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PubMed2005

Multivariate analysis of relationships between iodine biological exposure and subclinical thyroid dysfunctions.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationships between iodine biological exposure and subclinical thyroid dysfunctions. METHODS: The cross-sectional survey was performed to obtain the epidemiologic data of population in three communities with different iodine biological exposure: mild iodine deficiency [median urinary iodine concentration (MUI) of 50-99 microg/L], more than adequate iodine intake (MUI of 200-299 microg/L), and excessive iodine intake (MUI over 300 microg/L). Univariate and multivariate analysis (logistic regression analysis) were used to analyze the risk factors of subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis with sex and age controlled suggested that more than adequate iodine intake (OR = 3.172, P = 0.0004) and excessive iodine intake (OR = 6.391, P = 0.0001) increased the risk of subclinical hypothyroidism, while excessive iodine intake decreased the risk of subclinical hyperthyroidism (OR = 0.218, P = 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis including interaction of iodine intake and antibodies [thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb)] suggested that excessive iodine intake was an independent risk factor of subclinical hypothyroidism (OR = 6.360, P = 0.0001), but independent protect factor of subclinical hyperthyroidism (OR = 0.193, P = 0.0001). More than adequate iodine intake and it's interaction with TgAb increased the risk of subclinical hypothyroidism independently, in addition, it decreased the risk of subclinical hyperthyroidism at the present of TPOAb. CONCLUSION: Both excessive iodine intake and more than adequate iodine intake could increase risk of subclinical hypothyroidism, supplement of iodine should be controlled to ensure MUI within the safe range.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Intermittent use of testosterone inactivating pharmaceuticals using finasteride prolongs the time off period.

PURPOSE: Men with prostate cancer treated intermittently with TIP benefit from improved quality of life when TOP with recovered testosterone is prolonged. We examined factors influencing the duration of TOP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 101 men treated with intermittent TIP in a 9-year period. Men with positive bone scan, men in whom a PSA nadir of less than 0.1 ng/ml on TIP failed to be achieved and maintained and men in whom testosterone failed to recover to greater than 150 ng/dl during the first 12 months of TOP were excluded. Potential factors predicting prolonged TOP or accelerated time to AIPC were studied with Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Patient characteristics were clinical stage T1c-T2a in 51 and T2b-T3b in 11, PSA relapse in 29, and T3c, D0 or D1 in 10. Median PSA was 7.6 ng/ml, Gleason score was 3 + 4 = 7 and TIP duration was 15.8 months. The 60 group 1 patients received finasteride and the 41 in group 2 received no finasteride. Median TOP in groups 1 and 2 was 31 and 15 months, respectively, using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox regression analysis indicated that longer TIP, finasteride and increased age predicted longer TOP. A slow PSA decrease while on TIP, higher baseline PSA and increased Gleason score predicted shorter TOP. Cox regression analysis indicated that only higher clinical stage but not finasteride predicted the earlier onset of AIPC. CONCLUSIONS: Finasteride doubles the duration of TOP. AIPC was not increased by finasteride after almost 9 years of observation.

5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors↗

PubMed2006

Association of K121Q polymorphism in ENPP1 (PC-1) with BMI in Caucasian and African-American adults.

OBJECTIVE: To test for association of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) K121Q polymorphism with body mass index (BMI) and diabetes in a large sample of Caucasians and African-Americans by selectively genotyping individuals at the extremes of the phenotypic distribution. SUBJECTS: Subsets comprising the extremes of the BMI distribution (10th-20th and above the 90th BMI percentile for Caucasians and between the 10th-30th and above the 80th percentile for African-Americans) from a group of 10,260 Caucasian and 2268 African-American adults participating in New York Cancer Project were studied. METHODS: Subjects were genotyped for the ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism by pyrosequencing and tested for association with BMI and diabetes by regression analysis. RESULTS: Regression analysis with BMI as the dependent variable demonstrated a significant association (P = 0.02) of genotype at K121Q with BMI, with no significant race-by-genotype interaction (P = 0.30). Compared with Q/Q or Q/K individuals, the K/K individuals had a BMI approximately 1.3 kg/m2 higher, without effects of age, gender or race. By logistic regression analysis, the K121Q alleles had no significant effect on diabetes status (P = 0.37) in obese subjects. CONCLUSION: In both Caucasians and African-Americans, the K121 polymorphism in ENPP1 was associated with increased BMI, but not with diabetes.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Hospital closure: an efficiency analysis.

