growth factor-I-treated cells. The diminution in glucose uptake by trophoblasts was not due to cellular toxicity of the ketoacids because there was no significant difference in trypan blue exclusion or lactate dehydrogenase release between control and ketoacid-treated cells. Northern analysis revealed that the steady-state expression of GLUT1 messenger ribonucleic acid was diminished in ketone-treated cells, but this effect was overcome by coincubation of cultures with insulin or insulin-like growth factor-I. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that ketoacids can suppress the uptake of glucose into first-trimester human trophoblasts. Because ketoacidosis in pregnant women with diabetes mellitus is a frequent clinical consequence of poor metabolic control, it is possible that elevated levels of acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyrate may impair the transport of glucose across the placental trophoblast and into the fetal circulation.

Acetoacetates↗

PubMed1987

The release of radioactive arachidonate from lipids of red blood cells during prolonged incubations in vitro.

Red blood cells were isolated from rat blood and incubated in the presence of [3H]arachidonate. A sizeable quantity (18%) of the radioactivity was incorporated into red cell lipids, of which phosphatidylcholine was the most highly labelled. Radioactive arachidonate was found at position 2 of this phospholipid. Free fatty acids were removed by washing the cells in solutions containing fatty-acid-free bovine serum albumin. The labelled red cells were then incubated for up to 16 h at 37 degrees C. After 16 h of incubation in saline-buffer-glucose or rat serum, 20 and 26%, respectively, of the total radioactivity was found in free fatty acids, and there were corresponding declines in the percentage radioactivities found in phosphatidylcholine. In the presence of serum, there was a more rapid release of radioactive fatty acid over the 2- to 16-h time course. There was not a significant drop in the phosphate levels of the total red cell phospholipids or phosphatidylcholine after 16 h of incubation and, as a result, there were large declines in the specific radioactivities of phosphatidylcholine. Diacylglycerols were not highly labelled and the action of phospholipase A2 on labelled phosphatidylcholine was indicated. When white blood cells were added to labelled red cells, there was little evidence of white cell involvement in the release of radioactive fatty acid, suggesting that the red cells themselves may be involved in arachidonate release. Red cells may serve as sources of arachidonate, released following hemorrhage in brain and metabolized to form various biologically active eicosanoids.

Animals↗

PubMed1966

Radioautographic comparison of the uptake of galactose-H and glucose-H3 in the golgi region of various cells secreting glycoproteins or mucopolysaccharides.

The radioautographic distribution of the label of galactose-H(3) was compared with that of glucose-H(3) in a series of secretory cells of the rat. Whereas the glucose label appeared in all mucous cells, the galactose label was incorporated only into certain mucous cells. Whenever either label was incorporated, however, it was located first in the Golgi region and later in the secretion product, mucus. Several lines of evidence, including extraction of glucose label with peracetic acid-beta glucuronidase, indicated that the material synthesized in the Golgi region was glycoprotein in nature. In chondrocytes, both the galactose and the glucose label appeared first in the Golgi region and later in cartilage matrix; extraction of glucose label with hyaluronidase indicated that much of it consisted of mucopolysaccharide. In all secretory cells, the extraction of glycogen by amylase had no effect on Golgi radioactivity. Such extraction did not eliminate the scattered cytoplasmic label also seen after glucose-H(3) injection, but completely eliminated that seen after galactose-H(3). Consequently, the galactose-H(3) label in the Golgi region stood out more clearly, and was detected in many cells: pancreas, liver, epididymis, and intestinal columnar cells. In the latter, label later appeared in the surface coat. Thus, radioautography after injection of galactose-H(3), as after glucose-H(3), indicates that synthesis of complex carbohydrates takes place in the Golgi region of many secretory cells.

Amylases↗

PubMed1985

Treponema saccharophilum sp. nov., a large pectinolytic spirochete from the bovine rumen.

