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At least 1,117 records · Page 62Linked to original sources

PubMed1981

Effect of calcium carbonate particle size on the available phosphorus requirement of broiler chicks.

Sixteen hundred broiler strain cockerels housed in battery brooders 1 to 21 days of age were used to determine the effect of feeding different commercially available particle-sized calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on the phosphorus requirement. Five replicates of 8 chicks each were fed corn-soy type diets consisting of either 12 to 20, 20 to 60, or 100 to 200 (passed-retained basis) United States Bureau of Standards (USBS) sieve-sized CaCO3. Each particle-sized CaCO3 was fed in diets containing either .20 to .30% (Experiment 2), or .20 to .45% (Experiment 3) available phosphorus (AP) with .05% increments. Supplementary phosphorus was added as sodium phosphate monobasic. Tibia ash and body weight were greater when the USBS 20 to 60 particle-sized CaCO3 was fed then when either the USBS 12 to 20 or 100 to 200 particle-sized CaCO3 was fed. 90% dietary calcium was fed to broiler chicks, the phosphorus requirement was either .35% AP with the USBS 20 to 60 particle-sized CaCO3 or at least .45% AP with either the USBS 12 to 20 or 100 to 200 particle-sized CaCO3. Blood alkaline phosphatase, which indicates bone calcification, was inversely correlated (r = -.65) with bone ash. Blood calcium and blood phosphorus increased, and blood alkaline phosphatase decreased with increasing dietary phosphorus. These data show that the 21-day-old broiler chick's available phosphorus requirement is less in corn-soybean meal diets containing a USBS 20 to 60 particle-sized CaCO3 than in diets containing either the USBS 12 to 20 or 100 to 200 particle-sized CaCO3.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Daylight availability: a poor predictor of depression in Iceland.

OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that the unexpectedly low prevalence of winter depression in Iceland is explained by Icelanders enjoying more daylight, during the winter months, than allocated to them by latitude. METHODS: A conventional photometer was applied to measure illuminance on a horizontal surface at 64 degrees 8.8' N and 21 degrees 55.8' W every minute throughout the year. The illuminance thus measured was compared with computed illuminance, based on theoretical upper bounds. RESULTS: Daylight availability proved to be, on average, 60% of the theoretical upper bounds derived using clear sky conditions. Snow cover did not, on average, cause a significant increase in daylight availability. Great variability was observed in illuminance from day to day, as well as within days. CONCLUSIONS: Average daylight availability does not explain the lower than expected prevalence of winter depression in Iceland. The great variability in illuminance might, however, affect the expression of winter depression, as could daylight quality and genetic factors.

Arctic Regions↗

PubMed2005

Causal coherence and the availability of locations and objects during narrative comprehension.

The aim of this study was to examine whether locations of objects are encoded and available to the reader at different points in a narrative, depending on their causal relevance. Participants in five experiments read narratives in which the spatial relation between an object and its location either did or did not provide a causal explanation for a later critical event. Object and location target words were presented to the participants immediately before or after the critical event. Speeded recognition response times to target words demonstrated that both locations and objects were reactivated, but only after they became causally relevant. The results suggest that the causal structure of a text can influence the availability of spatial information and that at least some spatial relations are encoded during reading and are available to the reader when they are needed to build coherence.

Cognition↗

PubMed1991

Availability and category-frequency estimation.

Individuals judged how often examples of taxonomic categories had occurred in a study list. An availability hypothesis was tested--that frequency estimates are based on the retrieval of instances. Cued (by category names) recall of the examples served as an index of availability. The hypothesis was confirmed--there were strong positive correlations between frequency judgments and recall (with the influence of actual frequency removed)--given one or more of the following conditions: List instances were not categorized aloud as they were presented; frequency estimation was preceded by cued recall; frequency estimation was delayed by a week. Limitations on availability occurred under other conditions--notably, when individuals, during list presentation, named the categories to which items belonged and received feedback about their categorizations. Under these circumstances, correlations of frequency estimation and recall were often not significantly different from zero, and frequency judgments and recall sometimes reacted differently to changes in independent variables (e.g., frequency judgments of young and elderly subjects did not differ reliably, even though cued recall of young persons markedly exceeded that of elderly subjects).