Logistic regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis that market forces have led to recent hospital closures. Specifically, inefficient and underutilized hospitals in competitive markets were hypothesized to be at greater risk for closure. While past studies used crude measures of hospital efficiency to predict closure, this study used data envelopment analysis to construct an efficiency index. Mixed support was found for the market forces hypothesis; however, contrary to expectations, inefficient hospitals were not shown to be at increased risk for closure. In fact, efficiency proved to be a weak, but positive, predictor of closure.

Catchment Area, Health↗

PubMed1997

Identification of early pregnancy landmarks by transvaginal sonography: analysis by logistic regression.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of logistic regression analysis for determining the gestational ages at which detection of early pregnancy landmarks first can be observed. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: University-based tertiary care clinic. PATIENT(S): Eighty-two women with viable singleton pregnancies in whom ovulation had been achieved by an injection of hCG. INTERVENTION(S): Two hundred fifteen transvaginal sonographic scans. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Logistic regression was used to estimate the probability of detection of sonographic findings as a function of gestational age. RESULT(S): We found that the likelihood of visualization of a gestational sac or fetal heart motion could be represented accurately by logistic equations. Gestational age at which there was 95% probability of visualization was 35.5 days for the gestational sac and 44.5 days for fetal cardiac activity. The probability of detecting fetal cardiac activity was 95% when the mean gestational sac diameter was 1.6 cm and was 99% at 1.9 cm. CONCLUSION(S): The sonographic appearances of developmental landmarks in early pregnancy occurs within well-defined gestational time periods, and the probabilities for visualization can be closely approximated using a logistic model. Our results suggest that the number of sonographic examinations required to document infertility treatment success can be minimized by surveillance at standardized gestational ages.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Preservation of renal function with surgical revascularization in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical and anatomic factors predictive of a favorable response to renal revascularization performed for renal function salvage remain poorly defined. To clarify decision making in such patients we reviewed a contemporary experience of surgical renal artery revascularization (RAR) performed primarily for preservation of renal function. METHODS: Between June 1990 and March 2001 (ensuring 1 year minimum follow-up), 96 patients with renal insufficiency (serum creatinine [Cr] concentration >or=1.5 mg/dL) and hypertension underwent RAR for preservation of renal function. Study end points included early and late renal function response, progression to dialysis dependence, and long-term survival. Variables potentially associated with these end points were assessed with univariate analysis, Cox regression analysis, and logistic regression analysis, and survival was assessed with the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Perioperative failure of RAR occurred in 3 patients (3%), with perioperative mortality in 4 patients (4.1%); thus 92 patients were available for long-term follow-up (mean, 39 months). Mean patient age was 70 +/- 9 years with a mean baseline Cr of 2.6 mg/dL (range, 1.5-7.8 mg/dL). Operative management consisted of aortorenal bypass in 38% of patients, extraanatomic bypass in 38% of patients, and endarterectomy in 24% of patients; 32% of patients required combined aortic revascularization and RAR, and 27% underwent bilateral RAR. At hospital discharge renal function had improved (20% decrement in Cr) in 41 (43%) patients, including 7 patients who were removed from dialysis; remained unchanged in 40 (41%) patients; and declined (20% increase in Cr) in 15 (16%) patients. At last follow-up renal function was either improved or unchanged in 72% of patients. Predictors of a favorable response to RAR at last follow-up included stable Cr at hospital discharge (odds ratio [OR], 7.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5-21.8; P =.0004) and decreased Cr at hospital discharge (OR, 16; 95% CI, 1.6-307.8; P <.0001); bilateral renal artery repair (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 0.9-10.6; P =.07) approached clinical significance. Predictors of worsened excretory function at last follow-up included decline of renal function at hospital discharge (OR, 28.9; 95% CI, 5.0-165.4; P =.0002), intervention to treat unilateral renal artery stenosis (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 0.8-16.6; P =.05), and level of baseline Cr (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.0-4.0; P =.04). Progression to dialysis occurred in 16 (17%) patients. Dialysis-free survival at 5 years was 50%, and overall actuarial survival at 5 years was 59%. Predictors of progression to dialysis during follow-up included treatment of complete renal artery occlusion (OR, 6.2; 95% CI, 1.3-29.5; P =.02), early failure of RAR (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 0.7-14.2; P =.04) and baseline Cr (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.3-6.1; P =.006). CONCLUSION: Long-term clinical success in the preservation of renal function, noted in 70% of patients, can be predicted by the initial response to RAR and by anatomic factors, in particular, bilateral repair. While extreme (mean Cr >or=3.2 mg/dL) renal dysfunction generally is predictive of poor long-term outcome, a subset of patients will experience favorable results, even to the extent of rescue from dialysis. These results may facilitate clinical decision making in the application of RAR for renal function salvage.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

