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Results for “scale development”

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PubMed2005

Predictors of mammography participation among rural Korean women age 40 and over.

PURPOSE: The study was conducted to identify predictors of mammography screening for rural Korean women according to 'Stage of Change' from the Transtheoretical Model which, along with the Health Belief Model, formed the theoretical basis for this study. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive design was utilized. Through convenience sampling 432 women were selected from 2 rural areas. Data were collected by survey. Health beliefs constructs were measured with Champion's HBM Scale-Korea version. Mammography participation was measured using the Stage of Mammography Adoption Scale developed by Rakowski, et al. (1992). RESULTS: The most frequent stage of mammography adoption was 'contemplation' (40.5%). Predictors of stage of mammography adoption included 'mammogram recommended by health professional' (beta=0.59, t=16.12, p=.000), 'perceived benefits' (beta=0.09, t=2.21, p=.050), 'perceived susceptibility' (beta=0.09, t=1.98, p=.050), and 'perceived barriers' (beta= 0.07, t= -2.05, p=.041). 'Mammogram recommended by health professional' demonstrated the greatest association with having a mammogram. CONCLUSION: Health professionals play key roles in improving mammography participation and should recognize the importance of their role in cancer prevention and be more actively involved in education and counseling on prevention of breast cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[A comparison of nursing students' attitudes about mental illness according to their year in college psychiatric nursing].

This descriptive-comparative study attempted to examine the differences according to the year in college of 288 junior college nursing students attitudes about mental illness. The instrument used for this study was the O.M.I (Opinion about Mental Illness) scale developed by Cohen and Struening. Data collection was done from the 27th to the 30th of September, 1988 by means of a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by computer, using the t-test and Analysis of Variance. The findings of this study are as follows: 1. Hypothesis I: "There will be a difference in attitudes toward mental illness according to the year in college." 1. "There will be a difference in the attitude about authoritarianism-according to the year in college" was rejected (F=.5675, P=.5676). 2. "There will be a difference in the attitude about benevolence-according to the year in college" was accepted (F=.5376, P=.5848). 3. "There will be a difference in the attitude about mental hygiene ideology-according to" was accepted (F=17.3497, P=.0000). 4. "There will be a difference in the attitude about social restrictiveness-according to" was rejected (F=1.7416, P=.1771). 5. "There will be a difference in the attitude about interpersonal etiology-according to" was accepted (F=10.8597, P=.0000). 2. Hypothesis II: "There will be difference in attitudes toward mental illness" according to whether or not the student has had clinical practice in the psychiatirc ward. 1. There will be a difference in the attitudes about authoritarianism-according to "whether or not the student's have had clinical practice in the psychiatric ward was rejected (t=.59, p=.555). 2. "Whether they have had clinical practice at the psychiatric ward or not, there will be difference in the attitudes about benevolence" was rejected (t=1.34, p=.182). 3. "Whether they have had clinical practice at the psychiatric ward or not, there will be difference of the mental hygiene ideology attitude" was accepted (t=2.72, p=.008). 4. "Whether they have had clinical practice at the psychiatric ward or not, there will be difference of the social restrictiveness-attitude" was rejected (t=-.59, p=.557). 5. "Whether they have had clinical practice at the psychiatric ward or not, there will be difference of the interpersonal etiology-attitude" was accepted (t=3.55, p=.001). In conclusion, it was found that the higher the year in College, the more positive the attitudes are about mental hygiene ideology and interpersonal etiology. This study suggests that more positive attitudes about psychiatric illness can be induced by a more effective educational experience.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1996

[Independent and interdependent construal of the self: the cultural influence and the relations to personality traits].

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the independent and interdependent construal of the self in relation to the cultural difference and personality traits. A scale developed by Kiuchi (1995) to measure the person on the dimension of independent versus interdependent, the SII was administered to three groups of students. They were: (1) 81 college students who once lived in Europe or America, (2) 99 students of a college of music, and (3) 296 undergraduates of other majors and backgrounds. Mean SII scores clearly showed that the first group gave the highest priority to independent construal of the self, the second music college group follows them, and the last group of regular undergraduates gave the highest priority to interdependent construal of the self. In addition, SII scores were shown to have significant correlations with social anxiety, self-monitoring, sex identity, and self-esteem. Implication of these results are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Domain specifications of the construct tactile defensiveness.

