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PubMed1997

Parasitological and nutritional situation of school children in the Sukaraja district, West Java, Indonesia.

A parasitological survey of children aged 8 to 10 years from ten schools located in the rural district Sukaraja, West Java, Indonesia was conducted in December 1995. A total of 348 fecal samples were examined by using modified Kato-Katz thick smear techniques, 365 blood samples for the measurement of hemoglobin concentration, and anthropometric data were obtained from 404 participants. Four nematode (hookworm taken as one species), two cestode and nine protozoan species were detected, but no trematode infection was observed. Among helminths, soil-transmitted nematode infections were predominant, Trichuris trichiura with a prevalence of 76% being the most common infection, followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (44%). Hookworm and Enterobius vermicularis were found in 9% and 3% of the children examined, respectively. Among protozoa, Blastocystis hominis was by far the most common species, detected in 60% of volunteers cases. For the helminths A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworm, school to school differences in parasite prevalence and infection intensity were observed; these were probably due to different socioeconomic and sanitary-environmental conditions. Intensity of Ascaris and hookworm infection tended to be highly over-dispersed; 85% of the worms identified were harbored by 15% and 7% of the children, respectively. Nutritional status was characterized by an average anemia rate of 13% and a prevalence of 51% stunting. All nutritional indicators differed significantly from school to school. Intensity of geohelminths infection could not be associated to the observed nutritional indicators. Thus, there must be additional factors contributing to the studied nutritional indicators of the school children which overlay a possible influence of moderate to heavy worm burden.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗

PubMed1983

Experimental and natural infection of calves with Bunostomum phlebotomum.

An experiment was conducted to determine the efficiency of a method of experimental infection of weaner beef calves with Bunostomum phlebotomum and to compare such infection with that established by natural infection. Six calves, maintained on a concrete-floored pen, were inoculated with B. phlebotomum L3 by placing the larval inocuulum, in small volume, in the outer chamber of the ear while the animal was restrained for 18 min. Inoculation doses of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 80 thousand L3 were used. Six other calves were grazed on pasture known to be heavily contaminated with hookworm. All animals were killed 72 days after experimental infection and 93 days after initial exposure to pasture infection. The experimental and naturally-infected calves became patent at 55 and 66 days, respectively, after exposure to L3. Red blood cell counts and hemoglobin values were markedly depressed in both groups and lowest values coincided with onset of patency. There was difference in liveweight changes, but both groups lost weight during the prepatent period of infection and gained weight with the onset of patency. The largest number of hookworms was established at the 30000 L3 inoculation level; little or no establishment was observed at the 2 highest levels. Sizeable adult hookworm burdens were established in 4 out of 6 pastured calves. Intestinal pathology was generally more severe in experimentally-infected calves, consisting of a thickened mucosa and masses of punctate, hemorrhagic foci. Pastured calves also acquired large burdens of Ostertagia ostertagi, particularly inhibited early fourth-stage larvae. Moderate to severe abomasal pathology and elevated plasma pepsinogen were associated with ostertagiasis in the pastured calves. The experimental infection method is efficient in establishing high levels of B. phlebotomum infection in calves currently or previously infected with other gastrointestinal nematodes.

Abomasum↗

PubMed1992

Efficacy of Cydectin moxidectin 1% injectable against experimental infections of Dictyocaulus viviparus and Bunostomum phlebotomum superimposed on natural gastrointestinal infections in calves.