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Changing availability of neonatal intensive care for extremely low birthweight infants in Victoria over two decades.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the changes in availability of neonatal intensive care for extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants, and the consequences of a lack of availability. DESIGN AND SETTING: Population-based cohort study of consecutive ELBW infants born in the state of Victoria during four distinct eras. PARTICIPANTS: All livebirths weighing 500-999 g in Victoria in the calendar years 1979-1980 (n = 351), 1985-1987 (n = 560), 1991-1992 (n = 429), and 1997 (n = 233). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes over time in the proportions of ELBW infants offered intensive care, the proportions that were "outborn" (born outside level 3 perinatal centres), and their survival rates and quality of survival compared with "inborn" infants. RESULTS: The proportions of ELBW infants offered intensive care increased over time and were significantly higher in heavier infants. The proportion of outborn ELBW infants was 30% in 1979-1980, falling to 9% by 1997. The difference in survival rates between inborn and outborn infants widened progressively over time: the survival advantages for inborn infants over outborn infants were 12.0% in 1979-1980, 30.1% in 1985-1987, 36.5% in 1991-1992, and 43.6% in 1997. For survivors, the quality of life was significantly better for inborn infants in two of the four eras. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal intensive care has been increasingly available for ELBW infants in Victoria over the period 1979 to 1997. The gap in survival rates between outborn and inborn infants has widened, and the quality of life of outborn survivors is inferior.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Availability of cigarettes as a risk factor for trial smoking in adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: To examine associations between cigarette availability measures with trial (ie, first) use of cigarettes. METHODS: At Time 1 and one year later (Time 2), 478 adolescents completed smoking surveys. Trial smoking at Time 2 was predicted from Time 1 availability variables (prospective prediction), as well as Time 2 availability variables (cross-sectional prediction). RESULTS: Offers from friends/classmates were a significant cross-sectional predictor. In prospective analyses, greater perceptions of ease of obtaining cigarettes from parents and greater frequency of offers from an adult were related to trial smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Adult influences, including parental factors, may predispose a young adolescent to smoke.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Does the availability of prescribed drugs affect rates of self poisoning?

The trends in self-poisoning rates and in rates of prescribing of the major drug groups were compared. Over the period 1981-91, barbiturate prescribing and self poisoning both fell by 80%; for antidepressants, prescribing increased by over 40% and self poisoning by 30%; for antipsychotics, both rose by 30%; for benzodiazepines, poisoning fell by 30% and prescribing by 20%. Even for analgesic drugs, which are also available over the counter, there was a correspondence between changes in self poisoning and prescribing. The availability of prescribed drugs is directly related to their use for self poisoning. Restricting the availability of these drugs is a possible preventative strategy, although further research on this is needed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Public information on private practice: the availability of physician inpatient data.

Despite increased interest in information describing physicians and their hospitalized patients, little attention has been given to the availability of these data and the related policy issues. We surveyed the 20 states with a publicly mandated data system based on hospital discharge abstracts that included physician information. States vary considerably in their orientation toward the public availability of the information and in the ability to personally identify physicians from the data. Potential benefits and problems in using the information for health services research, in improving the quality of care, and in analyzing practice patterns are reviewed. The policy issues associated with the collection and use of publicly available data on physicians and their hospitalized patients are discussed.

Confidentiality↗

PubMed1992

Expanded availability of investigational new drugs through a parallel track mechanism for people with AIDS and other HIV-related disease--PHS. Notice final policy statement.

The Public Health Service (PHS) is announcing a final policy to make promising investigational drugs for AIDS and other HIV-related diseases more widely available under "parallel track" protocols while the controlled clinical trials essential to establish the safety and effectiveness of new drugs are carried out. The "parallel track" initiative establishes an administrative system designed to expand the availability of promising investigational agents and to make these agents more widely available to people with AIDS and other HIV-related diseases who have no therapeutic alternatives and who cannot participate in the controlled clinical trials.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1997

Availability of the HRSA competitive grants preview--HRSA. General notice.

HRSA announces the availability of the HRSA Competitive Grants Preview publication for Fall 1997. This edition of the Preview is a comprehensive review of HRSA's Fiscal Year 1998 programs. The purpose of the Preview is to provide the general public with a single source of program and application information related to the Agency's annual grant planning review. The Preview is designed to replace multiple Federal Register notices which traditionally advertised the availability of HRSA's discretionary funds for its various programs. In this edition of the Preview, HRSA's programs which provide funding for loan repayments and scholarships to individuals have been included in the section "Additional HRSA Programs." It should be noted that other program initiatives responsive to new or emerging issues in the health care area and unanticipated at the time of publication of the Preview, may be advertised through the Federal Register mechanism from time-to-time. Deadlines or other requirements appearing in the Federal Register are not changed by this notice. The Preview contains a description of competitive and additional programs scheduled for review in Fiscal Year 1998 and includes instructions on how to access the Agency for information and receive application kits for all programs announced. Specifically, the following information is included in the Preview: Program Title, Legislative Authority, Purpose, Eligibility, Estimated Amount of Competition, Estimated Number of Awards, Funding Priorities and/or Preferences, Projected Award Date, Application Deadline, Application Kit Availability, Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) program identification number, and programmatic contact.