A comprehensive list of descriptors of behaviors associated with tactile defensiveness in elementary schoolchildren was compiled as a preliminary to subsequent psychometric measurement of tactile defensiveness. This, the first phase of scale development, was accomplished in the following manner. The construct tactile defensiveness was defined, and a variety of behaviors related to the domain of the construct were collected. The list of behaviors was submitted to an expert for review. Descriptors of statements a child might make based on the behaviors were generated. Then, the list of descriptors was edited, and the remaining descriptors were rated by a panel of experts according to the degree to which the descriptor was associated with tactile defensiveness. Logical and computer analyses of the descriptors' ratings were performed. Of the 73 descriptors specified, two were dropped because of cultural bias and 24 were dropped because they were not rated by the experts as being associated with tactile defensiveness. This paper discusses the importance of the remaining list of 47 descriptors for subsequent research and delineates appropriate clinical use of those descriptors.

Child↗

PubMed1989

Bilateral motor coordination in 5- to 9-year-old children: a pilot study.

The purpose of this study was to collect normative data on and to assess the clinical usefulness of scales designed to measure the quality of children's ability to perform three bilateral motor coordination tasks: jumping jacks, symmetrical stride jumps, and reciprocal stride jumps. One hundred children, aged 5 to 9 years, were tested according to the scales developed for this study. Results indicated that scores tended to increase with age and that sex differences were not significant. Jumping jacks were found to be the most reliable and the easiest of the three tasks. Reciprocal stride jumps were the most difficult. Quality of performance was assessed, and the number of jumps in a 10-sec trial was recorded for each age. The data from this study may be useful in comparing the performance of children with motor deficits to the performance of normal children of the same age.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2003

Testing Orem's Self-Care Agency and Basic Conditioning Factors in a Chinese community undergoing haemodialysis.

This paper reports results of tests of Orem's Self-Care Agency and Basic Conditioning Factors in a Chinese community undergoing haemodialysis measured by the modified Chinese version of the ASA scale. Eighty-six patients from one major city of China, Tianjin, all of whom had end stage renal disease and were undergoing haemodialysis formed the sample of the study. The research instrument employed in the study was the modified version of the Appraisal of Self-care Agency Scale, developed for use with patients undergoing haemodialysis. The levels of self-care agency of the patients were identified with respect to the findings of the study. The relationships between the self-care agency and basic conditioning factors were investigated by the use of Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficients and the relationships were statistically supported by the findings of this research.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Improving outcome for Western Australian infants with birthweights 500-999 g.

OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in survival and disability in liveborn extremely low birthweight infants (500-999 g) in Western Australia, 1980-1987. DESIGN: Cohort study comparing two periods, 1980-1983 (P1) and 1984-1987 (P2). PARTICIPANTS: All 586 liveborn extremely low birthweight infants in WA in 1980-1987 (266 in P1, 320 in P2). MAIN VARIABLES EXAMINED: Birthweight, place of birth, age at death, neurosensory examination findings and scores on the Griffiths Mental Development Scales or other standardised test results. RESULTS: 482/586 infants (82%) were born at King Edward Memorial Hospital (KEMH), a level III referral centre, and a further 4% were transferred there after birth. The proportion born at KEMH increased from 78% in P1 to 86% in P2. Survival increased from 35% to 43% overall. In those below 800 g birthweight, survival doubled from 14% to 29%. There was no change in the age at death for non-survivors. Follow-up information was known for 222 of the 229 survivors at median ages of 46 months (P1) and 43 months (P2). Disability rates in infants below 800 g birthweight remained static (P1, 26%; P2, 28%), but fell in those of 800-999 g birthweight from 24% to 13%. Overall, survival free of disability increased from 26% to 34%. CONCLUSION: Increased survival rates occurred without any increase in the rate or severity of disability in survivors.

