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Results for “Tooth Demineralization”

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PubMed2003

Effect of caries preventive measures directed to expectant mothers on caries experience in their children.

The aim of this prospective study was to determine the effectiveness of caries preventive measures started during pregnancy on the caries experience of first-time mothers and their infants. Eighty-one pregnant women with low social background were selected on the basis of the presence of active carious lesions and were randomly divided into control (38) and experimental (43) groups. The initial dental status (DMFS and white spot lesions) was established through clinical examination. The prophylactic measures were repeated during pregnancy and 6 and 12 months after delivery. Both groups received primary care intervention. They were instructed in relation to the etiologic factors of dental caries and received oral hygiene kits. Oral hygiene instructions were reinforced through interactive brushing. The experimental group also received antimicrobial treatment (topical application of NaF and iodine solution immediately after prophylaxis and 3 and 5 days later) and restorative care using glass ionomer cement. By the time the children were 2 years of age, 33.3% of the infants in the control group and 14.7% in the experimental group had caries activity. A significant difference in caries prevalence was observed between children with and without visible dental plaque. The mean number of tooth surfaces with carious lesions (including areas of demineralization) was higher among the children in the control group compared to the experimental group (6.3 x 3.2), however, with no statistical significance. Maternal caries increase was a significant factor influencing the caries experience of the children. These data support the evidence of an association between caries prevalence in young children and clinical (dental plaque) and maternal factors.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[An experimental study of sialin-like anticaries varnish].

The bacteria present in the oral cavity may produce organic acid through actions on sugars, result in a rapid of plaque pH, leading to demineralization. Of the enamel and decay of the tooth. The arginine-containing tetrapeptide in saliva may correct the pH drop. In the present paper we introduced a new varnish that is composed mostly of derivatives of arginine molecule (SL varnish). This material can prevent pH fall in plaque in vitro and the dissolution of enamel surface after four weeks of cariogenic challenge.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Experimental secondary caries around amalgam, composite and glass ionomer cement fillings in human teeth.

It was the aim of this in vitro study to examine secondary caries occurring in enamel and dentin adjacent to different filling materials and after different filling methods. The materials used were: amalgam, composite and glass ionomer cement. The highest rate of secondary caries was found on the crown surface as well as root surface of teeth which were conventionally treated with amalgam and composite materials. The preliminary treatment with a copal-ether varnish (Copalite) was of insignificant value. Fluoridation of the cavity walls with a fluoride solution (Elmex-Fluid) resulted a significant cariostatic effect with amalgam- or composite fillings in enamel and in root surfaces. Zones of inhibition of demineralization could be found. The addition of 5% NaF to composite material also produced an inhibition of demineralization, manifesting itself in a reduction of the secondary caries rate and increased percentage of tight margins of the fillings. Although glass ionomer cement has adherent properties to enamel and dentin, a larger percentage of filling-margins, especially of those applied to dentin, were found to be untight. Nevertheless, the demineralizations were not very pronounced and significant zones of inhibition of demineralization were found in the cavity walls and tooth surfaces adjacent to the fillings. The amounts of fluoride released by silicate cement, glass ionomer cement and composites containing 5% NaF were compared. The glass ionomer cement showed higher values than the composite and silicate materials. After 10 days of storage in water, the dosis of fluoride released--by all materials--was 7-20 times less than on the first day.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed1992

Primate dentine extracellular matrix induces bone differentiation in heterotopic sites of the baboon (Papio ursinus).

In rodents, demineralized dentine matrix induces local differentiation of endochondral bone. This study investigated the osteoinductive potential of primate dentine matrices when implanted extraskeletally in allogeneic recipients. Demineralized dentine cylinders prepared from adult baboon incisors and demineralized dentine matrix pulverized to a particle size of 74-420 microns were implanted into the rectus abdominis of 4 subadult male baboons (Papio ursinus). Specimens were harvested 30 and 90 d after implantation. Histological analysis on serial sections showed bone differentiation in demineralized dentine cylinders after partial resorption of the external demineralized layer, and in resorption lacunae and excavation chambers within the matrix. Implants of demineralized dentine matrix of 74-420 microns particle size showed no osteoinductive activity as determined biochemically (alkaline phosphatase activity) and histologically. The demonstration of bone induction by primate dentine prepared from fully erupted tooth matrix suggests that putative osteogenic proteins may be conserved after dentinogenesis and embryonic tooth development, and may play a role during healing after surface demineralization of exposed root surfaces during regenerative procedures in humans.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Cementum annulation and age determination in Homo sapiens. I. Tooth variability and observer error.

