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PubMed1998

[Treatment in XIIth c. Poland according to medical writings of Nicholas of Poland].

The authors present the person of Mikolaj of Poland, a thirteenth century doctor, connected with the Princes of Pomerania and Greater Poland, educated in France, and known from his two major writings, Antipocras (Anti-Hypocrates) and Experimenta. On the background of medieval medicine, the methods of healing he suggested appear as unusual and unconventional. He healed with amulets, mud, dung, river and sea water, frogs, moles, vipers, flies and worms. Using them, he produced powders, pills, ointments and oils which were to have outstanding healing results. They were to be used in lithiasis, skin irritations, nephritis, hepatitis, deafness, epilepsy, and toothache. Women might use them as cosmetics, too. Considering thirteenth century medicine, Mikolaj with no doubts represents medieval medical "empiry", creating an interesting alternative against official standards binding doctors of that time.

History, Medieval↗

PubMed1999

[The place of biographical writing in the contemporary medico-historical science].

The author sets forth the main statements about the place of the biography in the history of medicine today. The significant elements of the biographical writing are: the identity of the person described by the biographer, material fixing of the information about the character of the biography, the comprehension of the facts of the character's life by the biographer. It is shown how the sourceological methods, the social-historical, subject-logical and personal-psychological approaches were applied in the author's medico-historical scientific practice on the restoring of the biographies.

Biographies as Topic↗

PubMed1993

[Studies of the fifth section in the introduction of the Qian jin yao fang - Writings quoted from the Shen nong ben cao jing and the Yao dui].

The fifth section in the introduction of the Qian jin yao fang is composed of three paragraphs. The first paragraph is the same as that of the Shen nong ben cao jing. The second and the third ones begin with the sentences of "Lei gong say ..." and "Yao dui says ..." respectively. We inquired into the origin of these three paragraphs. As a result of our investigation, we inferred that the first and the second paragraphs were part of the writings of the Lei gong ji zhu shen nong ben cao and that the third one was part of the Lei gong yao dui. We also pointed out that the substance of these paragraphs was influenced directly and indirectly by Buddhist medicine.

Buddhism↗

PubMed1994

[The issue of "moral" therapies in the treatment the mentally ill as presented in Polish medical writing in the 1830s and 1840s].

The beginning of the 1830s sees the appearance of a specialist approach to psychiatric topics in Polish scientific writing. The author discusses the two first scientific works in the field. The first is the little publicized and underestimated--in Polish historiography--work by the physician Józef Jakubowski of Cracow. The dissertation, entitled O metodzie psychicnej (On the psychic method), appeared in print in 1831. The other work discussed is the hitherto unknown manuscript of the dissertation O porzadku w domu zdrowia (On order in the health-house) written by professor Józef Korzeniowski of Vilna in the 1840s. Both works describe a new direction in Polish medicine, namely the "moral therapy" in the treatment of the mentally ill, which developed against the background of reminiscences of the Enlightenment and the emerging romanticism. The article analyzes the substance of the dissertations, which illustrate the contemporary state of knowledge, and the possibilities and conditions of treatment leading to a recovery of mental health. The two works also give an idea of attempts to define the developing terminology concerned with the concept of mental illness and with diseases recognized at the time. They reflect as well the social status of the mentally ill person. Above all, however, they supply information on the recommended methods and procedures in "moral therapy".

History, 19th Century↗

PubMed2001

[Melanoma of the skin: excision policy and pathology report writing in the 'Integraal Kankercentrum Zuid' region is in accordance with the guideline in slightly more than half of the patients].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent to which the guidelines for cutaneous melanoma had been implemented in the diagnostic and treatment approach of general hospitals. DESIGN: Retrospective, descriptive. METHOD: Patients were selected via the cancer registration system of the 'Integraal Kankercentrum Zuid' (Integral Cancer Centre South, the Netherlands). They were submitted through the pathology laboratory by 1 of the 16 general hospitals in the region. Data was collected from the pathology (PA) reports of the 573 patients for whom a cutaneous melanoma was diagnosed in 1988, 1993 and 1997. The treatment policy and the PA reports were compared with the recommendations in the guidelines concerned and the revised versions of these published in 1985, 1990 and 1997. The patients studied were 212 men (37%) and 361 women (63%) with an average age of 51 years (range 13-96). RESULTS: A diagnostic excision was performed in 485/573 patients (85%). Invasiveness was assessed in 99% of the preparations; in 14% a melanoma was encountered in situ. Invasive melanomas were less often seen in the head and neck region than on the trunk or limb. Thickness of the tumour was not determined in 8% of all 493 invasive tumours and in 19% the pathology report did not state whether the diagnostic biopsy was performed radically. In accordance with the guidelines, diagnostic excision biopsy was first performed in 59% of patients with a subsequent re-excision if necessary; 77% of the PA reports satisfied the fundamental recommendations from the guidelines. For 55% of the patients the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures as well as the pathology report were completed in accordance with the guideline recommendations. Modest improvement occurred over time. CONCLUSION: The excision and re-excision policies as well as the pathology report writing concurred with the recommendations in the consensus for cutaneous melanoma in slightly more than half of the patients who were diagnosed within the IKZ region in the years 1988, 1993 and 1997.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Reflections on the use of interviews in the history of science: who will write the history of science?