Cerebral Palsy↗

PubMed1997

Perceptions of barriers to implementing research.

This article reports the findings of a study of community nurses to determine their perceptions of barriers to the implementation of research findings in practice. A questionnaire survey using a scale developed in the US (Funk and Champagne 1991) asked community nurse students to rank a series of perceived barriers in order of greatest to least obstruction. The results were also compared with those from Funk and Champagne's study (1991). The authors found that UK nurses considered lack of authority and the inaccessibility of research reports were major barriers to implementing research findings. The authors emphasise the need for collaboration between managers, academics and practitioners to overcome such barriers.

Community Health Nursing↗

PubMed1998

Formative design of a virtual learning environment.

Current technology for 3D visualization, modeling and interaction allows the construction of attractive virtual environments for study of anatomy, surgery and other biomedical fields. The formative methodology for designing such environments is uncharted, but necessary before committing to large scale development. We present one such methodology undertaken during the design of a learning environment for biology for high school and middle school students. We expect to extend this design methodology to the development of environments for the teaching of medical subjects.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Mental health assessment tool helps determine best practices.

Mental health survey just right for managed care. A simple one-page outcome scale developed at the University of Missouri, Columbia, measures four dimensions of mental health--quality of life, symptomatology, level of function, and customer satisfaction. Developed for inpatient and outpatient mental health settings, the tool now is being used by employee assistance programs and managed care companies to profile providers.

Benchmarking↗

PubMed1999

Lymphedema prevention and management knowledge in women treated for breast cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe what women treated for breast cancer know about upper extremity lymphedema, what they recall being told to help prevent lymphedema, what preventive strategies they used, and, if lymphedema occurred, factors related to its occurrence and strategies they used to manage it. DESIGN: Descriptive, correlational survey. SETTING: Survivor-established Breast Cancer Resource Center. SAMPLE: 72 women with breast cancer who returned a mailed questionnaire that was enclosed with a quarterly newsletter. METHODS: A survey instrument, the Lymphedema Knowledge Scale, developed from National-Lymphedema Network guidelines to prevent upper extremity lymphedema. Data that was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi square, and t-tests. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Lymphedema knowledge, lymphedema occurrence, and lymphedema prevention and management strategies. FINDINGS: Although many respondents were aware of their risk for lymphedema, their knowledge and use of prevention strategies were poor. Most knowledge was obtained from surgeons, reading materials, and breast cancer survivors. Occurrence of lymphedema was significantly associated only with radiation therapy to breast and axilla and use of any prevention strategy. The 27 women experiencing lymphedema used several management strategies to control the condition. CONCLUSIONS: The few women who had knowledge of most of the recommended guidelines for lymphedema prevention and management did not recall nurses as resources. Research in a larger sample is needed to better examine the association between preventive practices and lymphedema occurrence. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses could do more to inform patients before and during breast cancer treatment about their risk for lymphedema and the need for prompt diagnosis and treatment of the condition. Until strategies for lymphedema prevention are researched further, nurses should be cautious in counseling about lymphedema prevention.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed1999

Pilot open-label study of nefazodone in panic disorder.

Ten patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for non-comorbid panic disorder or panic disorder with agoraphobia were treated in a 12-week open-label, flexible dosage trial of nefazodone. Dosages ranged from 50 to 400 mg per day. Clinical assessment utilized several recently developed scales of panic disorder severity, as well as the clinical global impression scale. At the conclusion of the study, 9 out of 10 patients were rated much improved with 7 of the patients rated as panic free and in full remission. Significantly improved scores were reflected by all of the scales. Low sample size and absence of placebo control indicate the need for a large placebo-controlled trial. The results of this pilot study suggest that nefazodone may be promising in the treatment of panic and justify further research.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Results of the disk microsurgery of lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus].

