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At least 1,117 records · Page 62Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

The effects of an environmental "enrichment" program on the behavior of institutionalized profoundly retarded children.

This study determined the effects of procedures designed to "enrich" the physical and social environment of an institutional ward on the "adaptive" and "maladaptive" child, adult, self, and object-directed behaviors of five profoundly retarded ambulatory females. Behavior observed in two treatment conditions, an environment "enriched" with toys and objects and an "enriched" environment coupled with differential reinforcement of adaptive behavior, was compared to behavior occurring in corresponding baseline or "austere" conditions and during a period of noncontingent reinforcement. The results generally revealed: (1) little change in adaptive and maladaptive child and adult-directed behavior across conditions, (2) an overall higher incidence of adaptive object-directed behavior and reduced self-directed maladaptive behavior in each treatment condition from that observed in corresponding control conditions, and (3) the use of an "enriched" environment and differential reinforcement of adaptive behavior resulted in maladaptive self-directed behavior being reduced and adaptive object-directed behavior being icreased beyond that observed in the "enriched" environment alone. These behavioral gains were largely maintained during a follow-up condition by continuing the "enriched" environment and transferring the responsibility for differential reinforcement to direct-care staff.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Issues of institutionalization: five percent fallacies and terminal care.

Place-of-death data are analyzed for King County, Washington (1971) and Whatcom County, Washington (1971, 1975, 1978), allowing comparisons with previous studies on "the five percent fallacy." The King County findings agree with past research on a major metropolitan area. For large urban areas, sex is found to be a significant correlate of place of death for whites (but not nonwhites), and race is found significant for females (but not males). Whatcom County data differ from earlier findings on a smaller geographic area. Changes in place-of-death distributions over time for Whatcom County are noted. Explanations are proferred for differences between the current data and past research, and for changes observed over time in one location. The implications of the findings for nursing homes and other extended care facilities, hospitals, health and old-age agencies, and the elderly themselves are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Successful operant conditioning procedures with an institutionalized aggressive geriatric patient.

The present investigation utilized a modified differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) schedule with an exclusionary time-out procedure to treat a sixty-nine year-old aggressive male. Dependent measures included confirmed incidents of physical and verbal aggressive behavior monitored across an ABAB design with a four month follow-up. During the experimental conditions, contingent tangible reinforcers were provided for non-aggressive behavior. Such rewards were progressively diminished over the course of treatment utilizing a systematic fading scheme. Results indicated a clear demonstration of behavioral control and clinically significant treatment effects during both experimental periods. Implications for future research are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Fragile X chromosome in institutionalized male adults with mental retardation.

A clinical and cytogenetical study of mentally retarded male adults with an IQ of below 35 has been carried out in the Ranzan Colony for Mental Retardates, Saitama, Japan. The study showed one fragile X-positive retardate with IQ 23 in the 53 residential retarded patients, giving a hemizygote prevalence of 1.9% (1/53). Macroorchidism and elongated ears, practical markers for the clinical diagnosis of fragile X-linked mental retardation, were also detected in this 43-year-old subject with fra(X)(q27.3). He is amiable and no autistic behavior has been observed. The subject, however, has been suffering from epilepsy since childhood and has cataract in both eyes.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Spontaneity in dementia: an analysis of 696 institutionalized elderly patients.

Activities of daily living (ADL), mental function, spontaneity, emotion and problematic behaviors were compared in elderly patients with hip fracture, hemiplegia, hemiparesis, senile dementia of Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia. Osteoarthropathy patients with normal intelligence served as a control group. ADL was most strongly affected by spontaneity, then, by intelligence. The contributions of emotion and problematic behaviors were not very marked.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1976

Perceived age and sex characteristics of voices of institutionalized children with Down's syndrome.

It was hypothesized that the voices of children with Down's syndrome would be perceived as younger than their true chronological age and that perceptual auditors would have considerable difficulty in identifying the correct sex of these children by voice alone. Perceived age and sex were investigated in 20 institutional children with Down's syndrome who were matched for sex and age with a control group of 20 normal children. Randomized matched verbal samples were played backwards to a group of 16 listener/judges who rated the samples as to age and sex. The results indicated that the voices of these Down syndrome children were perceived as being more than 2 yr. younger than their group mean age and that there was a negative correlation between the biological sex of such children and their perceived sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Factor structure of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale for an institutionalized, disabled population.

Separate factor analyses of responses to the Tennessee Self-concept Scale using item and scale data are reported for a sample of 255 disabled veterans. A global self-satisfaction factor and several subsidiary factors roughly approximate the external dimension of the scale. The internal dimension interacts with the external one in defining several factors but does not emerge as an independent dimension. Scale data yield a self-esteem factor incorporating both external and internal scales and a self-concept conflict-integration factor. The evidence supports the external dimension more than the internal dimension. The findings are consistent with previous studies that have not validated the two-dimensional design of the scale.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effect of the full moon on a sample of developmentally delayed, institutionalized women.

Over 19 lunar months reports of all aggressive acting-out misbehaviors as recorded by direct-care staff were evaluated and recorded on a day-by-day basis for a randomly selected sample of 20 developmentally delayed women, CA 18 to 50; MA, 9 to 18 months. All had been in continuous residence in a residential treatment center for a minimum of 31 months. A grid representing the 24-hr. period of the full moon (a), the three days prior to the day of the full moon (b), the three days after the full moon (c), and the balance of the lunar period (d) was placed over the record. Comparisons using the Duncan multiple-range test indicated that the mean number of misbehaviors on the day of the full moon was significantly higher than the mean number on any other day of the lunar period (the next highest was for the three days prior to the day of the full moon).

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Critical comment on Hicks-Caskey and Potter, "Effect of the full moon on a sample of developmentally delayed, institutionalized women".

Hicks-Caskey and Potter (1991) claim to have found a "full moon effect" on women in a developmental center. Further, they suggest the discrepancies in findings on lunar effects can be accounted for by (i) a lack of equivalent operational definitions and (ii) a person selection factor. It is argued that the Hicks-Caskey and Potter findings are undermined by weekday, holiday, season, weather, particular staff-subject interactions, and expectancy effects. In addition, the proposed explanations for differing outcomes in lunar studies do not explain both the negative findings and conflicting positive findings.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1985

Collaborative WHO xylitol field studies in Hungary. VII. Two-year caries incidence in 976 institutionalized children.

The aim was to assess caries increment as influenced by partial substitution of sucrose by xylitol (X group) over a 2-year period in comparison with systemic fluoride (F group) and restorative treatment only (C group). The study differed from the 3-year field study of the same series primarily in that existing base-line differences were eliminated because the protocol required that all the new subjects entering the institutions in the 1st year were to be included for a 2-year trial. During this period the number of dropouts was 243 (19.9% of all subjects), the final material consisting of 976 children (6-12 years old). The 2-year DMFS increment was 3.8 in the X group, 4.8 in the F group, and 6.0 in the C group. The corresponding ratio (RS) between caries incidence and the tooth surface population at risk was RSX, 4.5; RSF, 5.5; and RSC, 7.5. The xylitol regimen resulted in a lower increment of caries than measured in the F and C groups (p less than 0.001; convariance analysis, with base-line prevalence, number of permanent teeth, and visible plaque index as covariants.

Cariostatic Agents↗