SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Introversion, Psychological”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,117 records · Page 62Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Personality factors, stoicism and motivation in subjects under hypoxic stress in extreme environments.

Previous studies on the physiological and psychological adaptation of subjects to survival conditions involving high-altitude hypoxia (>6,500 m) have shown that personality factors are important in this adaptation. We, therefore, proposed personality traits assessments in two groups of subjects engaged in sporting activities under extreme hypoxic environmental conditions: a group of mountaineers at high altitudes (>5,500 m) and a group of free-lung divers at great depths (<30-60 m). These subjects were compared with two control groups: a group of subjects practicing no sport and another one practicing various competitive athletic activities involving speed constraints. The personality traits assessed concerned mainly the subjects' attitudes and their propensities to act out their feelings and fantasies; they were assessed using projective procedures, the Hand Test and Clark's Situational Pain Questionnaire based on the Sensory Decision Theory. Subjects trained in mountaineering and free-lung diving under extreme environmental conditions displayed a high degree of stoicism. These individuals shared some personality traits with other sportsmen, particularly aggressive tendencies and introversion although not to an extent which interfered with normal interpersonal relationships. However, at least when practicing these extreme sports, the subjects did retreat from society. One of our questions concerns the grounds for this social withdrawal, that is, whether it derives from a inner compulsion founded on personality factors or if it is merely an artifact of our perceptions of the subjects, created by the confluence of the individualistic nature of these sports and the extreme environments in which they are performed.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed1994

Weight changes and eating attitudes of Japanese adolescents under acculturative stresses: a prospective study.

An increased rate of pathological eating attitudes has been reported among the people under acculturative stresses. We therefore carried out a prospective study of eating patterns in a cohort of 144 Japanese adolescents who spent 1 year with a host family in various countries of the world. The subjects showed a statistically significant gain in standardized body weight. Although the students did not report greater prevalence of abnormal eating attitudes under acculturative stresses than before, a substantial minority of them manifested maladaptive eating patterns. Among the psychosocial variables measured before departure, personality traits of neuroticism and introversion correlated with high drive for thinness during the stay; parental overprotection, lack of interoceptive awareness, and interpersonal distrust predicted bulimic behaviors. The findings are discussed from a transcultural point of view.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1995

Typological description of the chronic low back-pain syndrome using the Million Behavioral Health Inventory.

The Million Behavioral Health Inventory was administered to 67 individuals with chronic low back pain who participated in a rehabilitation program on pain and stress. Base-rate scores from the 20 scales, submitted to cluster analysis using Ward's minimum variance method, gave four subtypes. Discriminant analysis accurately classified 98.51% of the sample. The discriminant functions were interpreted and labeled as I: somatic distress and II: inhibition-dependency. The groups were then examined for differences and similarities with respect to those dimensions, and the groups were labeled I-introversive, II-denial/minimizers, III-conformers, and IV-severe psychophysiological reaction. The types were next compared across medical, vocational, and demographic data. With the exception of sex of subject, no other data were significant by type. The results were discussed, and recommendations for research were made.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Anxiety of infertile women undergoing IVF-ET: relation to the grief process.

The psychological state of 102 infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer was investigated. The levels of anxiety were measured by the state trait anxiety inventory and the manifest anxiety scale. The process of accepting infertility and attitudes toward treatment were explored by a semistructured interview. The mean score of state anxiety for the subjects was 50.0 which was considerably higher than the standard score of 42 for the general Japanese females. Women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer with higher levels of anxiety remain in the introversive stage of the grief process, have a more positive attitude toward treatment, a more pessimistic outlook on the possibility of successful pregnancy, and feel more agitation.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

In search of information that confirms a desired self-perception: motivated processing of social feedback and choice of social interactions.

The present studies examined how the motivation to see oneself as characterized by desirable attributes may influence feedback seeking and social preferences. In Study 1, participants were first led to believe that extraversion or introversion is conducive of success. Next, they received false feedback about themselves, related to extraversion and to introversion. In a surprise recall, extraversion-success participants remembered extraversion feedback more accurately and introversion feedback less, compared to introversion-success participants. Study 2 examined preferences for others as potential sources of feedback. The findings revealed that extraversion-success participants preferred others who perceived them as extraverted, whereas introversion-success participants preferred others who perceived them as introverted. Thus, people appear to rely on how others regard them to realize a desired self-perception. These processes, oriented more toward social and interpersonal aspects of the self, complement the more intrapersonal processes of motivated self-perception studied in the past.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Psychological states and personality as factors in the morbidity of head and neck malignant tumors].