In order to test the feasibility of cementum annulations to estimate age in humans, observer error and tooth variability in cementum ring counts were evaluated in a sample of 42 mandibular canine and first premolar pairs. Additionally, two sectioning techniques were evaluated. Demineralized thin sections (7 micron) stained with hematoxylin are the preferred technique since their age related variance is greater than 75% for all tooth types examined. In contrast, less than 50% of the total variance was accounted for among individuals when mineralized sections (80 micron) stained with alizarin red were used. Intertooth variability in ring counts of demineralized sections was large between canines and premolars (43%). Premolars provide counts with lower interobserver error and are the preferred tooth. In an expanded sample (N = 51) of demineralized premolars, intraobserver and interobserver error accounted for 2% and 5% of the total variance, respectively. Evaluation of several experimental designs showed that increasing the number of slides per tooth has the greatest effect on reducing variance followed by increasing the number of observers. Increasing the number of observations has little effect. Cementum ring counts are measurable to a highly repeatable extent and provide a level of repeatability greater than that reported for the pubic symphysis and auricular surface aging techniques.

Age Determination by Teeth↗

PubMed1995

Thermal stability of mineralized and demineralized dentin: a differential scanning calorimetric study.

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference, if any, in the thermal stability of collagen in mineralized and demineralized dentine compared to that in unmineralized tissues, using differential scanning calorimetry, DSC. Human tooth dentin blocks, about 1 x 1 x 2 mm in size, were used in this study. Some dentin blocks were demineralized using a Plank Rychlo solution; others, using EDTA solution. The mineralized dentin showed an exothermic peak at about 310 degrees C and the combustion of organic materials was completed at about 450 degrees C. For the demineralized dentin, the combustion was completed at higher temperature range and showed a strong exothermic peak at about 470 degrees C. An exotherm at the temperature between 450 degrees C and 470 degrees C was also observed in DSC pattern of native type I collagen from calf skin and rat tail tendon. DSC pattern of rat tail collagen showed a close similarity to that of the demineralized dentin. Statistically, the same heat flow value was obtained both from the mineralized dentin and the demineralized dentin and from the native type I collagen. These findings indicated that the thermal stability of collagen in dentin is lower than collagen in uncalcified connective tissue. It is suggested that in calcified collagen, the apatite crystallites may have intruded into spaces of the crosslinks of intra- and inter-fibrils, and in so doing, destroyed the crosslinks.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Histological comparison of healing extraction sockets implanted with bioactive glass or demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Various materials have been used immediately following tooth extraction to fill and/or cover the socket in an attempt to limit or prevent ridge resorption. The purpose of the present pilot study was to establish a reliable model to investigate the effect of various bone graft and bone replacement materials on extraction socket healing. This study also compared healing extraction sockets 6 to 8 months postimplantation of a bioactive glass (BG) or demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) to an unfilled socket control (C). METHODS: Following tooth extraction, a total of 30 sockets in 19 patients were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups: 10 sockets received BG, 10 sockets DFDBA, and 10 sockets served as unfilled controls. Primary coverage was achieved by flap advancement over each socket. Six to 8 months postextraction at time of implant placement, histological cores of the treatment sites were obtained. These cores were processed, undecalcified sections prepared and stained with Stevenel blue/van Gieson's picric fuchsin, and histomorphometrically analyzed. Vital bone, connective tissue and marrow, and residual graft particles were reported as a percentage of the total core. RESULTS: A model system was described in humans and used to evaluate the healing response in the 3 treatment groups. Results concluded that mean vital bone present was 59.5% for BG-, 34.7% for DFDBA-, and 32.4% for C-treated sites. These differences were not statistically significant. However, the residual implant material was significantly higher in DFDBA-treated (13.5%) versus BG-treated sockets (5.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Although the differences in percent vital bone were not statistically significant among the 3 treatment groups in this pilot study, BG material was observed to act as an osteoconductive material which had a positive effect on socket healing at 6 to 8 months postextraction. Further research following implant placement in treated and control sockets is warranted to determine if bone implant contact is improved in BG-filled versus unfilled sockets.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The pKa effects of the carboxylic acid in N-methacryloyl-omega-amino acid on the demineralization and bond strengths to the teeth.