Interviews are an excellent source of information for historians of science. They should be done by historians who understand science in detail and, if possible, better than the scientists they interview. In the case of applied industrial or governmental sciences, historians must have detailed knowledge of economic or historic sources. Again they should know more in these areas than those they interview. If, on the contrary, the interviewers are not scientists at heart who know science, the history they write will become at best literature but at worst pseudoscientific abracadabra.

Biological Science Disciplines↗

PubMed2003

[Writing information and consent prior to orthopaedic surgery].

BACKGROUND: In Norway, the Code of Ethics for Doctors and the Patients' Rights Act require informed consent before surgery. Written information and consent may increase the patient's interest in clinical decision making but will also focus on the risks. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This article investigates the attitude of two populations of patient to thorough information about the potential risks of surgery and their attitude to written information and consent. 91 patients accepted for total knee arthroplasty or arthroscopic acromioplasty were offered written information material, a consent form, and a questionnaire. RESULTS: All patients were in favour of that thorough information should be given about the risks of surgery; only three felt that this information caused anxiety. Three patients abstained from the operation after having read the information material; 39 stated that information in writing had improved their ability to decide whether or not to accept the operation. 69 patients stated that giving written consent is a valuable approach. INTERPRETATION: In patients prepared for total knee arthroplasty or arthroscopic acromioplasty, information and consent forms with detailed information about risks could be a valuable supplement to oral information for the purpose of obtaining truly informed consent.

Acromioclavicular Joint↗

PubMed2004

[Paracelsianism, astrology and medical ethics in the polemical writings of Tommaso Bovio (1521-1609)].

Tommaso Bovio was a representative of North Italian non-academic medicine in the early modern period. His "dialogues", published in the second half of the 16th century, were written in the Italian vernacular and enjoyed a certain popularity also in Germany. Although Bovio used to exaggerate for rhetorical effect, his portrayal of patients, illness and treatments provides interesting insights into everyday urban life in his time. Sympathising with Paracelsus, Bovio propagated an image of empirics as humanitarians and fought for the recognition of his own practical knowledge and skills. Bovio was a most original figure in the medicine of the period of counter reformation. His writings exemplify the lively debate between the learned medical tradition and unorthodox reform.

Altruism↗

PubMed2004

The Mimesis of marriage: dialogue and intimacy of Eramus's matrimonial writings.

Erasmus's writings on marriage, such as the Praise of Marriage, the Institution of CHristian Marriage, and several of the Colloquies, have long be studied from a social-intellectual perspective that focuses on their role within theological debates of the time. This article proposes a different approach by stressing the literary and rhetorical aspects by which these texts seek to influence a reader in his or her "matrimonial praxis." Through the combination of an effective rhetoric of intimacy with the characteristics of literary dialogue, Eramus creates a mimetic discourse aimed at conveying models of conjugal life to be imitated by future readers.

History, Medieval↗

PubMed1992

Writing competition winner: Robert Wood Johnson pouch.

Traditional treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer requires the creation of an abdominal stoma for urinary diversion. The authors report a technique for orthotopic bladder substitution. This paper was the 1991 winner of the MSNJ Writing Competition.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

In a bid to restate the culture-psyche problematic: revisiting The Essential Writings of Suhir Kakar.