Twenty male Holstein calves averaging 105 kg in weight and naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and small numbers of lungworm and hookworm, were given experimental infections with the two latter species to provide adult and larval stages for anthelmintic evaluation. Following random allotment, one group of 10 calves was injected subcutaneously with moxidectin at a dosage of 0.2 mg kg-1 of body weight. A second group of 10 was injected subcutaneously with unmedicated blank vehicle at a dosage of 1 ml per 50 kg of body weight. Fecal samples were examined before treatment and at 7 and 13 days after treatment. The 20 calves were necropsied for worm recovery at 13 and 14 days after treatment. All calves were positive for lungworm and hookworm on the treatment date. Treatment was 100% effective in elimination of hookworm eggs and lungworm larvae and 99.9% in reducing total egg counts at both 7 and 13 days after treatment. Moxidectin was 100% effective (P less than 0.01) in eliminating the following 11 species of nematodes. Dictyocaulus viviparus mature and immature adults (E5), Bunostomum phlebotomum adults and L4, Ostertagia ostertagi adults and early L4, Ostertagia lyrata adult males, Haemonchus placei adults. Trichostrongylus axei adults, Cooperia spp., including Cooperia punctata, Cooperia spatulata, and Cooperia pectinata adults, Oesophagostomum radiatum adults and Trichuris discolor adults. No adverse reactions to moxidectin treatment were observed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The proportion of helminth infections in a community in western Kenya which would be treated by mass chemotherapy of schoolchildren.

The present study used data from a community-based epidemiological survey of 752 persons in 3 villages in Kisumu District, western Kenya, to examine the proportion of infected persons who would be treated, as well as the effect on helminth egg production, if anthelmintics were provided to schoolchildren. Overall prevalences of hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Schistosoma mansoni infections were 63%, 16%, 24% and 24% respectively, and intensities were low for all infections. Only 79% of the school-aged children were enrolled. For all 4 infections, a school-based programme would treat between 76% and 86% of infected school-age children and would theoretically eliminate between 83% and 92% of the number of eggs excreted by this age group. Of the total population, school-based programmes would treat only between 31% and 50% of the infected persons and eliminate only 15%, 46%, 29% and 27% of the total number of hookworm, Ascaris, Trichuris and S. mansoni eggs excreted, respectively. Provided that school attendance rates were high in the study area, school-based programmes would be efficient in improving the helminth infection status of school-aged children. On the other hand, adults, non-enrolled school-aged children and preschool children not offered treatment represented more than half of the helminth-infected persons and they excreted between half and 85% of the total burden of helminth eggs in the area. Hence, mass chemotherapy of schoolchildren would be less effective in the control of at least hookworm and S. mansoni infections in this specific community. There should therefore be a community-based approach to helminth control in combination with a school-based programme.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

A study of risk factors for intestinal helminth infections using epidemiological and anthropological approaches.

This study. conducted in Kisumu District, Kenya, identified important risk factors for infection with intestinal helminths using traditional epidemiological methods. This was combined with a rapid assessment study using qualitative methods, which focused on sanitation practices and local illness perceptions. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the absence of latrines was a significant predictor for hookworm infection with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.9. The analysis also revealed that households without soap had a 2.6 times higher risk of being infected with Ascaris lumbricoides compared with households where soap was available, and that the number of inhabitants living in a household was a significant predictor for infections with hookworms (OR=3.2). Furthermore, the presence of children of 5 years and under in the household was a predictor for infection with A. lumbricoides (OR=2.7), while the absence of this age group was a predictor for hookworm infection (OR=3.8). The qualitative part of the study revealed that people did not consider worms as a serious health threat, but as a nuisance. Among the population. latrines were seen as beneficial because they were believed to prevent disease, to provide privacy and to keep the environment free of faeces. Handwashing was done many times a day but usually not with soap, which was mainly used when bathing or washing the whole body. Many inhabitants in a household or the presence of children of 5 years and under were never mentioned as being a disadvantage, and these elements would therefore be difficult to include in a control strategy. Since the lack of latrines and of soap were identified as risk factors for infection, while latrines, soap and medicine were seen as assets by the population, it is suggested that helminth control interventions should be concentrated within these areas in this particular society.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed1990

Epidemiology and immunology of Necator americanus infection in a community in Papua New Guinea: humoral responses to excretory-secretory and cuticular collagen antigens.