Results of microsurgical discectomy (MSD) carried out in 151 patients with lumbar disc herniations are presented. The advantage of microsurgical discectomy is reduction of surgical trauma, better differentiation of anatomical structures, gentler manipulation around nerve roots and the dural sac, and the possibility of a meticulous hemostasis preventing profuse bleeding. Further advantages of MSD are: possibility of direct insight in intervertebral space, limited risk of peri- and postoperative complications and infection, reduction of nursing care, favourable psychological and cosmetic effects. Also possibility of improving microsurgical technique be performing these frequent in neurosurgical practice procedures is not insignificant. Final results were evaluated 6 months after MSD using the Functional Economic Rating Scale developed by Prolo et al. Very good outcome (score 8-10) was achieved in 129 patients (85.4%), good (score 6-7) in 18 (11.9%) and unsatisfactory only in 4 (2.7%).

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Analysis of the scales of measures, the efficacy of the treatments and the health/social impact of Alzheimer disease in the Basque Country, Spain].

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to review the clinical analyses regarding efficacy of the different drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer, across distinct scales of measures in order out the progression of the Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Along with this an economic analysis of the health/social impact of this illness in the Basque Country has been carried out. METHODS: A selection and synthesis of the relevant scientific evidence was made by means of a bibliographical research in the main data bases (Medline, Embase, Cross, Iowa Drug Information System, Healthstar and The Cochrane Library). The value of the costs was carried out from a social perspective. During 1998 a health social costs analysis of this pathology was undertaken in the Basque Country, Spain, starting from a table of assumptions. RESULTS: ADAS and PDS are the only cognitive and functional scales developed and validated specifically for the AD. The drugs specifically prescribed for the AD (tacrine, donepezil, and revastigmine) contribute a slight benefit, whose clinical meaning is unknown. During 1998 the global cost of treating the AD in the Basque Country has been at least 55,858 million pesetas (US$ 360.5 millions dollars). The social cost (nursing homes, day centres, home help, help from family and friends) comes to represent 98.4% of this global cost. CONCLUSIONS: At the moment, there is not any effective drug in the treatment of the AD. The informal cost (help from family and friends) comes to represent 88.4% of the total social costs.

Alzheimer Disease↗

PubMed2000

Handedness and psychopathy.

OBJECTIVES: The current study investigated whether psychopathic persons exhibit a pattern of motor dominance that differs from the left-hemisphere dominance that characterizes the majority of the population. BACKGROUND: Research with cognitive tasks suggests that psychopathy may be associated with an atypical pattern of cerebral organization characterized by either left-hemisphere dysfunction or decreased hemispheric asymmetry. However, studies that evaluate motor dominance in psychopathy have provided mixed results. METHOD: The handedness of 420 adult male inmates at a county jail was assessed using a scale developed by Chapman and Chapman as part of their participation in ongoing research. RESULTS: Psychopaths reported reduced right-hand dominance, which cannot be accounted for by differences in age, intelligence, or race. CONCLUSIONS: Psychopathy is associated with an increased proportion of mixed-handedness relative to that seen in nonpsychopathic persons. This finding is consistent with theory and research suggesting anomalous cerebral asymmetry in psychopathic offenders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Family pictures: growing up with a brother with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency.

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a rare syndrome of profoundly impaired immunity, most often X-linked (XSCID). In past generations male infants with XSCID succumbed to infections during the first year of life, but prompt diagnosis and bone marrow transplantation currently make survival possible for over 80%. This treatment typically requires hospitalization for several months; thus, the burden on the family is considerable. We assessed the psychological impact on sibs of boys with XSCID. Forty adult sibs from families studied by J.M.P. were interviewed by J.H.F., and rating scales developed. The majority expressed distress over prolonged maternal absence during the affected child's hospitalization; 67% believed the mother had unsuccessfully mourned son(s) who died of XSCID. Half of the sibs reported that communication in the family about XSCID had been poor. Families with a spontaneous mutation were significantly more likely to report separation issues (P = 0.05), perhaps due to stronger maternal guilt. Family communication was significantly related to parental mourning (P = 0.001) and to survivor guilt (P = 0.05). Difficulties for daughters included desire to repair the mother's loss of her own child, as well as attempts to undo feelings of being flawed, by heightened wishes to bear a healthy son. In light of these findings we suggest: 1) bone marrow transplantation and the period of isolation places great stress on the family; parents need help balancing needs of well sibs with needs of the affected son; 2) parents need help with mourning the loss of a son so family secrets will not prevail; and 3) sibs, both bone marrow donors and non-donors, face psychological risks and need support.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

[Thalamic hypertensive hemorrhage].