Eligibility Determination↗

PubMed1998

Office of the Secretary Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation notice inviting applications for new award for fiscal year 1998--HHS. Announcement of the availability of funds and request for applications from states to determine the status of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) recipients after they leave the TANF caseload, eligible families who are diverted before being enrolled, or eligible families who fail to enroll.

The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE), with support from the U.S. Department of Labor and the Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, announces the availability of funds and invites applications for research into the status of individuals and families who leave the TANF program, who apply for cash welfare but are never enrolled because of non-financial eligibility requirements or diversion programs, and/or who appear to be eligible but are not enrolled (hereafter jointly referred to as welfare leavers). Approximately eight to ten States or counties will receive funding that will enable them to track and monitor how individuals and their families do in the first year after they leave welfare and provide a foundation for longer follow-up. States may choose any method for such tracking, including the linking of administrative data, surveys or other methods as appropriate. We are particularly interested in learning about individuals' ability to obtain employment and the support provided by their earnings, public programs besides TANF, and other sources. The funds could support a newly designed project or could be used to add new data sources and analyses to an existing project. In addition, ASPE announces the availability of supplementary funding from the Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R) of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to track the consequences of welfare reform for low-income families with children who receive housing assistance. These funds will only be available to ASPE Grantees.

Family↗

PubMed1999

Specific proteolytic cleavages limit the diversity of the pool of peptides available to MHC class I molecules in living cells.

MHC class I molecules display peptides selected from a poorly characterized pool of peptides available in the endoplasmic reticulum. We analyzed the diversity of peptides available to MHC class I molecules by monitoring the generation of an OVA-derived octapeptide, OVA257-264 (SL8), and its C-terminally extended analog, SL8-I. The poorly antigenic SL8-I could be detected in cell extracts only after its conversion to the readily detectable SL8 with carboxypeptidase Y. Analysis of extracts from cells expressing the minimal precursor Met-SL8-I by this method revealed the presence of SL8/Kb and the extended SL8-I/Kb complexes, indicating that the peptide pool contained both peptides. In contrast, cells expressing full length OVA generated only the SL8/Kb complex, demonstrating that the peptide pool generated from the full length precursor contained only a subset of potential MHC-binding peptides. Deletion analysis revealed that SL8-I was generated only from precursors lacking additional C-terminal flanking residues, suggesting that the generation of the C terminus of the SL8 peptide involves a specific endopeptidase cleavage. To investigate the protease responsible for this cleavage, we tested the effect of different protease inhibitors on the generation of the SL8 and SL8-I peptides. Only the proteasome inhibitors blocked generation of SL8, but not SL8-I. These findings demonstrate that the specificities of the proteases in the Ag-processing pathway, which include but are not limited to the proteasome, limit the diversity of peptides available for binding by MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Amino Acids↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Frequency analysis of commercially available vibrators.

The tonic vibration reflex -- elicitation of a muscle contraction by mechanical vibration -- is a well documented physiological phenomenon of particular relevance to physiotherapy. Among the critical features pertaining to the effectiveness of its use in clinical practice are the mechanical attributes of the vibrator used to elicit the reflex. Because physiological responses differ with vibrations of varying frequency and amplitude, it is necessary to measure these characteristics before a commercial vibrator is used therapeutically: Facilities and equipment for performing such tests are, however, not readily available to physiotherapists. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to measure and compare frequencies of a variety of commercially available vibrators under varying load conditions and over time. Vibrators from major Canadian retail outlets and manufacturers were obtained and, through the use of both mechanical and optical methods, a total of 19 models were frequency-calibrated. The results of the study permit discussion related to the suitability and reliability of each model and provide specific guidance to physiotherapy departments in the selection of appropriate therapeutic vibrators. The results also indicate that the mode of application, such as strapping the apparatus to the patient rather than having the operator hold it in her hand, affects the frequency in some models. The data related to frequency measurements, gained through this study, should enable therapists to make more effective use of commercially available vibrators in motor reeducation.

Canada↗

PubMed1985

Administration for Children, Youth and Families child abuse and neglect research, demonstration and service improvement projects--DHHS. Announcements of availability of funds and request for application under the HDS' Discretionary Grants Program.