Baseline data from an immuno-epidemiological study of hookworm infection in a rural village in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea are reported. Necator americanus was found to be the commonest helminth infection, with a prevalence of near 100% and intensity of 40 worms per host in adults. Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura were also present, at prevalences of 53, 10 and 3% respectively; Ancylostoma duodenale was absent. The frequency distribution of N. americanus was highly over-dispersed, and was well described by a negative binomial distribution with aggregation parameter, k, of 0.370. Intensity of infection was significantly related to host age, but did not differ between the sexes. Haemoglobin levels and haematocrit values were indicative of anaemia in the community, but were unrelated to hookworm infection. Levels of antibodies (IgG, IgA and IgM combined) against adult Necator cuticular collagen and excretory-secretory (ES) products were determined. Serum concentrations of the two types of antibody were significantly correlated with each other. Significant positive correlations were found between anti-ES antibody levels and hookworm egg production, and between anti-collagen antibody levels and host age. It is suggested that the level of anti-collagen antibodies may reflect cumulative exposure to infection, whereas levels of anti-ES antibodies may be more dependent on current worm burden. No evidence was found to suggest that either antibody response is important in regulating parasite population growth. Similarly, the presence of a positive correlation between eosinophil concentration and infection intensity in adults indicates that eosinophilia reflects, rather than determines, the host's worm burden.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Relationships between vitamin A, iron status and helminthiasis in Bangladeshi school children.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationships between biochemical indicators of vitamin A and iron status and the intestinal helminths Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm in primary school children. SETTING: Two rural governmental schools in northwestern Bangladesh. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: The sample consisted of 164 children in grades 3-5. METHODS: Serum retinol and beta-carotene (by high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC), haemoglobin (HemoCue), ferritin (enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay, ELIZA) and height and weight were measured. Dietary intake of vitamin A was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and faecal analyses were done using Stoll's egg-count technique. RESULTS: The mean serum retinol was 26.8 microg dl(-1) and 20% had a level of < 20 microg dl(-1), the cut-off value for low vitamin A status. There was a strong positive association between serum beta-carotene and serum retinol (r = 0.44, P < 0.001), suggesting those with higher retinol levels had a higher carotene intake. Thirty-one per cent were anaemic (Hb < 11.5 g dl(-1)), 30% had iron deficiency (serum ferritin < 12.0 microg l(-1)) and 14% were suffering from iron deficiency anaemia. Children with a serum retinol level of 20 microg dl(-1) had significantly lower ferritin (14.0 compared to 26.0 microg l(-1), P = 0.005) and Hb levels (11.7 compared to 12.4 g dl(-1), P = 0.005) than those with higher levels. The proportion of iron deficiency anaemia was significantly greater among children with hookworm. Our data suggest that hookworm exerts its impact on iron status independently of the vitamin A status of the host. CONCLUSIONS: Programmes to improve iron status should consider including both vitamin A prevention programmes and deworming.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗

PubMed2004

Helminth infection is not associated with faster progression of HIV disease in coinfected adults in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: We studied a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults in Uganda who were not receiving antiretroviral therapy, to explore the impact of helminths on HIV progression in areas where antiretrovirals are not available. METHODS: A total of 663 patients were screened for helminths, treated presumptively with albendazole and selectively with praziquantel, and monitored for 6 months. Blood samples were analyzed for CD4+ cell count and HIV-1 RNA. RESULTS: Schistosoma mansoni, hookworm, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Mansonella perstans were the most prevalent helminths. Helminth infection was not associated with higher viral load, lower CD4+ cell count, or faster decrease in CD4+ cell count preceding antihelminthic therapy. The effect of coinfection on HIV disease progression varied with species. CD4+ cell counts were highest in subjects with hookworm and Mansonella perstans infection. For most helminths, effective treatment was associated with greater decrease in CD4+ cell count than in those in whom infection was still present at follow-up. A highly significant decrease in viral load at 6 months was seen in patients with persistent Mansonella perstans infection at follow-up. Mortality was lower in subjects with hookworm infection at enrollment. CONCLUSION: Helminth infection was not associated with more-advanced HIV disease or faster disease progression. Antihelminthic therapy may not be beneficial in slowing HIV progression in coinfected adults.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Annual mass treatment with albendazole might eliminate human oesophagostomiasis from the endemic focus in northern Ghana.