It is understood that the application of a self-etching primer to the tooth enhances the bonding of the resin to the tooth. In this study, we designed a self-etching primer consisting of a series of three N-methacryloyl-omega-amino acids (NMomegaA) with different methylene chain lengths. The demineralization aspect of the teeth components by the carboxylic acid in the NMomegaA and its effects on the bond strength of the resin to the tooth were examined. The amount of decalcification of the hydroxyapatite or dentin by the carboxylic acid in the NMomegaA was strongly dependent on the carboxylic acid's pKa value in the NMomegaA. However, the bond strength's mean values for both the enamel and dentin were not influenced by the degree of demineralization by the carboxylic acid in the NMomegaA. The greater mean value of the dentin's bond strength than with the enamel's was due to differences in the adhesion mechanism types, since the NMomegaA not only exhibited an etching efficacy but also a priming efficacy to the collagen that had been exposed by the NMomegaA conditioning.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[An experimental validation of the transplantation of an orthotopic allograft together with tooth roots for the replacement of mandibular defects].

The results of transplantation of surface-demineralized, lyophilized, and formalin-treated orthotopic allotransplants, including dental roots, to 40 dogs [correction of rats] are analyzed. Clinical, x-ray, and morphologic studies have demonstrated that formalin-treated allotransplants are the optimal plastic material, providing restoration of bone intactness, preservation of dental roots, and the osteoid type of dental root join with the bone regenerate. Dental roots within surface-demineralized and lyophilized allotransplants are resolved in the course of their replacement with newly developing bone tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[Effects of proteolytic enzymes on demineralization of enamel].

Papain, trypsin and collagenase were used in the experiment for the study of their effects on the demineralization of enamel surface by organic acids in vivo. No effect of any of the enzymes was observed. The use of papain and trypsin in treating tooth surfaces in vitro, no matter whether sodium bisulfite was used, showed no effect on the demineralization of the enamel by mixed organic acids. But, by the analysis of amino acids in the enzyme solutions before and after treating tooth surface, it was shown that some proteinous substances were destroyed. Accordingly, it can be suggested that the enzyme takes no part in the destruction of the inorganic tooth substance.

Dental Enamel↗

PubMed1992

Comparison of phosphoprotein isolated from mature and immature human tooth roots.

Mature (average patient age = 29.5 yr, closed apical foramen) and immature (average patient age = 17.5 yr, open apical foramen) root shards were placed in dialysis tubing and demineralized to completion using either 10% disodium EDTA plus protease inhibitors or 0.6 N HCl. The demineralized shards were re-extracted (five times) with 0.05 M tris-HCl, 1.0 M NaCl and then collagenase digested. No major differences were observed in chromatograms of extracts, re-extracts or collagenase digests from root shards demineralized in either way. In contrast, chromatograms of immature and mature roots showed qualitative differences. Chromatograms of mature roots demineralized in either way showed broader protein peaks and less organic phosphorus than those from immature tooth roots. A distinct band amid degraded phosphoprotein (150 K) was found in SDS-PAGE gels (7.5%) from EDTA-extracted immature tooth roots but not from mature tooth roots. Electroelution of this band revealed a typical phosphoprotein amino-acid profile containing increased aspartic acid and serine residues. Comparison of the total phosphoprotein and amino acid composition of extracts, re-extracts and collagenase digests revealed that phosphoprotein, serine and to a lesser extent aspartic acid were recovered in greater quantities from immature roots than mature tooth roots. These data suggest that the degree of maturation is crucial to the isolation of an intact phosphoprotein and provides additional evidence that human dentine phosphoprotein undergoes amino acid compositional changes during maturation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Studies of the dental properties of lactitol compared with five other bulk sweeteners in vitro.