[Comparing cisplatin plus etoposide with combination of mitomycin, ifosfamide and cisplatin in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients].

Cisplatin-etoposide (CE) and mitomycin, ifosfamide and cisplatin (MIC) combinations are active conventional regimens in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this retrospective study, we compared response rates, survival, duration of response, time-to-progression and toxicity of CE with MIC regimens in treatment of previously untreated patients with stage IIIB and IV NSCLC. We first determined the patients with NSCLC who had stage IIIB or IV and received CE or MIC between January 1997 and December 2002 in our clinic. Out of the eligible patients, 45 received MIC, 167 received CE. In addition 45 MIC patients, we included 46 of the 167 CE patients in the study by selecting one patient of every three patient randomly. In CE protocol, cisplatin 80 mg/m(2) on day 1 and etoposide 100 mg/m(2) on days 1, 2, 3 (every three weeks); in MIC protocol, mitomycin 6 mg/m(2), ifosfamide 3 g/m(2), cisplatin 50 mg/m(2) on day 1 (every three weeks) were performed. For statistical analysis, chi-square, t-test, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, Cox regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were used by SPSS 11.5 computer program. The overall response rate was 33.3% in the MIC arm and 34.8% in the CE arm. A respective median survival was 28 weeks for the MIC arm and 35 weeks for the CE arm. Median duration of response and time to progression in each groups were 23 and 14 weeks in MIC arm and 32 and 22 weeks respectively. There was no statistical difference for response rates, duration of survival and response, time top progression and toxicity between the two arms. We consider that the combinations of MIC and CE have similar activity and they can be used confidently in advanced NSCLC.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗

PubMed1997

Derivation and validation of a short-form oral health impact profile.

Growing recognition that quality of life is an important outcome of dental care has created a need for a range of instruments to measure oral health-related quality of life. This study aimed to derive a subset of items from the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-49)-a 49-item questionnaire that measures people's perceptions of the impact of oral conditions on their well-being. Secondary analysis was conducted using data from an epidemiologic study of 1217 people aged 60+ years in South Australia. Internal reliability analysis, factor analysis and regression analysis were undertaken to derive a subset (OHIP-14) questionnaire and its validity was evaluated by assessing associations with sociodemographic and clinical oral status variables. Internal reliability of the OHIP-14 was evaluated using Cronbach's coefficient alpha. Regression analysis yielded an optimal set of 14 questions. The OHIP-14 accounted for 94% of variance in the OHIP-49; had high reliability (alpha = 0.88); contained questions from each of the seven conceptual dimensions of the OHIP-49; and had a good distribution of prevalence for individual questions. OHIP-14 scores and OHIP-49 scores displayed the same pattern of variation among sociodemographic groups of older adults. In a multivariate analysis of dentate people, eight oral status and sociodemographic variables were associated (P < 0.05) with both the OHIP-49 and the OHIP-14. While it will be important to replicate these findings in other populations, the findings suggest that the OHIP-14 has good reliability, validity and precision.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Circulating levels of soluble CD26 are associated with phobic anxiety in women.