As a follow-up to the study by Ziem et al., in this issue, efforts to control human oesophagostomiasis and hookworm infections in northern Ghana were pursued, and the results evaluated in collaboration with the Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programme. This phase of evaluation of the impact of mass treatment was no longer limited to a small-scale research setting: it was done both in the context of an operationally viable national control programme and as a continuation of the Oesophagostomum Intervention Research Project (OIRP). The methods of evaluation included classical stool examination with Kato thick smears, stool culture and ultrasound examination of the colon wall. The results showed that yearly population-based albendazole-ivermectin treatment in 11 villages scattered over north-eastern Ghana, with a treatment coverage of 70-75%, resulted in a reduction of Oesophagostomum prevalence from about 20% pre-intervention to less than 1% after 2 years of mass treatment. Simultaneously, hookworm prevalence went down from 70% to approximately 15%. The data, however, cannot be readily compared with those of Ziem et al. because of the relatively crude diagnostic (single stool cultures) screening system that had to be used for the evaluation of the large-scale control programme. In the research area of the OIRP, interruption of mass treatment resulted in a rising hookworm prevalence. The Oesophagostomum prevalence, on the other hand, continued to go down. Transmission of human oesophagostomiasis appears interruptible and small numbers of persistent cases of Oesophagostomum infection were shown insufficient to serve as a nucleus of renewed spread of the infection. The data suggest that both the infection with and the pathology due to human oesophagostomiasis can be eliminated and that elimination is likely to be achieved through operationally feasible albendazole-ivermectin treatment as used by the Global Alliance for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Soil-transmitted nematode infections and mebendazole treatment in Mafia Island schoolchildren.

In August 2000, a cross-sectional study was performed to assess the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted nematode infections in schoolchildren on Mafia Island. Hookworm infection was widespread (72.5% prevalence) whereas Trichuris trichiura was less prevalent (39.7%) and Ascaris lumbricoides was present at a low prevalence (4.2%), mainly in urban areas. In a subsample of the study population, both Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale were found, although N. americanus was more prevalent. This survey was followed by a parasitological evaluation of mebendazole treatment using a single, 500-mg dose. The data on outcome were used for comparison with those from recent studies of similar treatment regimens in the neighbouring island of Pemba, Zanzibar, where periodic chemotherapy with mebendazole to schoolchildren has been implemented as part of a helminth-control programme since 1994. A higher efficacy of mebendazole against hookworm infection was found in Mafia Island (where a cure 'rate' of 31.3% and an egg-reduction 'rate' of 78.1% were recorded) when compared with that observed in Pemba Island, possibly indicating that hookworms may be developing mebendazole resistance on Pemba Island as a result of intense exposure to the drug there.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Comparative biology of Uncinaria spp. in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) and the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) in California.

Studies on several aspects of the life cycle of hookworms (Uncinaria spp.) in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) and northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) were conducted on material collected on San Miguel Island (SMI), California and at The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, California in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Examination of Z. californianus intestines for adult hookworms and feces for eggs revealed that longevity of these parasites in pups is about 6-8 mo, and infections are probably not present in older sea lions. Parasitic third-stage larvae (L3) were recovered from the ventral abdominal tissue of Z. californianus, suggesting transmammary transmission. Callorhinus ursinus pups had no hookworm eggs in their feces or adult worms (except for 1 probable contaminant) in their intestines in the fall and early winter, revealing that adult Uncinaria spp. are spontaneously lost at <3 mo of age of the pups. Sand samples from rookeries, used by both Z. californianus and C. ursinus, on SMI were negative for free-living, L3 in summer months but positive in fall and winter months, indicating seasonality occurred.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1980

Prevalence of intestinal helminths in Khuzestan, Southwest Iran, 1977.

