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PubMed1995

[Treatment of drug dependent patients in a psychiatric department].

The authors report their three years experience with treating addicts (both alcoholics and users of prescription and illegal drugs) in a specialized unit employing a low-threshold admission policy. Difficulties as well as advantages of the concept are discussed. For the common treatment of patients addicted to different groups of substances on the same ward to be successful certain prerequisites probably have to be met: A clearly structured daily routine respectively therapy-program and close professional cooperation within a multifunctional therapeutic team harbouring a basic attitude of acceptance towards their patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Management of four arterial blood gas problems in adult mechanical ventilation: decision-making algorithms and rationale for their use.

Use of these algorithms does not eliminate the need to think. One must always evaluate each patient to determine if the algorithms are applicable. The algorithms provide a learning framework for any practitioner who is responsible for managing patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The effectiveness of any reference tool depends, to an extent, on the context in which it is applied. The use of these algorithms without an adequate understanding of the principles of gas exchange, acid-base balance, and the function of mechanical ventilators will probably not benefit the patient or the practitioner. The portable nature of these algorithms allows them to be used in the clinical setting. The ultimate goal, of course, is to replace the algorithms with the ability to make and justify mechanical ventilation decisions. Experience with these algorithms will also assist users in applying this approach with unfamiliar problems to find viable solutions.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

AutoPVPrimer: A comprehensive AI-Enhanced pipeline for efficient plant virus primer design and assessment.

Plant viruses pose a significant threat to global agriculture and require efficient tools for their timely detection. We present AutoPVPrimer, an innovative pipeline that integrates artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to accelerate the development of plant virus primers. The pipeline uses Biopython to automatically retrieve different genomic sequences from the NCBI database to increase the robustness of the subsequent primer design. The design_primers_with_tuning module uses a random forest classifier that optimizes parameters and provides flexibility for different experimental conditions. Quality control measures, including the evaluation of poly-X content and melting temperature, increase primer reliability. Unique to AutoPVPrimer is the visualize_primer_dimer module, which supports the visual evaluation of primer dimers-a feature missing in other tools. Primer specificity is validated via primer BLAST, which contributes to the overall efficiency of the pipeline. AutoPVPrimer has been successfully applied to the tomato mosaic virus, proving its adaptability and efficiency. The modular design allows customization by the user and extends the applicability to different plant viruses and experimental scenarios. The pipeline represents a significant advance in primer design and provides researchers with an effective tool to accelerate molecular biology experiments. Future developments aim to extend compatibility and incorporate user feedback to consolidate AutoPVPrimer as an innovative contribution to the bioinformatics toolbox and a promising resource for the advancement of plant virology research.

DNA Primers↗
PubMed2004

Childhood experience and health care use in adulthood: nested case--control study.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have considered the role of childhood experiences in adult health care use. AIMS: To examine the hypotheses that individuals frequently attending primary care report childhood adversities and illness exposures more commonly than the remainder of patients and that any association is independent of adult psychiatric disorder. METHOD: A nested case-control study was carried out in a single general practice in Manchester, UK. Fifty frequent attenders (randomly selected from adult patients in the top decile of consultation frequency) and fifty normal attenders (randomly selected from the remainder of adult patients) underwent a structured psychiatric interview and a detailed, semi-structured interview of childhood experience. RESULTS: There was a strong association between frequent attendance and childhood experiences. Multivariate analysis suggested that reported childhood illness exposures and reports of childhood adversity were each associated independently with adult consultation behaviour, even after adjustment for adult psychiatric disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions for high users of health care may need to address childhood experiences of illness and childhood adversities, as well as adult psychiatric disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Visual estimation of finger angles: do we need goniometers?

Seventy-one plastic surgeons and therapists, of varying levels of seniority and experience, were asked to examine a resin cast of an adult male hand and use estimation to measure the angles of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of each digit. Visual estimation by all subjects was inaccurate by a mean of approximately 25% (median percentage error 22, range 1-100). Consultants were the most accurate, whilst physiotherapists were the least. Regular goniometer users were no more accurate. However, hand surgery experience correlated with accuracy, as did a stated interest in hand surgery. Although visual accuracy improves with experience, it is still an inaccurate technique. We, therefore, recommend that goniometers should be used for measuring angles in hand surgery patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Optimal data entry by patients: effects of interface structure and design.

UNLABELLED: Direct electronic acquisition of data from patients possesses accuracy and diagnostic value. The mechanics of how best to capture historical information from patients using electronic interfaces are not well studied. We undertook an iterative usability experiment to answer 2 questions: 1) How can maximal electronic data input from a patient be achieved, and 2) Do varying structures for data entry promote differential documentation of specified data elements? METHODS: A series of four trials comprised the testing cycle. Unstructured text entry, directed text entry, and closed ended questions were tested in combination against outcomes of word count, time to task completion, and user preferences. Covariates of interest included participants' technologic experience and ergonomic experience with keyboards, as well as self-report of educational status, literacy, and primary language. RESULTS: Participants clearly preferred the order of initial closed-ended questions followed by unstructured text entry, and this ordering was not associated with decrements in word count or increase in time. When compared to unstructured text entry, directed text entry provided higher documentation of data for past medical history and questions which parents wished to discuss with the clinician. A closed-end question structure, when compared to directed text entry, provided higher capture of parents' questions for discussion. CONCLUSIONS: Optimal design of an electronic interview for the capture of medical histories will benefit from a mixed structure of directed text entry and closed-ended questions. For historical or clinically relevant items where maximal capture of data is desired, a structure with closed-ended questions would be preferred.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

USAGE: a web-based approach towards the analysis of SAGE data. Serial Analysis of Gene Expression.

