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PubMed1977

A clinical perspective on motivation: pawn versus origin.

Occupational therapy is founded on the principle of "actively engaging" the patient in tasks of therapeutic benefit. This method of treatment necessitates matching a patient's needs with interests and abilities in an attempt to motivate the individual to perform. A lack of motivation is often the most difficult and most unsuccessfully overcome obstacle in the occupational therapy clinic. Classical drive-reduction theories of motivation prove inadequate for therapists to arrest and reverse the behavior of an unmotivated individual. This article offers the concept of personal causation as an alternative means of understanding human motivation. This notion is examined in two modes of behavior, namely pawm and origin, in an attempt to further the understanding of the complex process of self-initiated and self-guided behavior. Four perspectives are proposed for therapeutic intervention that will promote motivated behavior in patients. They include a consideration of the following factors: expectancies of success or failure, internal versus external orientation, belief in skill, and sense of efficacy.

Achievement↗
PubMed1977

Patient education by videotape after myocardial infarction: an empirical evaluation.

Patients recovering from myocardial infarction (MI) or other heart diseases at St. Francis Hospital, Hartford, Ct, were educated by videotape or by staff lectures on alternating weeks. Both programs included the following: risk factors for MI, medications, diet, MI symptoms and life style changes. Patients were interviewed before and after the educational program. The MI patients under the age of 60 scored equally well on an informational test irrespective of the type of education program experienced. Older MI patients were significantly more likely to complete the educational program when it was given by videotape; those discontinuing attendance at lectures were less psychologically motivated to participate but were not necessarily more ill. Overall, higher education was the single most significant predictor of superior scores following patient education. Implications for the coronary care ward of the success of videotape in educating MI patients are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Assertiveness, locus of control and coping behaviors used to diminish tension.

To investigate how coping behaviors may be preconditioned by assertiveness and locus of control, a questionnaire was given to 133 undergraduates of whom 87% reported recent tension attributed mainly to academic pressures. From a list of 22 common coping reactions, the students were asked to check those they use to deal with their tensions. The coping responses were also correlated with scores on an assertiveness inventory (AES) and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control (I-E) Scale. Reliance on one's own initiatives and turning to significant others were the responses most frequently reported as reactions to tension while seeking professional help was ranked last. Male students more frequently reported using marijuana or seeking sexual comfort than females, while females more frequently reported dysfunctional reactions such as spending endless hours thinking about the problem. The AES correlated significantly with problem-solving approaches. The IE Scale showed internals more inclined to meditate; externals indicated a greater likelihood to seek professional help, fantasize, or drink alcohol.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

The revised Generalized Expectancy for Success Scale: a validity and reliability study.

The Generalized Expectancy for Success Scale (GESS; Fibel & Hale, 1978) was revised and assessed for reliability and validity. The revised version was administered to 199 college students along with other conceptually related measures, including the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Life Orientation Test, and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale. One subsample of students also completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory, while another subsample performed a criterion-related task that involved risk taking. Item analysis yielded 25 items with correlations of .45 or higher with the total score. Results indicated high internal consistency and test-retest reliability.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Reward and purpose as incentives for children differing in locus of control expectancies.

The Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire was used to classify 248 fourth- and fifth-graders as internals, mediums, and externals on the internal-external locus of control personality dimension. Subjects were assigned to four treatment groups resulting from the manipulation of intrinsic (purpose vs. non purpose) and extrinsic (reward vs. no reward) motivational conditions and administered a coding task with number of figures coded as the dependent variable. An analysis of variance with IE, reward, purpose, sex, and grade as factors yielded significant purpose, sex, grade, and IE X Reward X Purpose effects. The performance of internals was found to be unaffected by motivational manipulations; purpose together with reward improved the performance of mediums: reward and purpose (individually and together) improved the performance of externals. Implications for future investigation of the IE construct and the social psychology of psychological research were discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

The contribution of motor skills and playfulness to the play performance of preschoolers.

Consideration of a child's motor proficiency, intrinsic motivation, internal locus of control, and freedom to suspend many of the constraints of objective reality were proposed to provide a more comprehensive assessment of play than would an assessment of play performance alone. For empirical validation of this conceptual model of play, 29 subjects (15 nondisabled children and 14 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis) between the ages of 4 years 6 months and 6 years 6 months were given four assessments: (a) the Preschool Play Scale (Bledsoe & Shepherd, 1982, Knox, 1974); (b) the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Bruininks, 1978); (c) the Preschool and Primary Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (Nowicki & Duke, 1974); and (d) tests of associative fluency (Wallach & Koogan, 1965; Ward, 1968). Multiple regression procedures revealed that, when considered together, scores on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, tests of associative fluency, and the Preschool and Primary Internal-External Locus of Control Scale predicted scores on the Preschool Play Scale, thereby supporting the usefulness of the proposed theoretical model. Further, there was no significant difference in the mean scores of the two groups on the Preschool Play Scale. Although this finding may be an artifact of the small sample size, it also may support the authors' belief that children with motor impairments are able to compensate for their limitations by developing areas of relative strength that allow them to play normally. When this belief was further tested with Pearson product-moment correlations and Fisher's Z transformations, it was found that correlations between the test scores of the nondisabled children were not significantly different from those of the children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Clearly, further research is needed.