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV or CD26) is an ubiquitously expressed protease that could play a role in the pathogenesis of anxiety in view of its capacity to cleave several behaviourally active neuropeptides. Hereto we sought to determine the relationship between phobic anxiety, as measured by the Crown-Crisp index, and circulating levels of soluble CD26 (sCD26) in a large cohort of 1017 Italian women participating in a general health survey. The association between sCD26 levels and phobic anxiety was tested using simple correlation analysis, linear regression and multivariate logistic regression analysis. A highly significant inverse association was found between sCD26 concentrations and anxiety scores both in simple correlation and linear regression analysis. Compared with subjects in the first tertile of sCD26 levels, the age-adjusted odds ratio for scoring >/=6 compared to scoring 0 or 1 was 0.31 (95% CI: 0.18-0.74) for the second and 0.47 (95% CI: 0.34-0.63) for the third tertile. Altogether, our data suggest that reduced plasma sCD26 concentrations could be a marker of high levels of phobic anxiety in women.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

An algorithm for assessing the risk of traffic accident.

INTRODUCTION: This study is aimed at developing an algorithm to estimate the number of traffic accidents and assess the risk of traffic accidents in a study area. METHOD: The algorithm involves a combination of mapping technique (Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques) and statistical methods (cluster analysis and regression analysis). Geographical Information System is used to locate accidents on a digital map and realize their distribution. Cluster analysis is used to group the homogeneous data together. Regression analysis is performed to realize the relation between the number of accident events and the potential causal factors. Negative binomial regression model is found to be an appropriate mathematical form to mimic this relation. Accident risk of the area, derived from historical accident records and causal factors, is also determined in the algorithm. The risk is computed using the Empirical Bayes (EB) approach. A case study of Hong Kong is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. RESULTS: The results show that the algorithm improves accident risk estimation when comparing to the estimated risk based on only the historical accident records. The algorithm is found to be more efficient, especially in the case of fatality and pedestrian-related accident analysis. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The output of the proposed algorithm can help authorities effectively identify areas with high accident risk. In addition, it can serve as a reference for town planners considering road safety.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1992

Asymmetry of perceived key movement in chorale sequences: converging evidence from a probe-tone analysis.

In a probe-tone experiment, two groups of listeners--one trained, the other untrained, in traditional music theory--rated the goodness of fit of each of the 12 notes of the chromatic scale to four-voice harmonic sequences. Sequences were 12 simplified excerpts from Bach chorales, 4 nonmodulating, and 8 modulating. Modulations occurred either one or two steps in either the clockwise or the counterclockwise direction on the cycle of fifths. A consistent pattern of probe-tone ratings was obtained for each sequence, with no significant differences between listener groups. Two methods of analysis (Fourier analysis and regression analysis) revealed a directional asymmetry in the perceived key movement conveyed by modulating sequences. For a given modulation distance, modulations in the counterclockwise direction effected a clearer shift in tonal organization toward the final key than did clockwise modulations. The nature of the directional asymmetry was consistent with results reported for identification and rating of key change in the sequences (Thompson & Cuddy, 1989a). Further, according to the multiple-regression analysis, probe-tone ratings did not merely reflect the distribution of tones in the sequence. Rather, ratings were sensitive to the temporal structure of the tonal organization in the sequence.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Removal of the ocular artifact from the EEG: a comparison of time and frequency domain methods with simulated and real data.