Applications are being accepted for new grants relating to the prevention, identification, treatment and remediation of child abuse and neglect, including child sexual abuse. Authority: Authority for this announcement is contained in Section 4(a), Pub. L. 93-247, as amended (42 U.S.C. 5103(a)). Approximately $2 million is available for additional grants in FY 1985. To the extent that worthy proposals exceed the amount available for funding in FY 1985, some proposals may be funded in FY 1986 subject to the availability of funds. Eligible applicants: In general, any State or local public, or nonprofit organization or agency may submit an application under this announcement. Applications developed jointly by State, local and community-based service agencies, professional organizations, such as, law enforcement, legal, educational, health, and other child serving agencies, foundations or universities are encouraged in order to promote comprehensive coordinated child protective service programs. Closing date: The closing date for receipt of applications is July 22, 1985. Application receipt point: Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Human Development Services, Discretionary Grants Management Branch, William J. McCarron, Chief, Hubert H. Humphrey Building, Room 345-F, 200 Independence Ave., SW., Washington, D.C. 20201. Attn: HDS-85-2.

Child↗

PubMed1986

Availability of funds for community and migrant health activities--HRA. Notice.

The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) is announcing: (1) The availability of approximately $400 million for community health (CH) activities and approximately $45 million for migrant health (MH) activities funded under sections 330 and 329 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 254c and 254b) respectively; (2) within the aforementioned funding, the availability of up to $12 million, targeted to high need areas, for new starts and new expansion activities; (3) within the $400 million, the availability of up to $3 million for grants to provide technical and other non-financial assistance under section 330(f)(1) of the Act; and (4) the criteria that will be used in evaluating applications in FY 1988.

Community Health Services↗

PubMed1987

Modelling the nursing homes system: bed growth, patient turnover and the availability of nursing home places.

This paper uses two simple mathematical models to quantify the potential impact of policy changes on the operation of the nursing home system. The first model shows that the effect of bed growth on admission rates can be substantial and that consequently a slowdown of bed growth can result in a significant decrease in the number of beds becoming available. The second model shows the effect that the balance of high and low turnover patients amongst admissions can have on patient composition and on aggregate admission rates. It is demonstrated that decreasing the proportion of low turnover patients amongst admissions and increasing the turnover of the low turnover group are the most effective ways of increasing the availability of nursing home places. Moreover, such increased availability can be achieved without any increase in bed numbers.

Aged↗

PubMed1981

Medicare program; availability of information and records to the public--Health Care Financing Administration. Final rule.

We are changing the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) location of certain regulations applicable to the Medicare program that concern the availability of information and records to the public. Currently, HCFA shares regulations on that subject with the Social Security Administration (SSA) in Title 20 of the CFR. This change in location is one of a series intended to consolidate HCFA regulations in one place, Title 42 of the CFR, for the convenience of providers of services, intermediaries and others who use our regulations. This move will combine these regulations on the general availability of information with others in Title 42 on disclosure of official records and information about individuals. We do not intend any substantive changes. We have merely inserted updated addresses for requesting records, changed certain references to make them applicable to HCFA rather than SSA, and deleted obsolete items from the list of publications. Substantive changes will be proposed at a later date when we publish regulations on the availability of information and records for both the Medicare and Medicaid programs.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Fiscal year (FY) 1999 funding opportunities. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, HHS. Notice of funding availability.

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS) announces the availability of FY 1999 funds for the following activity. This activity is discussed in more detail under Section 4 of this notice. This notice is not a complete description of the activity; potential applicants must obtain a copy of the Guidance for Applicants (GFA) before preparing an application. (See table.) Note: SAMHSA also published notices of available funding opportunities for FY 1999 in subsequent issues of the Federal Register. The actual amount available for awards and their allocation may vary, depending on unanticipated program requirements and the volume and quality of applications. Awards are usually made for grant periods from one to three years in duration. FY 1999 funds for the activity discussed in this announcement were appropriated by the Congress under Public Law no. 105-277. SAMHSA's policies and procedures for peer review and Advisory Council review of grant and cooperative agreement applications were published in the Federal Register (Vol. 58, No. 126) on July 2, 1993. The Public Health Service (PHS) is committed to achieving the health promotion and disease prevention objectives of Healthy People 2000, a PHS-led national activity for setting priority areas. The SAMHSA Centers' substance abuse and mental health services activities address issues related to Healthy People 2000 objectives of Mental Health and Mental Disorders; Alcohol and Other Drugs; Clinical Preventive Services; HIV Infection; and Surveillance and Data Systems. Potential applicants may obtain a copy of Healthy People 2000 (Full Report: Stock No. 017-001-00474-0) or Summary Report: Stock No. 017-001-00473-1) through the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325 (Telephone: 202-512-1800).

Financing, Government↗