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PubMed1989

[Acute torsion of greater omentum. Report of a case mimicking acute appendicitis].

Among a variety of acute abdomens, acute torsion of omentum, first reported by Marchett in 1851, is least suspected under the impression of, most commonly, acute appendicitis and then acute cholecystitis, mesenteric thrombosis, ovarian cyst, perforated peptic ulcer, etc. A 52-years-old woman was admitted on May 2, 1987 with anorexia, nausea and RLQ pain for 2 days. Physical examination revealed tenderness, guarding and rigidity over RLQ. White cell count was 12.100/mm3. A reducible hernia was found in the right inguinal region. The operation through McBurney's incision showed blood-stained fluid. Appendix was slightly congested. A solid, gangrenous mass was palpated at right iliac fossa that disclosed a completely tight torsion of omentum twisting 6 times counterclockwise with distal infarction. Segmental omentectomy, appendectomy and hernioplasty were done. The patient's recovery was uneventful. This case emphasizes the necessity of routine examination of the omentum during the course of abdominal exploration especially when serosanguinous fluid was encountered in the peritoneal cavity.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Abdominal catastrophes.

The patient in our case report presented with an acute abdomen but stable vital signs and ABCs. The differential diagnosis initially included most of the entities discussed in this chapter. The ECG ruled out an acute MI. The patient improved with IV hydration and oxygen administration. Abdominal x-ray films ruled out a bowel obstruction, and chest x-ray films ruled out a pulmonic process. Laboratory tests revealed hemoconcentration and leukocytosis. No other laboratory test results were abnormal. While waiting for the surgeon to arrive, the patient remains stable, so the ED physician orders a CT scan of the abdomen. Taking another look at the plain x-ray films, the emergency physician in our case presentation sees a suggestion of free air under the right hemidiaphragm above the liver on the CXR and between the liver and the right abdominal wall on the decubitus ABD x-ray. The CT scan confirms the presence of free air within the peritoneal cavity, and the patient is taken to surgery for an exploratory laparotomy. The final diagnosis is perforated peptic ulcer. With hindsight, the patient and wife recall a previous diagnosis of a possible ulcer in the past.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed1988

Management of general surgical problems after cardiac transplantation.

Over a 6-year period at the University Hospital in London, Ont., 101 patients underwent heart transplantation and 5 heart-lung transplantation. The authors review the general surgical problems identified from the charts of 13 of these patients. In the early postoperative period (within 30 days), laparotomy was required for pancreatitis (one), perforated peptic ulcer (two), cholecystectomy (one), pancreatic cyst (one) and appendicitis (one). In addition, a spontaneous colocutaneous fistula and spontaneous pneumoperitoneum occurred; both were managed conservatively. Later, three patients required cholecystectomy; one underwent a below-knee and a Symes amputation for dry gangrene and one surgical correction of a lymphocele. The incidence of surgical problems (13%) indicates an increased susceptibility in this group of patients. Four of the 13 patients died. Pancreatitis is a well-recognized complication of cardiac surgery; it is frequently associated with a normal or only slightly elevated serum amylase level, making a definitive diagnosis without laparotomy almost impossible. Persistence of abdominal signs should signal the need for exploratory surgery. During the early postoperative period and in the absence of multiorgan failure, immediate operation for an acute abdomen is usually successful. Despite the additional risk, cardiac transplantation does not preclude later surgery, but immunosuppression must be continued and carefully monitored.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed1987

Renal transplant nephrectomy.

There is surprisingly little about the problems of transplant nephrectomy reported in the literature, despite the frequency of the procedure and the recognition that it can be a difficult technical challenge. Of 480 kidneys transplanted during a ten year period, 154 (32 per cent) were later removed. One hundred and eleven (72 per cent) nephrectomies were performed because of uncontrollable acute rejection within three months of transplantation. Thirty-eight (25 per cent) nephrectomies were performed because of graft failure due to chronic rejection and five (3 per cent) were carried out for other reasons. The only significant problem that occurred during graft nephrectomy was difficulty in controlling bleeding which occurred at nine (6 per cent) operations. No patient died during the operation. In the postoperative period, there were two (1 per cent) complications, perforated peptic ulcer and pseudomembranous colitis, which led to death and 22 (14 per cent) which were successfully treated. These consisted of nine infections, five lymph leaks, four hematemeses, three secondary hemorrhages and one urine leak. No significant difference could be shown in morbidity and mortality with respect to the time lapse between transplantation and graft nephrectomy. Transplant nephrectomy need not be as hazardous a procedure as has often been recorded provided it is not performed by an inexperienced surgeon, although the decision as to when to abandon a graft is often a finely balanced one.