Large scale studies were performed to determine the prevalence of various intestinal helminth infections in urban and rural areas of Khuzestan Province, southwest Iran. A total of 16,361 stool samples from people in 105 villages and 14 small towns were examined by the formalin-ether concentration method. Ascaris, hookworms, Trichostrongylus, Trichuris, and Hymenolepis nana showed the highest prevalence. Hookworms and Trichostrongylus were twice as prevalent in rural than in urban areas; in contrast, H. nana was more prevalent in urban areas while the level of Ascaris infections was not significantly different. The intensity of Ascaris and hookworm infections, as estimated by the number of eggs/g of feces, was higher in rural than in urban areas.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Comparative prevalences of some common intestinal helminth infections in different altitudinal regions in Ethiopia.

Infection prevalences of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the hookworms in school children in several communities of three altitudinal regions in Ethiopia have been analyzed. The prevalence of A. lumbricoides infection was 29% in the highlands, 35% in the temperate areas and 38% in the lowlands. The prevalence of hookworm infection was highest in the lowlands (24%) followed by the temperate (15%) and highland (7%) areas and the difference was significant (p < 0.0001). T. trichiura infection exhibited similar prevalences in all altitudinal regions (13% on the average). The prevalence of infection due to Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura was significantly correlated (rs = 0.55, p < 0.001) in the lowlands hinting the closely related distribution and co-occurrence of these parasites. The prevalence of infection due to the hookworms and T. trichiura in the temperate areas showed some pattern of association (rs = 0.29). A similar pattern has also been noted between the prevalence of infection due to A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura in the highland areas (rs = 0.48). The co-occurrence of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections in the lowlands and in the highlands suggest that a concurrent intervention against infection due to these two parasites using the same control methods would be advantageous.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Strongyloides stercoralis infection and chronological changes of other soil-transmitted helminthiases in an endemic area of southern Thailand.

A field survey was conducted in 4 primary schools in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, southern Thailand. By Sasa modified Harada-Mori cultivation method, 1.8% of the schoolchildren were found to be infected with Strongyloides stercoralis, and 25.1% had hookworm infection. By Kato's thick smear method, the overall prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths was 46.8%, being Trichuris trichiura 28.5%, hookworm 18.0%, and Ascaris lumbricoides 5.7%. Fecal examination, performed by Kato's thick smear and culture method, indicated that the prevalence of hookworm infection was 26.9%. The prevalence in the present study was very much lower than many previous reports in the past decade. This may indicate the partial success of the parasite control project in Thailand by mass treatment, improving the sanitation and personal hygiene of the people in the endemic area. In light infection with Trichuris, albendazole administered at a dosage of 200 mg daily for 3 days showed a 48.7% cure rate. When mebendazole was given at 100 mg twice daily for 3 days, its effectiveness was 88.5%. A lower cure rate was obtained (70.0%) in moderate to heavy infection.

Albendazole↗

PubMed2000

The epidemiology of schistosomiasis mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths in elementary school children from the South Gondar Zone of the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia.