MOTIVATION: SAGE enables the determination of genome-wide mRNA expression profiles. A comprehensive analysis of SAGE data requires software, which integrates (statistical) data analysis methods with a database system. Furthermore, to facilitate data sharing between users, the application should reside on a central server and be accessed via the internet. Since such an application was not available we developed the USAGE package. RESULTS: USAGE is a web-based application that comprises an integrated set of tools, which offers many functions for analysing and comparing SAGE data. Additionally, USAGE includes a statistical method for the planning of new SAGE experiments. USAGE is available in a multi-user environment giving users the option of sharing data. USAGE is interfaced to a relational database to store data and analysis results. The USAGE query editor allows the composition of queries for searching this database. Several database functions have been included which enable the selection and combination of data. USAGE provides the biologist increased functionality and flexibility for analysing SAGE data. AVAILABILITY: USAGE is freely accessible for academic institutions at http://www.cmbi.kun.nl/usage/. The source code of USAGE is freely available for academic institutions on request from the first author.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2002

Retriever and CompareTable, two informatics tools for data analysis of high-density oligonucleotide arrays.

High-density oligonucleotide arrays are widely employed for detecting global changes in gene expression profiles of cells or tissues exposed to specific stimuli. Presented with large amounts of data, investigators can spend significant amounts of time analyzing and interpreting this array data. In our application of GeneChip arrays to analyze changes in gene expression in viral-infected epithelium, we have needed to develop additional computational tools that may be of utility to other investigators using this methodology. Here, I describe two executable programs to facilitate data extraction and multiple data point analysis. These programs run in a virtual DOS environment on Microsoft Windows 95/98/2K operating systems on a desktop PC. Both programs can be freely downloaded from the BioTechniques Software Library (www.BioTechniques.com). The first program, Retriever, extracts primary data from an array experiment contained in an Affymetrix textfile using user-inputted individual identification strings (e.g., the probe set identification numbers). With specific data retrieved for individual genes, hybridization profiles can be examined and data normalized. The second program, CompareTable, is used to facilitate comparison analysis of two experimental replicates. CompareTable compares two lists of genes, identifies common entries, extracts their data, and writes an output text file containing only those genes present in both of the experiments. The output files generated by these two programs can be opened and manipulated by any software application recognizing tab-delimited text files (e.g., Microsoft NotePad or Excel).

Computational Biology↗
PubMed2005

Communication patterns of individuals with moderate or severe cognitive disabilities: interactions with unfamiliar partners.

Interactions between youth with cognitive disabilities and unfamiliar adult partners were observed during a "standard partner" condition to discern the effects of the use of an augmentative and alternative communication system on communication patterns. Thirteen individuals who used the System for Augmenting Language (SAL) were compared to individuals who do not speak and who do not have SAL experience and individuals who speak. In general, the SAL users fell in the middle of the range, communicating better than the symbol-naive nonspeakers, yet not quite as well as the natural speakers with cognitive disabilities. These findings highlight the distinct contributions symbol experience makes to communication interactions with unfamiliar partners.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1976

[Development of drug, alcohol and tobacco consumption. Comparison between 2 studies from 1971 and 1974 in the canton Zurich].

Consumption of drugs, alcohol and tobacco has been compared in two populations of 19-year-old men, of 1971 (2785) and 1974 (1617), drawn from three different geographical regions of the Canton of Zurich. The hypothesis that the percentage of drug users has risen over the last three years was not confirmed: as previously, 25% have had experience of drugs. As expected, however, there was more regular and heavy drug users in 1974 than in 1971. Also, there is a more marked trend towards extension of drug consumption to rural areas than in 1971. The percentage of cigarette smokers has remained stable, but per capita cigarette consumption has increased. Contrary to expectation, alcohol consumption showed the sharpest rise in all three regions. The study suggests that drug consumption is not to be considered in isolation but in conjunction with the use of alcohol and tobacco.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Internet users becoming immersed in the virtual world. Implications for nurses.