This book assembles a broad sweep of its author's writings in one volume. Sudhir Kakar is an erudite psychoanalyst who has written nearly fifteen previous books on various aspects of Indian psyche and culture. Most are concerned with alternative healing practices and traditions, aspects of Indian childhood, and the place of sexuality in Indian culture. Informed by psychohistory and influenced by Erikson's theory of identity and its psychosocial development within the life cycle of an individual in a given society, Kakar accurately articulates issues of identity and separation-individuation dynamics that operate within Indian psyche and culture. In discussing the subject book, the author of this essay applies a psychoanalytically focused approach, emphasizing the teachings of French psychoanalysis and the British object relations school in particular.

Culture↗

PubMed1986

[Talking of one's self or writing about one's self : effects of these processes on the concept of self in adolescents.].

Taking into account the processes involved in self-centered writing and the reasons put forward in specialised literature to justify the value of self-revelation in mental health, this research tries to verify and compare, in a school environment, the effectiveness of two programs geared towards self-revelation. They are: The Intensive Journal (Ira Progoff, 1977) and Innerchange (Ball & Palomares, 1977). Four groups of professional secondary level male students took part in this research for a semester. From this experience, it appears possible to initiate such programs in a school environment in order to help students develop certain personal abilities.

English Abstract↗

PubMed2006

[Associative disorder. On the relationship between the interpretation of disorder and society in the early writings of Eugen Bleuler].

Around 1900 the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler developed a new interpretative model of mental illnesses: schizophrenia. He named the breaking of associative threads of thought as the core symptom of the disorder. Shortly after the publication of his "Dementia Praecox or the Groups of Schizophrenias" in 1911, the concept quickly gained popularity outside the discipline of psychiatry. His contempories noticed early on the peculiar relationship that existed between the crisis diagnosed as schizophrenia and the broader societal "crisis of modernity" around 1900. The author shows in what ways this seeming relationship between the interpretation of the disorder and society was already preconfigured in Eugen Bleuler's early writings by reconstructing and contextualising his theory of schizophrenia as developed in the years from 1890 to 1910.

History, 19th Century↗

PubMed2006

[The medical and pharmaceutical profession and the mutual care system in the writings of Jaime Vera (1859-1918)].

This article presents the perspectives of the physician and politician Jaime Vera y López (1859-1918), co-founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, on the medical profession, medical practice, and healthcare systems. It compares the Report (Informe) that he presented to the Comisión de Reformas Sociales (1884) with his later writings published in the socialist press ("Farmacia y cooperación obrera,, 1914 and "La locura en los niños. Camino del remedio", 1916). We observe the discrepancies between the political-programme documents and the articles centring on professional questions and highlight how his theoretical focus is modified when applied to matters of medical practice.

Delivery of Health Care↗

PubMed1989

[Medicine and symmetry. On the use of a mathematical concept in the early writings of the Corpus Hippocraticum].

The conception of symmetry in medical texts of the 5th century has never been connected with the development of the mathematical theory of proportions. However, we can find in Alcmaion and the hippocratic writings de vetere medicina, de natura hominis and de victu the differentiation between an arithmetical determinable measure and a qualitative determinable measure which is defined by a common lógos for incommensurable sizes. In de vetere medicina and de victu we see a conception of proportion and symmetry/commensurability, which requires the discovery of incommensurability. This discovery can be connected with the greek mathematician Hippocrates of Chios and his theorems of doubling the cube. We can detect an answer to this revolutionary development in mathematics in the methodological ideas of medical writers, who wanted to turn away medicine from the anti-descriptive and anti-empirical attitude in mathematics and philosophy.

Greece, Ancient↗

PubMed1987

Writing a statement of philosophy of management.

A statement of philosophy of management is a powerful declaration and one that must be continually reviewed. If it is to be accepted and recognized, the statement must reflect the true beliefs of management. The actions taken by management must also mirror those beliefs. We say "we believe"; the staff say "show us." Once your philosophy of management has been set down in writing and clearly defined, there is a grave responsibility to always act in accordance with the beliefs you have formally and openly acknowledged.

Aged↗

PubMed1985

Optometric prescription writing.

A clearly written prescription is an important part of good optometric patient care. There are seven parts of a well-written prescription, and each of these should be considered individually. This article discusses these seven parts, and also other important aspects of prescription writing.

Drug Prescriptions↗

PubMed1971

Writing the building program: the signifiance of "AND".

Various requirements in the writing of a building program are discussed, by which the various parts of the library can function together. The interrelationship of functions, services, users, and materials should be carefully studied and diagrammed. The various groups involved in the library should be consulted for suggestions, and present procedures examined for value.

Architecture↗