Graft Rejection↗
PubMed1987

Differences in clinical and immunological findings of systemic lupus erythematosus related to age.

Five hundred and seventy patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were classified into 3 groups (younger onset, adult onset and older onset) according to their ages at the time of diagnosis. There were more patients with HLA-Bw35 and/or DR2 in the younger onset group than the adult onset group. Typically related systemic features and serological abnormalities were more frequently found in the younger onset group than the other groups. The disease patterns of the adult onset group were more heterogeneous than those of the other 2 groups. The causes of death in the older onset group were mainly complications such as infections and perforated peptic ulcers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Giant abdominal abscesses--a hitherto unrecognized disease].

Two cases of giant intraabdominal supra-colic abscess are described. Since the clinical symptoms are often unimpressive and nonspecific, there was a delay in diagnosis. The causes were unrecognized perforated peptic ulcers in both patients. Pathophysiology, incidence and possible localizations of intraabdominal abscesses are discussed. A review of intraabdominal anatomy is important for an understanding of the peritoneal spaces in which abscesses can occur.

Abscess↗
PubMed1985

Obstruction-strangulation of post-traumatic diaphragmatic hernia--delayed diagnosis and fatal outcome.

The radiological and clinical features of 9 cases of obstructed post-traumatic diaphragmatic hernia are reviewed. In none of these patients was the diagnosis of a diaphragmatic hernia considered before radiography, all cases being clinically diagnosed as 'acute abdomen', most frequently pancreatitis or perforated peptic ulcer. Even after radiographs had shown opacity at the left base in all 9 cases, together with a distended proximal bowel in 6, the correct diagnosis was made in only 4. Through lack of correct radiological diagnosis, there was a delay of at least 1 day between admission and operation in 6 patients, and 3 of the 4 deaths occurred in this group. Obstruction-strangulation of diaphragmatic hernia should be considered as a possible cause of 'acute abdomen' in the presence of a left basal abnormality, especially in patients from areas with a high incidence of assault. Confirmatory contrast studies should be done only if they can be done immediately and quickly. Pregnancy can cause hernias to become obstructed and strangulated, but this can be averted by obtaining a history of previous trauma early in the pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

An unusual case of asymptomatic aplastic renal dysplasia.

The postmortem examination of a 59-year-old man who had suffered from acute abdominal pain for two days revealed that the cause of death was peritonitis secondary to perforated peptic ulceration. During examination, it was found that the urinary tract was abnormal. Here, we report a postmortem finding of aplastic renal dysplasia of the kidney and malformation of the urinary tract.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

[Acute cholecystitis--conservative therapy].

In about 95% of patients with acute cholecystitis the cystic duct is obstructed by a gall stone. The imprisoned bile salts have a toxic action on the gall bladder wall. Acute cholecystitis is liable to be confused with other causes of sudden pain and tenderness in the right hypochondrium. Below the diaphragm, acute retrocecal appendicitis, intestinal obstruction, a perforated peptic ulcer or acute pancreatitis may be confusing factors; however, the gall bladder remains shrunken, fibrotic, full of stones and nonfunctioning. Recurrent acute cholecystitis may follow, but there may be surprisingly long clinically silent periods. The treatment of choice is elective cholecystectomy. General measures include bed rest, intravenous fluids, a light diet and relief of pain with pethidine and buscopan. Antibiotics are given to treat septicemia and prevent peritonitis and empyema. During the first 24 h., 30% of the gall bladder cultures are positive. This rises to 80% after 72 h. Common infecting organisms are Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis and Klebsiella, often in combination. Anaerobes are present, if sought, and are usually found with aerobes. They include Bacteroides and Clostridia. Antibiotic(s) should have a spectrum to cover the colonic type micro-organisms which are usually found with infection of the biliary tree. The choice depends upon the clinical picture. A broad-spectrum penicillin or a cephalosporin is usually adequate for the stable patient with pain and mild fever. The severely septicemic patient is better treated with a combination of ureidopenicillin (mezlocillin or piperacillin) and metronidazole.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

[Value of laparoscopy in diagnosis and therapy of the acute abdomen].