Worldwide, people are using the Internet for computer-mediated communication (CMC) in increasing numbers. Nurse researchers have begun to examine the use of this medium for communication, education, and support of their clients. Therefore, it is important to know the experiences and meanings of CMC if the Internet is to be used for nursing interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences and meaning of online communications for frequent Internet users and discuss implications for nursing practice. Four virtual focus groups consisting of a total of 32 individuals were included in this study. Their stories of everyday Internet use were analyzed by hermeneutic interpretation. Six related themes and 1 constitutive pattern emerged from the data: (1) Internet as a resource for communication, information, and entertainment; (2) Internet as appealing, drawing one into frequent use; (3) developing dependencies; (4) Internet as frustrating; (5) learning the rules; and (6) developing physical and psychosocial effects. The constitutive pattern is immersion into the virtual world. This knowledge can be used to identify the potential effects of integrating the Internet into nursing interventions. Nurses who plan Internet-based interventions need to understand the appeal of this medium as well as the limitations and barriers to use.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

GHB use among Australians: characteristics, use patterns and associated harm.

The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) users, their GHB and other drug use patterns, and the harms associated with GHB use. Seventy-six GHB users were recruited and administered a structured interview on GHB use and related harms. GHB users appeared to be a stable, highly educated and well-functioning group. They had had extensive experience with a range of drugs, and GHB was typically used in conjunction with other drugs. Despite the fact that most GHB users had not had a long or extensive experience with GHB use, the proportion reporting significant negative side effects when using GHB was high (99% reported at least one), and the mean number of side effects ever experienced was 6.5. Notably, half (52%) reported becoming unconscious, 53% reported vomiting, 58% reported profuse sweating, and 8% reported having a fit or seizure. The high rate of problems reported by a group with limited use of this drug suggests that in a context of polydrug use, GHB use is associated with significant risks to users.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Effect of high-concentration ammonium and sodium fluoride rinses on dental caries in schoolchildren.

A double-blind clinical trial was conducted in a non-fluoridated community to determine the effect on enamel fluoride and caries experience of daily rinsing in school with 1,000 parts/10(6) solutions of ammonium fluoride or sodium fluoride at pH 4.4. Subjects were 10- to 12-year-old children (n approximately equal to 200/group at baseline), about one-half of whom reported the usage of fluoride supplements. Dental caries (DFS index) and enamel fluoride (in vivo biopsy) were evaluated at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months. Supplement users had higher enamel fluoride levels and less caries experience initially, as well as generally lower caries increments over the study. In year 1, the overall caries reductions (supplement users and non-users combined) were 23 % (ammonium fluoride) and 33 % (sodium fluoride), P less than 0.01. For year 2, treatment effects were significantly greater: 54 % (ammonium fluoride) and 47 % (sodium fluoride). In newly erupted teeth, the effects of the ammonium fluoride (70 % DFS reduction) was significantly greater (P = 0.013) than that of the sodium fluoride (48 % DFS reduction). Enamel fluoride levels at the end of 2 years were 3,124 parts/10(6) (ammonium fluoride), 2,771 parts/10(6) (sodium fluoride), and 2,603 parts/10(6) (placebo), P = 0.025.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Emergency shelters in Vancouver, Canada.

The shelter experiences, employment history, income and social service needs utilization were examined among 124 emergency shelter users in Vancouver, British Columbia. Thirty-six (30.5%) reported this as their first experience with living in a shelter; the length of stay in the present shelter ranged from one to 90 days. Reasons for shelter use included: eviction from last place of residence, loss of job, or suffering from health problems rendering one unable to work. The highest unmet service needs were finding affordable housing and finding a job. This combination of scarcity of low-cost housing, health problems, and difficulty in finding employment have led to a situation where emergency shelters have become extended places of residence, a "home" to many.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Lessons learned from telehealth pioneers.

Just as American pioneers imagined a future in the West, telehealth visionaries envisioned a new way of delivering healthcare. Four home care telehealth innovators share their experiences including the support and barriers associated with this new technology. Each of the users interviewed in this article were pioneers in using the LifeSigns telehealth monitor, which consists of a monitor that measures a patient's blood pressure, pulse, ECG, and oxygen saturation in the home. Each user adopted the technology in various ways that would meet their specific needs, making their experiences both similar and unique. Their responses will assist home care organizations, clinicians, and clinical managers in recognizing how telehealth can be efficiently implemented in their settings. Survey participants were Baptist Home Care (BHC), New Brunswick Heart Center in Canada (NBHC), University of Tennessee Medical Center (UTMC), and Cardiovascular Home Care (CHC), Fort Worth, TX.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2002

Gender differences in cues that affect condom use among adolescents in Lomé, Togo.

A population-based sample study of adolescent women and men from Lomé, Togo, was conducted to examine their responses to personal experiences with AIDS. Information was obtained on youth reproductive health knowledge, attitudes and practices, including attitudes towards HIV/AIDS and personal experience with AIDS. Multivariate results demonstrate that an important factor that distinguishes adolescent male condom users from non-users of condoms is the knowledge of someone who died of AIDS. Conversely, personal experience with AIDS was unrelated to reported condom use among adolescent women. The results illustrate that reproductive health programmes directed towards adolescents need to target men with messages different from women. Sexually active men respond to personal experience with AIDS by adopting condoms whereas women may have less control over condom use and have other strategies such as abstinence and fidelity to protect themselves from AIDS and unintended pregnancies.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