Many publications have repeatedly indicated that there seems to be a correlation between neoplastic disease and certain types of psychological situations. However, such studies subjected malignant tumors in head and neck region are scanty so far. We applied Cornell Medical Index Health Questionnaire (CMI) and Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) to collect medical and psychiatric data from 86 patients (56 males and 30 females) with head and neck malignant tumors and 115 control patients (73 males and 42 females) with head and neck diseases other than malignant tumors. Analysis of CMI data using Diagnostic Sheet, Fukamachi's method and Modification of Abe's method, and analysis of each of Extroversion-Introversion scale scores, Neuroticism scale scores and Lie scale scores of MPI led the following conclusion. 1) Both male and female patients with head and neck malignant tumors showed to be more depressive than their control patients were. Especially, between the two patient groups in males, there was a statistically significant (p less than 0.05) difference. 2) Regarding neurosis, autonomic nerve dysfunctioning and extroversion-introversion, none of these factors seemed to be related with the morbidity of head and neck malignant tumors. Further exploration of this issue, with a special attention to the relationship between depression and head and neck malignancy should be conducted, if possibly, from a prospective point of view.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Décalage in moral judgement as a measure of deactualisation weakness of schizophrenic adolescents.

12 schizophrenic, 11 borderline and 20 neurotic adolescents were examined with the procedure, according to Kohlberg, to moral development. In addition, existence techniques, themes and formal personality attributes according to Thomae were assessed. In schizophrenic adolescents a very distinct discrepancy between average and the highest stage values of the moral judgement were the main result (décalage value). This distinct décalage corresponds with the previously discussed distinct ambiguity tolerance of schizophrenics that comes into being on the basis of a deactualisation weakness towards situatively stimulated representative pieces of existence. In connection with this décalage and with the other values for moral judgement are findings on life style and theme that can be interpreted in the sense of an introversion and a cry for help connected with increased resistance and present a form of illness mastering. A detachment from the parents only appears possible at the cost of an increased lability (in the area of moral and ego-identity as décalage).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

The relation of personality characteristics to body image disturbances in juvenile anorexia nervosa: a multivariate analysis.

The relationship between Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) factors and two separate measures of body image-estimation of body size and subjective report of distorted bodily experiences-was investigated using multivariate analyses in adolescent females with anorexia nervosa. A canonical correlational analysis of these data indicated the presence of two orthogonal dimensions defining the relation between personality and body image scores. In the first canonical variate, size overestimation and subjective body image distortion were both associated with MMPI scales reflecting somatization, anxiety, and atypical thinking; in the second variate, size overestimation alone was found to be associated with introversion and depression, while subjective body image distortion aligned with somatization and atypical thinking. The results suggest that different measures of body image disturbance are associated with different personality characteristics. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of personality factors in the pathogenesis of body image disturbances in anorexia nervosa.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

[Importance of personality traits and psychosocial factors for the development of coronary heart disease].

BACKGROUND/AIM: Numerous studies have provided clear and convincing evidence that psychosocial factors contribute to the pathogenesis and expression of coronary heart disease (CHD). These factors have been related to the following psychosocial domains: personality factors and character traits, depression, anxiety, social isolation and chronic life stress. The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of personality traits and psychosocial risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease. METHODS: The investigation was conducted as observational cross-sectional (case-control) study. Based on medical records all subjects were divided into two groups: the group of patients with CHD (61 participants), and the control group of 41 healthy participants. All participants fulfilled the Eysenck Inventory Questionnaire, Paykel stress scale and Bortner scale of A-B self-estimation. RESULTS: The participants with CHD were shown to have lower education than healthy participants, but were comparable by gender, age and place of residence. According to the Bortner scale, most participants with CHD expressed type A personality, whereas most healthy participants expressed types B and AB. The patients with CHD achieved higher scores on the Paykel stress scale of life events, and they had the higher level of neurotic and psychotic tendencies, as well as the lower level of extroversion compared to the healthy participants. Multivariate logistic regression model identified chronic stress (odds ratio 1.018; 95% confidence interval 1.007-1.028) as an important predictor for the occurrence of coronary heart disease, when adjusted for age, gender, nourishment and blood pressure. On the other side, the lower risk for the occurrence of CHD was observed among the participants who had the higher level of extroversion (odds ratio 0.859; 95% confidence interval 0.636-0.902). CONCLUSION: Chronic stress and introversion can be considered important risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease, independent of other predictors such as obesity and hypertension, supporting the biopsychosocial model of the occurrence of coronary heart disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Manic-depressiveness and its correlates.

Manic-depressiveness is the name here given to a hypothesized personality continuum that has, at one extreme, manic-depressive psychosis. A Manic-Depressiveness Scale is described, which comprises three scales, Manic Experience, Depressive Experience, and the sum of the two, since they are correlated. 250 undergraduate psychology students at the University of Adelaide and at Goldsmiths' College, London, were administered the Manic-Depressiveness Scale along with 12 measures including the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Revised). Scores on the total Manic-Depressiveness Scale tended (in order of size of association) to be correlated with Schizotypal Personality (and three subscales), Neuroticism, Magical Ideation, Mystical Experience, Belief in the Paranormal, absence of Social Naïveté, and Psychoticism. Manic Experience showed a pattern of relationships with the above variables broadly similar to that of Depressive Experience but included Creative Personality, while Depressive Experience included introversion. The relationship between manic-depressiveness and schizotypy is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychosocial studies in patients in a condition after intervertebral disk surgery].