Frequency-dependent transfer from EOG to EEG may be insufficiently accounted for by simple time domain regression methods (Gasser, Sroka, & Möcks, 1986; Woestenburg, Verbaten, & Slangen, 1983). In contrast, a multiple-lag time domain regression analysis, using lagged regression of EEG on EOG, must theoretically account for both frequency dependence and independence. Two data sets were constructed, in which the transfer from EOG to EEG was either frequency-independent (constant gain) or frequency-dependent. Subsequently, three different correction methods were applied: 1) a simple regression analysis in the time domain; 2) a multiple-lag regression analysis in the time domain; and 3) a regression analysis in the frequency domain. The major results were that, for data set 1, the three methods constructed the original EEG equally well. With data set 2, reconstruction of the original EEG was achieved reasonably well with the frequency domain method and the time domain multiple-lag method, but not with simple time domain regression. These three correction procedures were also applied to real data, consisting of concomitantly recorded EEG and high-variance EOG series. No appreciable differences in outcome of the three methods were observed, and estimated transfer parameters suggested that these data were marked by weak frequency dependence only, which can be accounted for by simple time domain regression (and also by the other two methods).

Blinking↗

PubMed1988

Quantitation of rate of wound closure and the prediction of death following major burns.

Data were obtained from 100 consecutive patients requiring hospitalization for 2 weeks or more for treatment of major burns. Age, total percentage burn, mechanism of injury, presence or absence of inhalation injury, and outcome were recorded. Serial weekly burn wound maps were used to calculate the wound closure index (WCI), previously defined as the slope of a straight line fitted to percentage burn as a function of time by linear regression analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to construct an equation incorporating age, percentage burn and WCI. Addition of the WCI significantly improved the discriminant ability of the logistic regression model. The composite index correctly predicted survival in 97 percent of patients. Rapid wound closure, as measured by the WCI, correlated with survival.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

A prospective study on the predictive value of normal sperm morphology as evaluated by computer (IVOS).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the IVOS (Hamilton Thorne Research Version 2.1 Dimension Program, Beverly, MA) system's ability to predict fertilization in vitro in a prospective study. DESIGN: Hospital-based academic ART program. PATIENTS: Eighty patients from the IVF-GIFT program were evaluated. The same semen sample was analyzed on a day-to-day basis by both laboratory (manual method) and the computerized system for percentage normal morphology, concentration/mL, motility, and forward progression. Only patients with two or more metaphase II (MII) oocytes available were allowed into the study and excluded where the male partner had antisperm antibodies or qualified for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (<500,000 motile spermatozoa obtained after glass wool separation). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Logistic regression analysis was used to study predictors of fertilization in vitro. RESULTS: Three hundred thirty-eight oocytes were obtained from 80 patients of which 239 fertilized. The logistic regression analysis of the manual method (percentage normal morphology) and IVOS indicated that both were predictors of fertilization. Sperm morphology as evaluated by IVOS in patients with <10 x 10(6) motile spermatozoa/mL retrieved after swim-up was a significant predictor of fertilization as was the number of oocytes obtained. Thus, the more oocytes obtained in the lower morphological groups, the better the chance of fertilization. The fertilization rate in the morphology group of 0% to 4% normal forms was 45.6% (37/81) and in the group >14% normal forms was 85.2% (69/81). CONCLUSIONS: It was shown that in patients where </= 10 x 10(6) motile spermatozoa were obtained, the role of morphology (evaluated by IVOS) as well as the number of oocytes were important predictors of fertilization. The computer can assist to identify these patients with a poor prognosis for fertilization.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1986

Quantitative methods in the tuberculosis epidemiology and in the evaluation of BCG vaccination programs.

Controversies concerning the protective efficacy of the BCG vaccination result mostly from the fact that quantitative methods have not been used in the evaluation of the BCG programs. Therefore, to eliminate the current controversy an unconditional requirement is to apply valid biostatistical models to analyse the results of the BCG programs. In order to achieve objective statistical inferences and epidemiological interpretations the following conditions should be fulfilled: data for evaluation have to be taken from epidemiological trials exempt from sampling error, since the morbidity rates are not normally distributed an appropriate normalizing transformation is needed for point and confidence interval estimations, only unbiased point estimates (dependent variables) could be used in valid models for hypothesis tests, in cases of rejected null hypothesis the ranked estimates of the compared groups must be evaluated in a multiple comparison model in order to diminish the Type I error in the decision. The following quantitative methods are presented to evaluate the effectiveness of BCG vaccination in Hungary: linear regression analysis, stepwise regression analysis and log-linear analysis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Tuftelin, mutans streptococci, and dental caries susceptibility.