Arthritis, Juvenile↗
PubMed1992

Assessment of codependency behavior in two health student groups.

The present study examines the relationship between codependency and caregiving to determine whether codependent persons tend to be attracted to caregiving professions. The study also examined the relationship between codependency, self-esteem, and locus of control, as measured by the Friel Co-Dependency Assessment Inventory (Friel, 1985; Friel & Friel, 1987), the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (Fitts, 1965), and the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1966), respectively. Voluntary participants consisted of 15 occupational therapy students and 15 health information administration (HIA) students believed to be different from one another with respect to the caregiving aspects of their respective professions. The occupational therapy group scored significantly lower than the HIA group on the measure of codependency (m = 21.2 vs. m = 28.8, respectively) [t(28) = 2.258, p = 05]. No other significant differences were noted between groups for the other test scores. Only codependency scores between 31 and 60, that is, moderate-to-severe and severe concerns (n = 6), had a strong correlation with self-esteem scores (r = -.974) and a moderate correlation with locus of control scores (r = .683). No student in the occupational therapy group scored within the moderate-to-severe or severe range. The results did not support a relationship between codependency and choice of a caregiving-oriented profession. Further, only moderate-to-severe and severe codependency scores were indicative of low self-esteem and high external locus of control. Implications of this study suggest incorporation into the academic preparation of occupational therapy students information regarding codependency and self-assessment of codependency to facilitate awareness of the student's need to nurture others.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Effects of personality-situation locus of control congruence.

The effects of combining personality and situation differences in locus of control on cheating behavior were tested. Eighty college students (36 male and 44 female) were classified as having relatively high internal or external locus of control beliefs using Rotter's Internal-External Scale. In subsequent individually conducted sessions, subjects were given the opportunity to falsely report success (i.e., to cheat) when success was objectively impossible and when the outcome was described as due to either skill or chance. A significant (p less than .001) Personality X Situation locus of control interaction found cheating more prevalent in congruent personality-situation combinations (internal-skill and external-chance) than in incongruent combinations (internal-chance and external-skill). Additional significant effects involving task persistence and postoperformance effort ratings suggested accounting for the results in an achievement motivational framework. As the Personality X Situation Locus of control interaction accounted for a large proportion of the variance, the results were considered to be supportive of an interactionist position regarding behavior prediction.

Achievement↗
PubMed1978

Control orientation and disulfiram.

Alcoholics electing to take disulfiram were significantly more externally oriented, as measured by Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, than were alcoholics not electing to take disulfiram.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Some psychological correlates of motion sickness susceptibility.

Four groups of 37 subjects each (highly susceptible men, highly susceptible women, nonsusceptible men, and nonsusceptible women) were obtained from a population of 2,432 college students ranging in age from 18 to 39 years. Susceptibility to motion sickness was determined by scores on a motion sickness questionnaire (MSQ); only individuals with extreme scores were considered for inclusion in the experimental groups. The following tests were administered: Floor Ataxia Test Battery, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, Cornell Medical Index, Cornell Work Form, Eysenck Personality Inventory, Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, and the 16 Personality Factors test. Each subject was tested on at least three, but not more than six, of the eight tests. Significant sex differences were obtained on the ataxia battery and the Cornell Medical Index. Susceptible subjects did not differ significantly from nonsusceptibles on the ataxia battery but did differ significantly on all personality tests except the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (administered only to women) and the Rotter Scale. The generally consistent and significant patterns of results from the psychological tests probably reflect the selection factors used in defining the subject groups; certain personality characteristics are associated with a high degree of susceptibility to motion sickness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Trends in powerlessness: a ten year follow-up.

This experiment tested the hypothesis that there would be a significant increase in powerlessness scores over a 10 year period. The sample was drawn from a population of college students originally tested in 1964. At the 10 year follow-up, all Ss had graduated from college and were either professionally employed (mostly as teachers) or engaged in child-rearing/home activities. The average age of the 1974 sample was 29 years and consisted of 70 females and 30 males. The test instrument was the adult version of Rotter's Internal-External (I-E) Locus of Control Scale which consists of 23 forced-choice items. There were no significant differences on total I-E scores over the 10 year period. However, with use of the Mirels two-factor scoring system, significant increases in social-political control were found. No significant differences in personal control were found. It was concluded that care should be taken in utilizing cross-sectional findings and that utilizing multidimensional scores suggests different results for previously published reports.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Control orientation in alcoholics related to extent of treatment.

The self-perceived locus of control of three groups of alcoholics who had had varying amounts of exposure to treatment was measured on the Internal-External (I-E) scale. Alcoholics who had had more treatment perceived themselves in greater control of their behavior in general and of their drinking in particualar than those who had had less treatment.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1976

The Stanford Preschool Internal-External Scale: extension to kindergarteners.

To investigate whether the characteristics of the recently developed Stanford Preschool Internal-External Scale (SPIES; Mischel, Zeiss, & Zeiss, 1974) would remain stable for older children of apparently different socioeconomic status than the normative sample, the SPIES was administered to 104 kindergarteners of essentially middle class background in an ordinary elementary school. The findings indicate that the SPIES may be useful in research on perceived locus of control in kindergarteners as well as preschool children.

Child, Preschool↗