A large, obligately anaerobic spirochete (strain PB) was isolated from bovine rumen fluid by a procedure involving rifampin as a selective agent. The helical cells measured 0.6 to 0.7 micron by 12 to 20 micron and possessed approximately 16 periplasmic flagella inserted near each end of the protoplasmic cylinder. The periplasmic flagella were arranged in a bundle wound around the cell body. Strain PB utilized as fermentable substrates various plant polysaccharides (e.g., pectin, arabinogalactan, starch, and inulin) as well as pentoses, hexoses, disaccharides, and uronic acids. Glucose was fermented to acetate, formate, and ethanol, whereas the fermentation of pectin or glucuronic acid yielded only acetate and formate as major end products. Determinations of radioactivity in end products and assays of enzymatic activities indicated that strain PB catabolized glucose via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Extracts of cells grown in pectin-containing media possessed relatively high levels of phospho-2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase activity, an enzymatic activity typical of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA of strain PB (54 mol%) was considerably higher than that of known host-associated anaerobic spirochetes. This study indicates that strain PB represents a new species of Treponema, for which we propose the name Treponema saccharophilum.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Subcellular localization of the alterations in phosphatidylinositol metabolism following glucose-induced insulin release from rat pancreatic islets.

The subcellular localization of the incorporation of 2-(3H)-myoinositol into lipids has been studied in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat. The recovery of lipid-bound myoinositol increased with time in the nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, and secretory granule fractions. The utilization of a filtration technique for the more complete separation of mitochondrial and secretory granule elements permitted us to show that the recovery of lipid-bound 2-(3H)-myoinositol increased most rapidly in the secretory granule fraction. A 30-minute exposure of prelabeled islets to a stimulatory concentration of D-glucose (3.0 mg./ml.) resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the amount of lipid-bound 2-(3H)-myoinositol that was recovered from the secretory granule fraction (p less than 0.001). In contrast, exposure of islets to the elevated glucose concentration had no statistically significant effect on the recovery of lipid-bound radioactivity from other subcellular fractions. Since the majority of lipid-bound radioactivity associated with the secretory granule fraction could be recovered with the presumptive secretory granule membranes, these data suggest that the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol that accompanies glucose-induced insulin secretion from the rat pancreatic islet may be localized to the beta granule and, in particular, to its limiting membrane.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Effects of insulin secretagogues and inhibitors on phospholipid metabolism in Langerhans' islets of rat pancreas.

Glucose stimulation of [32P]-prelabelled pancreatic islets induced an increased incorporation of radioactivity into phosphatidylinositol. Glucagon and agents that increases cAMP in the islet did not affect phosphatidylinositol turnover, in spite of increased release of insulin. Furthermore, the potent inhibitor of insulin release, somatostatin did not alter phospholipid metabolism. Colchicine inhibited glucose-stimulated turnover of phosphatidylinositol as well as insulin release. These results may suggest that: (1) cAMP and phosphatidylinositol turnover are involved in different transmembrane control system for regulating insulin release; and (2) the function of microtubules modulate phospholipid metabolism.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Non-enzymatic glycosylation of dietary proteins by glucose and fructose].

Preliminary evaluation of glucose and fructose as glycosylation agents of some animal and vegetable food proteins has been presented. The study was conducted using the method of radioactive indicators. It has been shown that fructose binds proteins to a higher degree than glucose, and it can make for increasing glucose glycosylating activity in their combination in the product.

Dietary Proteins↗

PubMed1975

Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on herpesvirus-induced inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis.

In pseudorabies virus-infected cells host DNA synthesis is turned off 4 to 5 h postinfection. In the presence of 0.5 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose, however, synthesis of both cellular and viral DNA proceeds unimpaired throughout the virus replication cycle. The uptake of radioactive thymidine into mock-infected cells is not altered in the presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Virus-specific protein synthesis and particle formation also proceed in medium containing the deoxy sugar, but the virus particles produced are noninfectious and cell fusion is inhibited.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Decreased labeling of amino acids by inhibition of the utilization of [3H, 14C]glucose via the hexosemonophosphate shunt in rat brain in vivo.