Standardized mixed cultures of dental plaque microorganisms were incubated for 24 h in media containing six different bulk sweeteners as energy source. The attack of the acid generated on tooth mineral was measured by calcium and phosphorus analyses. Demineralization was most severe with glucose and sucrose. Less acid was generated from sorbitol and mannitol, with much reduced demineralization. Fermentation of lactitol and xylitol was only very slight, leaving the final pH high and leading to extremely low enamel demineralization figures. The amounts of polysaccharide synthesized by the microorganisms in the incubations decreased in the order: glucose greater than sucrose greater than sorbitol greater than mannitol greater than lactitol greater than xylitol.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2003

Histological, morphological, profilometric and optical changes of human tooth enamel after microabrasion.

PURPOSE: To determine the loss of enamel after a single 20-secondsapplication of a microabrasion slurry and to evaluate structural changes by means of laser fluorescence, and microscopic and optical measurements. METHODS: Defined buccal areas with a diameter of 2 mm from 16 extracted human molars were demineralized for 12 weeks using a demineralization gel (pH 4.8). The created artificial white-spot lesions were divided corono-apically in control and test sites, using a rubber cement that prospectively covered the untreated control site. Teeth were divided into two groups of eight teeth each. One group was treated with an abrasive cleaning paste (Pell-ex) and the other group with a commercially available microabrasion slurry (Opalustre) for 20 seconds, applying a load of 200 g. Before and after treatment, standardized photographs were taken for the determination of luminescence and profilometric tracings of the surface, and these were recorded for the determination of enamel loss. The grade of demineralization was quantified using a laser fluorescence method (Diagnodent). Statistical differences were checked using a Mann Whitney and student t-test. Replicas of the treated areas were made for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, and teeth were histologically investigated by polarized light microscopy. RESULTS: Loss of tooth substance was significantly higher (P < or = 0.001) for the microabrasion group (134.8 +/- 35.5 microm) compared with the abrasive cleaning paste group (4.5 +/- 1.2 microm). After treatment, statistically significant differences in fluorescence and luminescence measurements could only be detected for microabraded teeth. No significant changes were noted for teeth treated with an abrasive cleaning paste. Histological findings confirmed removal of the demineralized surface zone when microabrading the enamel, whereas no changes were observed in the test group treated with an abrasive cleaning paste. Polarized light microscopy did not indicate any changes in the mineralization pattern, for example compaction, in the treated subsurface zone.

Dental Enamel↗

PubMed2005

The effect of Emdogain on ectopic bone formation in tubes of rat demineralized dentin matrix.

BACKGROUND: Emdogain (EMD) is made from enamel matrix proteins (EMPs) from the tooth germ of swine and propylene glycol alginate (PGA) as a matrix. The function of EMD is known to differentiate cells of the dental follicle into cementoblasts. However, little is known about the effect of EMD on mesenchymal cells in other tissue. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether EMD has the ability to induce hard tissue when applied with or without demineralized dentin matrix. METHODS: Half of the dentin tubes prepared from rat incisors were demineralized by treatment with 0.6 N hydrochloric acid for 3 h. EMD or PGA was injected into the demineralized or non-demineralized dentin tubes, which were then transplanted into rectus abdominis muscles. Untreated dentin tubes were also transplanted as a control. Animals were killed at 7, 14 and 21 days after the implantation. RESULTS: Non-demineralized dentin tubes with or without EMD or PGA did not form any hard tissue. In the demineralized group, chondrogenesis in the PGA groups occurred earlier than in the EMD groups. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA in the demineralized group with PGA at day 14 was the highest. The expression of osteopontin and osteocalcin mRNAs was higher in all groups at 21 days compared with 7 or 14 days. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that neither EMD nor PGA has the ability to induce hard tissue and that EMPs contained within EMD might aggregate on the dentin surface and inhibit the effect of the demineralized dentin matrix.

Alginates↗

PubMed1989

[Ultrastructural study of initial attachment by human fibroblast-like cells on tooth roots in vitro].