While diagnostic laparoscopy is a well established tool, therapeutic laparoscopy for acute abdominal disorders has recently been made possible by video-endoscopic techniques. From July 1989 to April 1992, 243 laparoscopic interventions were carried out in patients with an acute abdomen. After a pilot phase, patients with acute appendicitis were entered into a randomized trial, those with acute cholecystitis were operated within the next day list. Among the 243 operations were 202 appendectomies, 12 closures of perforated peptic ulcers, 4 successful interventions for intestinal obstruction, 4 irrigations for intraabdominal abscesses and 35 further operations, some of which had to be finished as laparotomies. Laparoscopic appendectomy was less painful but technically more difficult. In cases which needed bowel resection for ischemic necrosis or diverticular disease, conversion to open surgery had to be performed. Laparoscopic treatment of acute abdominal disorders including peritonitis can be effective and beneficial in one out of two patients. Adequate surgical training, expertise and respect to the safety of the patient are mandatory. The application of endoscopic suture devices will further enlarge the spectrum of laparoscopic treatment options for the acute abdomen.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Acute abdominal pain in emergency surgery. Clinical epidemiologic study of 450 patients].

A retrospective study on 450 patients admitted in emergency with acute abdominal pain in a general surgical unit of the Ist Institute of Surgery of the University of Rome "La Sapienza" was carried out during a 7 years period. The aim of the study was to identify the most frequent causes of acute abdominal pain correlated with age, sex, onset of pain and other conditions in order to improve diagnosis and reduce mobility for mortality. Appendicitis was the most frequent diagnosis (75 pts = 16.4%). Non-specific abdominal pain (NSAP), found in 71 pts (15.5%), cholelithiasis in 57 pts (12.5%), abdominal malignancy in 47 pts (10.3%) were other frequent conditions. The largest number of admissions occurred in the age groups 60-70 years (16.6%) and 20-30 years (14.2%). Surgical operations were performed in 206 patients (45.7%). The overall mortality was 4.2% (19/450 pts) and the rate increased significantly in patients aged > 60 years. Postoperative mortality was 5.8% (12/206 pts) while mortality rate in non-operated patients was 2.8%. The causes of perioperative death included perforated peptic ulcer, abdominal malignancies (15.4%) and urgent colonic resections (9.4%). The duration of inpatients stay increased significantly with the age of the patients, including those with nsap. The results of the study indicate a need to review the methods of diagnosis of appendicitis and to obtain a better clinical performance in patients with nsap.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed1998

Autologous closure of giant abdominal wall defects.

Split-thickness skin graft coverage of exposed and granulating intestines within large abdominal wall defects provides a life-saving permanent biologic dressing. The resultant abdominal wall defect often is closed with mesh, which may infect and fistulize. This report describes bilateral advancement flaps of the external oblique and recti muscles in 11 patients treated over 3 years. The defects, which averaged 16 x 24 cm, were due to necrotizing fasciitis subsequent to trauma with bowel perforation (3 patients), multiple ventral herniorrhaphies (2 patients), perforated diverticulitis (4 patients), and perforated peptic ulcer (2 patients). Eight patients were initially treated elsewhere where closure was achieved by split-thickness skin graft in five patients or mesh in 3 patients; 3 developed enterocutaneous fistulae and were transferred for closure while receiving long-term antibiotic and total parenteral nutrition therapy. All 11 patients had successful primary closure. The 8 patients operated on electively had primary healing; 2 developed seromas. Two of the three patients operated on urgently developed superficial wound infections; both healed by second intent without compromise of the primary closure. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) the linea alba survives despite necrotizing fasciitis, (2) a tension-free primary closure is feasible; (3) morbidity is minimal, and (4) the long-term result is excellent.

Fasciitis, Necrotizing↗