Treatment of rats with 6-aminonicotinamide showed a small but significant decrease in the labeling of amino acids in the brain after injection of [3H]acetate. The results of these experiments also gave evidence of the presence of [3H]glucose and [3H]acetate, and an increase in [3H]glucose content in the brain of 6-aminonicotinamide treated rats. To apportion the contribution of [3H]glucose formed by gluconeogenesis from [3H]acetate to the labeling of amino acids a method was formulated based on the measurement of radioactivity of amino acids, lactate and free sugars in brain after injection of [6-3H]glucose or [1-3H]glucose relative to that after co-injection of [U-14C]glucose or [2-14C]glucose. In contrast to the expected formation of [1,6-3H]glucose by gluconeogenesis from [3H]acetate, 3H-labeled glucose isolated from brain, blood and liver showed the presence of [6-3H]glucose only. The values corrected for the presence of [6-3H]glucose showed that treatment with 6-aminonicotinamide had no effect on the labeling of amino acids by oxidation of [3H]acetate. These findings indicated that a significant decrease in the labeling of amino acids from [U-14C]glucose reported previously and again confirmed using [1-3H], [6-3H], [2-14C] or [U-14C]glucose in the present investigation was not due to the inhibition of the activities of enzymes of the citric acid cycle. These results support the postulated role of the hexosemonophosphate shunt for the utilization of glucose in providing neurotransmitter amino acids glutamate and gamma-aminobutyrate.

Acetates↗

PubMed1987

Synthesis of beta-glucans in Prototheca zopfii. Evidence for the existence of a glycoprotein primer.

Membrane preparations from the non-photosynthetic alga Prototheca zopfii incorporate glucose from UDP-[3H]glucose into the trichloroacetic-acid-insoluble fraction and the polysaccharides insoluble in hot alkali. Time course and pulse-chase experiments indicate that the acid-insoluble fraction was a precursor of the alkali-insoluble fraction. Isolation of 3H-labeled membrane or soluble fraction showed that only membrane fractions were able to transfer radioactivity into polysaccharides. Treatment of glucosylated membranes with trypsin or cellulase only partially affect their transfer ability, indicating that the precursor was internalized in vesicles. Analysis of the in vitro synthesized polysaccharides by enzymatic and acid hydrolysis showed that glucose and cellobiose were present as radioactive sugars. Permethylation of the polysaccharide indicates that 80% of the glucose was beta-1,4-bonded with 20% in beta-1,3-linkages. This polysaccharide was found to be identical with the cell-wall beta-glucan obtained in vivo [Rivas, L.A. & Pont Lezica, R. (1978) Planta (Berl.) 165, 348-353].

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗

PubMed2000

Selective inhibition of reactions involved in methanogenesis and fatty acid production on rice roots.

Washed excised roots of rice (Oryza sativa) produced H(2), CH(4) and fatty acids (millimolar concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate; micromolar concentrations of isovalerate, valerate) when incubated under anoxic conditions. Surface sterilization of the root material resulted in the inactivation of the production of CH(4), a strong reduction of the production of fatty acids and a transient (75 h) but complete inhibition of the production of H(2). Radioactive bicarbonate was incorporated into CH(4), acetate, propionate and butyrate. About 20-40% of the fatty acid carbon originated from CO(2) reduction. In the presence of phosphate, CH(4) was exclusively produced from H(2)/CO(2), since phosphate selectively inhibited acetoclastic methanogenesis. Acetoclastic methanogenesis was also selectively inhibited by methyl fluoride, while chloroform or 2-bromoethane sulfonate inhibited CH(4) production completely. Production of CH(4), acetate, propionate and butyrate from H(2)/CO(2) was always exergonic with Gibbs free energies <-20 kJ mol(-1) product. Chloroform inhibited the production of acetate and the incorporation of radioactive CO(2) into acetate. Simultaneously, H(2) was no longer consumed and accumulated, indicating that acetate was produced from H(2)/CO(2). Chloroform also resulted in increased production of propionate and butyrate whose formation from CO(2) became more exergonic upon addition of chloroform. Nevertheless, the incorporation of radioactive CO(2) into propionate and butyrate was inhibited by chloroform. The accumulation of propionate and butyrate in the presence of chloroform probably occurred by fermentation of organic matter, rather than by reduction of acetate and CO(2). [U-(14)C]Glucose was indeed converted to acetate, propionate, butyrate, CO(2) and CH(4). Radioactive acetate, CO(2) and CH(4) were also products of the degradation of [U-(14)C]cellulose and [U-(14)C]xylose. Addition of chloroform and methyl fluoride did not affect the product spectrum of [U-(14)C]glucose degradation. The application of combinations of selective inhibitors may be useful to elucidate anaerobic metabolic pathways in mixed microbial cultures and natural microbial communities.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Gamma III-crystallin is the primary target of glycation in the bovine lens incubated under physiological conditions.