The purpose of this study was to determine the longitudinal effect of demineralized treatment of root surfaces on initial attachment, growth and differentiation of human periodontal ligament fibroblast-like cells in vitro. Cementum and dentin fragments were prepared from intact extracted human teeth for orthodontic reason. The root fragments of one group were not demineralized. Those of the other groups were demineralized by either citric acid (pH = 1.0, 3 min) or EDTA (pH = 7.4, 30 min). Plastic sheets served as controls. Human periodontal ligament fibroblast-like cells were incubated on root fragments and plastic sheets. After incubation, the root fragments and plastic sheets were examined by electron microscopy. The collagen fibers were exposed to the root surface by demineralized root surface. The exposed collagen fibers showed an effect on the cell attachment and growth, and the cells produced collagen fibers in the extra-cellular space of the root surface. Demineralization of dentin fragments were more strongly affected in cell attachment, growth and differentiation than demineralization of cementum fragments. Citric acid demineralization of dentin fragments had a greater effect on cell attachment, growth and differentiation than EDTA demineralization of dentin fragments. The results suggest that citric acid demineralization of dentin fragments may provide the most effective dental surface for the establishment of connective tissue attachment after periodontal treatment.

Citrates↗

PubMed2003

[Must caries be completely removed?].

Changes in restorative techniques and the development of new restorative materials have allowed the use of more conservative cavity preparations. Important questions are: What are the consequences of incomplete removal of caries-affected dentin? What are the bond strengths of adhesives to demineralized enamel and dentin? The non-invasive management of carious lesions with intact tooth surfaces in a manner that will bring about some remineralization offers a viable and superior alternative to conventional restorations. The bond strengths of adhesives to demineralized enamel seem to be similar to that on normal enamel. None of the modern filling technologies can guarantee the arrest of the carious process. The complete removal of the infected dentin is, however, still necessary irrespective of the restorative material used.

Dental Bonding↗

PubMed2004

Biological factors in dental caries: role of remineralization and fluoride in the dynamic process of demineralization and remineralization (part 3).

Dental caries is a complex disease process that afflicts a large proportion of the world, regardless of gender, age and ethnicity, although it does tend to affect more with a low socioeconomic status to a greater extent. Remineralization may be enhanced by providing low levels of calcium and phosphate, in conjunction with minimal amounts of fluoride. It is truly remarkable the difference that a very small amount of fluoride (<1 ppm) has upon demineralization and remineralization. This is because fluoride acts as a catalyst and influences reaction rates with dissolution and transformation of various calcium phosphate mineral phases within tooth structure and resident within plaque adjacent to tooth surfaces. The incorporation of minimal amounts of fluoride into HAP yields FHAP that resists demineralization to similar level as FAP. New and emerging methods have been and are in the process of being developed. These hold great promise for preventing and reversing caries, especially in the one-fifth of the population that accounts for two-thirds of the caries experience. Still, the mainstay in caries prevention and remineralization is frequent exposure to low levels of fluoride. This may be accomplished with fluoridated toothpastes, supplemented with fluoride mouthrinses, CPP-ACP containing chewing gum and application of fluoride varnishes. The role of systemic fluorides appears to be limited and primarily has a topical effect.

Apatites↗

PubMed1995

Scanning transmission electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis of the dentin adhesive interface using a labeled 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate analogue.

In an attempt to compare the morphology of the dentin adhesive interface and the wetting and penetration of the adhesive in relation to the dentin surface, we studied four dentin adhesive systems using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). 2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA), a monomer common to many commercial dentin adhesive systems, was altered to produce a thiolated analogue (HETMA). Sulfur, traceable by EDS and STEM, was substituted for the oxygen atom in the backbone of the HEMA molecule. The resulting analogue, with solubility parameters and other wetting and physical properties very similar to those of HEMA, was applied to four sets of tooth specimens, each pre-treated with a different primer or etchant. Three separate pre-treatments--nitric acid, maleic acid, and citric acid/ferric chloride--created a demineralized zone approximately 1 to 3 microns thick at the dentin surface. The HETMA was found to permeate freely into this zone when either of the latter two pre-treatments was used. However, the band of dentin that was demineralized by the nitric acid pre-treatment appeared impermeable to the HETMA. The fourth pre-treatment, an alcohol-based solution including the phosphorus acid ester PENTA and HEMA, modified the smear layer of the tooth slightly and did not appear to demineralize the dentin. HETMA applied to the specimens pre-treated with PENTA and HEMA was clearly in intimate contact with the dentin or modified smear layer; however, it did not penetrate or diffuse into these areas. It did flow into the dentinal tubules, as was also evident with each of the other systems. It was concluded that the acid pre-treatment of the dentin greatly influenced the wetting behavior of the dentin adhesive and thus could substantially affect the resultant bond strength of the dentin adhesive systems.

Acid Etching, Dental↗