The psychosocial backgrounds were examined in patients making only slow recovery after lumbar disc hernia operation without organic cause, in patients with recurrent low back pain syndrome, and in a control group of healthy persons. These three groups of persons were employed as skilled or unskilled laborers. For the purpose of the study a self administered questionnaire (MISREP) was completed by the patients. This included psychological, medical, social, and sociological factors. The specific answers obtained were examined by means of statistically relevant methods to determine the difference between the three groups. The disc operation patients and the low back pain patients showed different attitudes to some specific questions. These concerned career prospects, early retirement, subjective assessment of overwork, frequency of illness, negative work conditions, job satisfaction, readiness to be retrained for a suitable job, relations with superiors and co-workers, positive expectations of medical treatment, various symptoms from the vegetative and somatic fields, and symptoms of depression and introversion. The information showed the control group to be most significantly different by a lower readiness for conflict and circumstances less characterized by conflict. The possibility of a specific personality structure is discussed in general and in detail.

Female↗

PubMed1983

Psychosocial functioning of two groups of morbidly obese patients.

Fourteen morbidly obese women who were candidates for intestinal bypass surgery were compared in terms of psychosocial functioning and dietary behavior to 14 morbidly obese women who elected not to undergo the bypass procedure. Each patient underwent a psychiatric evaluation which included a developmental and dietary history, a mental status exam, and the administration of the MMPI. Diagnoses were based on the DSM-III multi-axial system. There was no difference between the bypass group and the non-bypass group on the Axis I diagnoses, however the bypass group did have a significantly higher frequency of Axis II diagnoses. The bypass group demonstrated significantly higher levels of psychosocial stressors (Axis IV) and lower levels of adaptive functioning (Axis V) when compared to the non-bypass group. The bypass patients also had a significantly higher frequency of past suicide attempts. On the MMPI, the bypass group had significantly higher elevations on scales 2 (depression), 4 (psychopathic deviate), 6 (paranoia), and 0 (social introversion). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of dietary history and behavior, except that significantly fewer bypass patients could place a numerical estimate on their daily energy intake. These results were discussed in terms of their implications for the assessment and treatment of morbidly obese patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Personal adjustment to aging: longitudinal prediction from neuroticism and extraversion.

Personal adjustment to aging as measured by scales from the Chicago Attitude Inventory (CAI) was examined longitudinally in a community-dwelling sample of 557 men aged 17 to 97. Concurrent and predictive relations between this age-appropriate measure of well-being and personality were examined by correlating the CAI variables with three factors from the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey identified as Neuroticism, Extraversion, and "Thinking Introversion." As hypothesized, Neuroticism was related negatively and Extraversion was related positively to most concurrent measures of well-being in both younger and older subsamples. "Thinking Introversion" was related only to positive attitudes toward religion. Predictive correlations between personality and subjective well-being over two-to-ten (M = 5.3) and ten-to-seventeen (M = 12.6) year intervals confirmed earlier research, and showed that enduring personality disposition antedate and predict measures of personal adjustment to aging.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Higher-order dimensions of personality disorder: hierarchical structure and relationships with the five-factor model, the interpersonal circle, and psychopathy.

Two studies examined the higher-order factor structure of DSM-IV personality disorders using the International Personality Disorder Examination in male forensic psychiatric patients. In Study 1 (N = 168), exploratory factor analysis at the level of individual personality disorder criteria indicated nine primary factors. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of these first-order factors supported a hierarchical structure in which two of three second-order factors covaried to yield a third-order factor. The two resulting superordinate factors were labelled Anxious-Inhibited and Acting Out. In Study 2 (N = 160), we used exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to test hypotheses of common dimensions underlying these superordinate factors of personality disorder and superordinate factors of the five-factor model of personality, dimensions of the interpersonal circle, and psychopathy. Of three common factors, one combined Anxious-Inhibited disorders, "neurotic introversion," and hostile-submission. The other two factors of Acting Out/ psychopathy and antagonism/hostile-dominance covaried to yield a superordinate factor. Possible substrates underlying two superordinate dimensions common to normal and abnormal personality were identified in the theoretical literature.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[Subgroups of hyperkinetic disorders--explorative studies with reference to questionnaires and immunologic parameters].