The purpose of this study was to identify genetic factors that contribute to dental caries susceptibility, either alone or in combination with environmental factors. Dental examinations were performed and buccal swab samples collected from 3- to 5-year-old children with at least 4 surfaces of decay, or with no evidence of decay. SNP assays for each of 6 candidate genes were performed for all cases and controls. Chi-square analysis and regression analysis were used for the evaluation of individual gene effects, environmental effects, and gene-environment interactions. There were no significant associations between single candidate genes and caries susceptibility. Levels of S. mutans were positively and Lactobacilli were negatively associated with caries. Regression analysis revealed a significant interaction between tuftelin and S. mutans, with 26.8% of the variation in dmfs explained by the interaction. Future research will focus on the identification of these additional factors and the development of functional assays so that these interactions can be better understood.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed2001

Excretion of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in urine is associated with a high stage and grade of bladder carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the excretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9 in the urine of patients with bladder cancer according to the stage and grade of tumor and to evaluate their diagnostic clinical validity. In numerous carcinomas, increased expression of MMPs is associated with a higher grade of malignancy and poor prognosis. METHODS: The study population included 44 controls without evidence of malignancy, 14 patients with cystitis, and 43 patients with Stage Ta-T1, 18 patients with Stage T2, and 10 patients with Stage T3-T4 bladder cancer. MMP-2 and MMP-9 excretion in urine samples was measured with gelatin zymography and related to the urine creatinine concentration. The evaluation of data was performed by univariate statistical analysis, logistic regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: The upper cutoff limit for MMP-2 and MMP-9 excretion was 277 microg/g creatinine and 648 microg/g creatinine, respectively. Levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 correlated with each other and with tumor stage and grade. Elevated excretions were mainly observed in patients with invasive tumors (Stage T2-T4). In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the areas under the curves for MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly higher in patients with muscle-invasive than in patients with noninvasive tumors. Related to the cutoff limits, the overall sensitivity to detect bladder cancer was 0.51 for MMP-2 and 0.31 for MMP-9. In logistic regression analysis, MMP-2 showed the best results. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary excretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 is associated with a high stage and grade of bladder cancer, and they may serve as indicators of tumor progression and recurrence in the future.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Insulin resistance syndrome predicts coronary heart disease events in elderly type 2 diabetic men.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether cardiovascular risk factors cluster with hyperinsulinemia in elderly type 2 diabetic subjects and, if so, whether this clustering predicts coronary heart disease (CHD) events during a 7-year follow-up. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors was analyzed by factor analysis. Cox regression models were used to investigate whether these clusters (factors) predict CHD events (CHD death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) during a 7-year follow-up in 229 type 2 diabetic subjects aged 65-74 years. RESULTS: There were 70 CHD events (21 in men and 49 in women) during the follow-up period. In diabetic men, components of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) loaded on Factor 1 (the insulin resistance factor), which reflected high fasting insulin, obesity (high BMI), central obesity (high waist-to-hip ratio), high total triglycerides, and a short duration of diabetes. Only this IRS factor predicted CHD events in multivariate Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio [HR] 1.71, 95% CI 1.08-2.71, P = 0.022). In diabetic women, components of IRS loaded on two factors, none of which predicted CHD events. In women, only Factor 4, characterized by advanced age, left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiogram, high alcohol consumption, high systolic blood pressure, and albuminuria, predicted CHD events in multivariate Cox regression analysis (1.34, 1.03-1.74, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: IRS is a risk factor for CHD in elderly type 2 diabetic men.

Aged↗