We performed statistic analysis of the results of both conservative and surgical (by means of laying on the external ventricle drain--EVD) treatment of 23 patients with thalamic (medial) hypertensive hemorrhage (THH) admitted to the hospital in the first two days of the stroke's beginning. We also investigated clinical tomographic factors which had influence either on the choice of the treatment or on the prognosis of the disease. The frequency of the lethal cases in EVD-group (6 observations) was about twice lower than in analogous group of patients treated conservatively (17 cases). In conservative treatment prognostically unfavourable factors in acute period of the stroke were the following: the awakening level lower than 10 points according to Glasgow Scale, development of acute obstructive hydrocephalus, dislocation of brain stem, break of blood into cerebral ventricles (of II-IV degree), the volume of hemorrhage more than 10 ml for thalamic and thalamo-capsular location and more than 5 ml for thalamo-mesencephalic location. Monitoring of intracranial pressure in patients with THH which had factors mentioned above revealed the development of steadfast intracranial hypertension by days 5-7 maximally. The laying on EVD was indicated in patients with unfavourable signs of THH by means of ventricle drainage. The controlled decrease of intracranial pressure increased the level of awakening, meanwhile it decreased the degree of hydrochephalus and dislocation of brain stem.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Current epidemiological malaria situation in Kyrgyzstan (1995-1999)].

Kyzgyzstan is situated in an area which is potentially at risk for malaria. In 1995-1999, 58 cases of malaria were recorded, six of them were local cases. The factors that promote the spread of malaria in Kyrgyzstan are the widespread and constant migration of people from Tajikistan and close economic ties between Kyrgyzstan and a number of Asian countries with widespread malaria epidemics. Most cases of malaria in Kyrgyzstan were imported from Tajikistan (39 cases or 75% of all imported cases). Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae were identified in 95.9, 1.7, and 2.1%, respectively. There is a widespread irrigation network in the country, along with a large number of reservoirs, ponds, lakes, springs, streams, gullies, and marshy floodplains. As of 1 January 2000, there are 2833 water areas that can support Anopheles mosquitoes, with a total area of 5008.5 ha. The total length of the sewerage and drainage system is 5,440 km. There is a great potential for the spread of malaria in the south of the republic, i.e. the Osh and Zhalalabad Regions, especially due to a large number of state rice (paddy) fields covering an area of over 3,500 ha. Small rice-growing plots close to private dwellings, which are cultivated without any mosquito control measures, currently provide further breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Almost 80% of the population of these areas is at risk for malaria. Almost all species of malaria mosquitoes have been identified in Kyrgyzstan. An. claviger and An. messeae have too, two other species have also spread through the country, these are An. martinius and An. superpictus which became the main vectors of malaria epidemics in the south in the 1930s-1950s. Large-scale development of the pre-imago stages of the mosquito (a larval, water-based stage) takes place 5-7 months within which 4-6 mosquito generations develop. At present, there is a shortage of staff in Kyrgyzstan, especially at a local level, who has thorough knowledge of malaria and experience with its control and who can define the highest priorities and the most appropriate and effective within the Global Malaria Control Strategy at the current stage. Laboratory services are in need of considerable support: stocks of essential supplies for laboratory tests are almost exhausted, there is a shortage of essential equipment, the staff is not well enough trained. There is an acute shortage of insecticides and larvicides for mosquito control. Entomologists have no sufficient insect control equipment to treat water areas (e.g. sprayers), there is no equipment for monitoring water areas or introducing larvicidal fishlaria (Gambusiae) either, and local monitoring is hampered by shortages of vehicles, fuel, and lubricants. Since malaria control is an urgent problem, Kyrgyzstan has developed a comprehensive and integrated malaria programme for 2000-2004 and a plan of actions to study malaria vector resistance to insecticides in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan in 2000.

Humans↗