In this paper, the main questions examined are: 1. The relationship between clinically diagnosed hyperkinetic syndrome (HKS) and 3 questionnaires for parents (Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) by Achenbach and Edelbrock, Enzephalopathie-Fragebogen by Meyer-Probst and 10-Item scale by Conners). 2. The relationship between the clinical psychiatric diagnosis and the questionnaires and allergological parameters. In order to answer these questions, a sample of 122 psychiatric patients with "extraversive" behavior disturbances (HKS: N = 104, other "extraversive" disorders, mainly conduct disorders (EVD): N = 18) was examined prospectively and sequentially. The preliminary results are: a) The children with HKS, the children with EVD and the children with HKS and conduct disorder could be differentiated by several subscales (Especially by "introversive" symptoms) of the CBCL and the Fragebogen by Meyer-Probst. The Conners scale showed significant differences between the groups on only one item. b) The children with HKS, especially those without conduct disorder, had two to three times as many allergies as the children with HKS and conduct disorders or those with EVD.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed1994

Personality, endocrine and immune changes after eight months in healthy individuals under normal daily stress.

The impact of stress and its neuroendocrine correlates on immune function are well established and individual variations could be attributed to modulation by personality characteristics. To assess the influence of everyday life stress and personality on neuroendocrine and immune function, we administered, to 18 healthy adults, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to assess their personality, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to measure anxiety, the Reaction Scheme Test to assess their coping reaction style, the Life Events Survey to assess the impact of stressful life events, and the Subjective Stress Questionnaire to assess perceived stress. The endocrine evaluation comprised prolactin, cortisol, and growth hormone plasma levels, while the immunological evaluation assessed T4, T8, and T11 lymphocyte percentages, as well as natural killer cell count and activity. All evaluations were made at baseline and after 8 months. We found a reduction of the T11 lymphocyte percentage to be accompanied by a reduction in the scores of the MMPI scale of Subtle Defensiveness and by an increase in the scores of the Social Introversion Scale. A positive correlation was found between prolactin and T4 lymphocyte percentage. These preliminary data show that some personality and endocrine measures correlate with immune function.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

The pain apperception test: an investigation of concurrent validity.

Gave 55 chronic pain patients the Pain Apperception Test (PAT), the MMPI, the Health Index Index, the Whitely Index, the Pain Estimate, and the Tourniquet Test in an investigation of the concurrent validity of the PAT. The results did not support strongly the concurrent validity of the PAT, given the small number of significant correlations obtained. However, several consistent patterns did emerge: The PAT appeared to be correlated positively with the Alcoholism and Social Introversion scales of the MMPI and with the Invalidism scale of the Health Index. The PAT appeared to be correlated negatively with the Psychopathic Deviate scale of the MMPI. The latter results are discussed with respect to the psychodynamics of chronic pain patients. Further research is suggested, especially with regard to direct pain measures and predictive validity.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed2003

The relationship of psychological factors to the prognosis of hyperthyroidism in antithyroid drug-treated patients with Graves' disease.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between emotional stress and the onset of hyperthyroidism has been well investigated, but the relationship between psychological factors and prognosis of antithyroid drug-treated hyperthyroidism is not well known. This study has examined not only emotional stresses but also patients' personality traits using specific tests. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. SUBJECTS: Sixty-nine patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease in the euthyroid state after 2-5 years of antithyroid drug therapy and 32 healthy subjects as the control group. MEASUREMENTS: Patients responded to three types of questionnaires, including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory for personality traits, the Natsume's Stress Inventory for major life events, and the Hayashi's Daily Life Stress Inventory for daily life stresses. RESULTS: In the Graves' disease patients, stress scores of life events correlated significantly with serum TSH receptor antibody activity (r = 0.424, P < 0.001) and thyroid volume (r = 0.480, P < 0.001). When the patients were divided according to prognosis (41 with relapse and 28 with remission), four personality traits including hypochondriasis, depression, paranoia and psychasthenia (mental fatigue) were significantly (P = 0.0146, 0.0052, 0.0125, and 0.0186, respectively) more common in the relapsed Graves' disease group than those of the remitted group. Six personality traits of conversion hysteria, psychopathic deviation, masculinity and feminity, schizophrenia, hypomania, and social introversion were not significantly different between the two groups. The scores of daily hassles (problems of daily life) were also significantly (P = 0.0124) greater in the relapsed Graves' disease group than in the remitted group. The scale scores of depression and psychasthenia showed a positive correlation with scores of daily hassles (r = 0.535, P < 0.0001; r = 0.580, P < 0.0001, respectively), while an inverse correlation with scores of daily uplifts (r = -0.373, P = 0.0332; r = -0.322, P = -0.0120, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that major life events, personality traits of hypochondriasis and depression, paranoia, mental fatigue, and daily problems aggravate the prognosis of antithyroid drug-treated hyperthyroidism. Escape from life events is virtually impossible; thus coping strategies suggested by the physician may be useful in improving prognosis in Graves' disease.

Adult↗