Several mechanisms have been proposed for the way in which glucose and its metabolites cause cataract, retinopathy and other complications of diabetes, the most convincing being glycation. Glycation, the reaction of sugars with free amino groups of proteins, is one of a variety of non-enzymic post-translational modifications. The aim of the present study was to identify some of the most reactive proteins in the lens when incubated under physiological conditions. Fresh intact bovine lenses were incubated with [14C]glucose in a conventional tissue-culture medium with added antibiotics. After 3 and 6 days of incubation, the water-soluble proteins were separated by size-exclusion chromatography. Glycated proteins from the water-soluble fractions were separated by using a sugar affinity column (Affi-Gel 601). Then the radioactive fractions were identified on SDS/polyacrylamide gels. In addition, the whole bovine lenses were incubated with 10 mM fructose and glucose for 3 and 6 days. The glycated proteins from the water-soluble fractions in parallel with the radioactive fractions were separated by affinity chromatography, and were identified further by amino-acid sequencing. A progressive uptake of radioactive label showed that the majority of proteins incorporating both glucose and fructose were water-soluble fractions. Chromatography and SDS/polyacrylamide gel results showed that alpha- and gamma-crystallin and some proteins of a mean molecular mass of 36-37 kDa incorporated sugars early during incubation. After 6 days of incubation, more crystallins were glycated compared with 3 days, in particular beta-crystallin. Affinity-chromatography results indicated that proteins with subunit masses of 36 kDa and 20 kDa were possibly radiolabelled at an early stage. The purified glycated proteins following incubation with both glucose and fructose, which corresponded to 20 kDa and 36 kDa bands on SDS/polyacrylamide gels, were sequenced by Edman degradation. N-terminal sequences of both 20 kDa bands were Gly-Lys-Ile-Thr, characteristic of gamma-crystallins, but the N-termini of both 36 kDa bands were blocked. Further sequencing after digestion of 36 kDa bands with trypsin and running on HPLC revealed that the glucose sample gave the peptide sequences as Gly-Glu-Tyr-Pro-Asp-Tyr-Gln-Gln and Tyr-Glu-Leu-Pro-Asn-Tyr-Arg, which match with bovine gammaIIIb-crystallin. The peptide sequence Tyr-Glu-Leu-Pro-Asn-Tyr-Arg is only present in the published sequence of bovine gammaIIIb-crystallin and not in any other type of gamma-crystallin. The fructose sample gave the peptide sequences Ile-Thr-Phe-Tyr-Glu-Asp-Arg, Arg-Gly-Asp-Tyr-Pro-Asp-Tyr-Gln-Gln-Trp, Gln-Tyr-Leu-Leu-Arg and Val-Val-Asp-Leu-Tyr, which all matched with bovine gammaIIIa-crystallin. The sequence Val-Val-Asp-Leu-Tyr only appears in the sequence of bovine gammaIIIa-crystallin. gammaIII-Crystallin is the most susceptible lens protein to glycation. The primary target of glucose is gammaIIIb-crystallin, whereas that of fructose is gammaIIIa-crystallin. The early glycation of gammaIII-crystallin by glucose and fructose could result in structural alterations, leading to aggregation of crystallin and eventually cataract formation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