In a cross-sectional survey undertaken in 22 communities of 6 districts in the South Gondar Zone of the Amhara National Regional State, 2279 school children had their stools examined for schistosomiasis mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths using the Kato-Katz technique. Overall the prevalence rates were 16.4%, 28.9%, 9.5% and 12.9% for S. mansoni, A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and the hookworms, respectively. S. mansoni infection was registered from 14 of the 22 communities, in more than 60% of which the prevalence was over 20%. Infection with A. lumbricoides was noted in 20 schools and except in three schools the prevalence was above 20%. T. trichiura infection was found in 19 of the 22 schools with prevalence rates from 1.7% to 20.0%. Infection due to the hookworms was recorded in 17 schools, in 40% of which the prevalence was 20% or more. Generally communities of the western districts of the zone had higher infection rates of schistosomiasis mansoni and soil-transmitted helminthiasis as compared to those in the eastern districts. The presence of S. mansoni foci in 9 communities is reported for the first time. In general neither sex nor age were related to prevalence or intensity of infection. Forty nine percent of the examined children had one or more types of helminths, of which 32.5%, 13.3% and 2.4% were single, double and triple infections, respectively. A. lumbricoides commonly occurred with the other helminths. Multiplicity of infection was not sex related. 14.6%, 28.4%, 8.3% and 12.1% of the children had moderate or heavy infections of schistosomiasis mansoni, ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworms, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Evaluation of efficacy of school-based anthelmintic treatments against anaemia in children in the United Republic of Tanzania.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of deworming on anaemia as part of a large-scale school-based anthelmintic treatment programme in the Tanga Region of the United Republic of Tanzania. METHODS: Both the reduction in the prevalence of anaemia and the cost per case prevented were taken into consideration. Cross-sectional studies involved parasitological examination and anaemia evaluation before and at 10 months and 15 months after schoolchildren were dewormed. FINDINGS: Baseline studies indicated that the prevalence of anaemia (haemoglobin < 110 g/l) was high (54%) among schoolchildren, particularly those with high intensities of hookworm and schistosomiasis. Attributable fraction analysis suggested that hookworm and schistosomiasis were responsible for 6% and 15% of anaemia cases, respectively. Fifteen months after deworming with albendazole and praziquantel the prevalence of anaemia was reduced by a quarter and that of moderate-to-severe anaemia (haemoglobin <90 g/l) was reduced by nearly a half. The delivery of these anthelmintics through the school system was achieved at the relatively low cost of US$ 1 per treated child. The cost per anaemia case prevented by deworming schoolchildren was in the range US$ 6-8, depending on the haemoglobin threshold used. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that deworming programmes should be included in public health strategies for the control of anaemia in schoolchildren where there are high prevalences of hookworm and schistosomiasis.

Albendazole↗

PubMed1992

[Clinical observation on efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of intestinal nematode infections].

A total of 166 cases were divided into 3 groups: group A comprised 55, group B 54 and group C 57 cases. Group A received ivermectin 0.1 mg/kg orally at a single dose, the cure rates were 100%, 3.8% and 50% for ascaris, hookworm and trichuris, infections respectively: group B received ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg orally at a single dose, the corresponding cure rates were 95.5%, 11.8% and 76.5% respectively; group C received pyrantel pamoate 10 mg/kg orally at a single dose, the corresponding cure rates were 95.5%, 29.6% and 31.6% respectively. Although the cure rates were very low for hookworm infection in both group A and B, however, a number of adult worms of Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus were expelled aster medication; It indicates that ivermectin has some effects on these two species of human hookworm. Side effects were mild and transient in all groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Observations on the infectivity of parasitic third-stage larvae of Uncinaria lucasi Stiles 1901 (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) of Northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus Linn., on St. Paul Island, Alaska.

Twelve fur seal pups, which had not nursed their mothers, were used in an infectivity experiment. Pups were exposed to parasitic 3rd-stage larvae of Uncinaria lucasi from belly tissues of fur seal bulls, bachelors, and pregnant cows, to determine maturation capability of the larvae. Hookworms were not recovered from the intestines of 3 pups receiving larvae from belly blubber of bulls, 6 pups receiving larvae from belly blubber of bachelors, and 1 nonexposed pup. Maturation of hookworms did occur in 2 pups exposed to larvae from a mixture of belly blubber, mammary tissue, and milk of pregnant cows. Parasitic 3rd-stage hookworm larvae from belly tissues of pregnant and "non-pregnant" fur seal cows averaged 938.1 and 802.1 micron long, and 34.1 and 31.5 micron wide, respectively; however, larvae from belly tissues of a fur seal bull, bachelors, 2-year-old males, male and female yearlings and pups, and Steller Sea Lion subadults averaged 640.5-732.0 micron long and 20.9-24.9 micron wide.

Abdominal Muscles↗