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[NIHS information and computing infrastructure (NICI)].
We describe the information and computing infrastructure in National Institute of Health Sciences, which were constructed until May, 1996. The in house computer network and computing facilities for common usage in NIHS have been developed under the initiative of Division of Chem-Bio Informatics since 1989. The present LAN (Local Area Network) consists of coaxial cables and optic fibers which are connected by a LAN Switch. The LAN is connected to the Internet via IMnet, the inter ministry network back bone of the Science and Technology Agency. Various types of workstations and personal computers such as SUN WS, Silicon Graphics WS, IBM WS & PC, Macintosh, and NEC PC are connected to the LAN. This computing network environment which we named NICI (NIHS Information and Computing Infrastructure) not only provides network communications but also facilitates advanced computating systems for chemical safety research at NIHS as a COE.
[Lost paradigms, Thomas S. Kuhn].
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Withholding research results in academic life science. Evidence from a national survey of faculty.
OBJECTIVES: To identify the prevalence and determinants of data-withholding behaviors among academic life scientists. DESIGN: Mailed survey of 3394 life science faculty in the 50 universities that received the most funding from the National Institutes of Health in 1993. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2167 faculty responded to the survey, a 64% response rate. OUTCOME MEASURES: Whether respondents delayed publication of their research results for more than 6 months and whether respondents refused to share research results with other university scientists in the last 3 years. RESULTS: A total of 410 respondents (19.8%) reported that publication of their research results had been delayed by more than 6 months at least once in the last 3 years to allow for patent application, to protect their scientific lead, to slow the dissemination of undesired results, to allow time to negotiate a patent, or to resolve disputes over the ownership of intellectual property. Also, 181 respondents (8.9%) reported refusing to share research results with other university scientists in the last 3 years. In multivariate analysis, participation in an academic-industry research relationship and engagement in the commercialization of university research were significantly associated with delays in publication. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 1.34 (1.07-1.59) and 3.15 (2.88-3.41), respectively. Variables associated with refusing to share results were conducting research similar to the Human Genome Project (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.75-2.42), publication rate (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03), and engagement in commercialization of research (OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 2.08-2.82). CONCLUSIONS: Withholding of research results is not a widespread phenomenon among life-science researchers. However, withholding is more common among the most productive and entrepreneurial faculty. These results also suggest that data withholding has affected a significant number of life-science faculty and further study on data-withholding practices is suggested.
[Internationalization of the English-language journals in Japan in life sciences].
The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the internationalization of four English-language journals in Japan in life sciences based on the papers published in each of journals during the period of 1992-1994. The journals were identified by impact factors (IFs) according to the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) for the 1994 volume. The mean IFs to the top 25 citing and cited journals were compared in order to evaluate their international contribution. The journals (Journal of Biochemistry, Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, Japanese Journal of Physiology) published in Japan did not have an international reputation except for international immunology in terms of IFs and geographic distribution of authors. The editorial policy and strategy have to be established in order to receive a large international readership.
[Computer technology for bioimaging].
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Biology department splits.
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Bibliography of comparative biochemistry and physiology C generated from the current awareness in biological sciences database.
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Diversity and critical forces in dental education.
Critical issues that affect dental education and the connection between science and practice include the community, managed patient care, public skepticism and fiscal support, and shifting demography in patterns of oral disease as well as the background of students entering the dental profession. During the past several decades, there have been major shifts in the patterns of oral disease, most recently described in results of the NHANES III dental survey. The diversity and background of students entering the dental profession have changed dramatically as well, and present estimates of change in U.S. population are no less volatile. Funding for dental education in constant dollars is decreasing nationally, with declining support from state and federal sources and a much greater reliance on clinical and development income. Recent recommendations by the Institute of Medicine and Pew Health Commission and reactions to those recommendations by representative dental organizations-particularly the American Dental Association, American Association of Dental Schools, and the American Association of Dental Examiners-have significant implications for the structure of dental education. All of these factors are tempered by the emergence of managed patient care and the implications of that environment to increasing the level of academic excellence of students, improving the quality of care delivered to patients, and enhancing the scholarly contributions of faculty. These forces may represent an opportunity to maintain a well-documented national excellence in oral health care, expand the educational options to meet student demand and interest, increase the biological and behavioral background of our graduates, and explore new educational approaches to preclinical and clinical training.
Allometric algorithms.
The aim of the present study is to emphasize the applicability and versatility of the allometric equation in the biological sciences. This equation (Y = a x Mb) was introduced by Huxley (1932) for intra- and interspecific comparisons of morphological, physiological and ecological variables (Y), when they are expressed as functions of body mass (M). The regression analysis of the experimental data, plotted in a double logarithmic scale, yields a straight line, which is equivalent to the logarithmic form of the above mentioned allometric equation [log Y = log(a) + (b) x log(M)]. Only the exponent (b) can be calculated a priori for a given function, based firstly on the corresponding dimensional analysis in accordance with the MLT-system of physics, and secondly on one of the theories of biological similarity, while parameter (a) is of empirical nature. A relevant feature of the allometric equations is that they can be treated algebraically to obtain allometric ratios, mass independent numbers (MIN), and even dimensionless numbers (M0L0T0), which are valid for all organisms pertaining to the same taxonomic classification.
[Professor David Shugar awarded a honorary doctorate from the University of Warsaw].
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[Methods to study physiological and biobehavioral phenomena in nursing: based on the US literature].
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Construct validity of the restructured National Board Dental Hygiene Examination.
The construct validity of the restructured National Board Dental Hygiene Examination, as operationalized in the pilot, was examined. The findings show that the examination assesses a full range of relevant content and cognitive behaviors. The results of the principal component analysis of the examination data indicate that the pilot is a unidimensional test of dental hygiene functions. The performances of students on the restructured examination and on the April 1996 dental hygiene examinations were comparable. These findings suggest that the restructured dental hygiene examination will be a valid measure of dental hygiene students' knowledge and problem-solving skills.
Ken Michaels named 1996 Louis Schmidt Laureate.
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The Biological Photographic Association and professionalism revisited.
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Experimental biology and NASA in the twenty-first century.
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[Future changes in pharmacology].
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[A tribute to professor Héctor Croxatto Rezzio: setting up science in Chile. "Nature is always more amazing than our imagination can conceive"].
Héctor R. Croxatto, M.D., has recently celebrated his 90th anniversary, fully active in scientific research and in other academic activities. Along his productive life, he has contributed with original observations on the role of certain peptides in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension. Furthermore, he has been a leader in the development of biological research in Chile and the mentor or teacher of several prominent disciples who have had, or are having, their own brilliant careers in medicine and in science in Chile and other Latinamerican countries. Although most of his scientific productivity has been published in top journals in the international field, several of his papers have been published in Revista Médica de Chile. In this issue, the journal pays a tribute to this outstanding scholar, his exceptional personality and fruitful academic career. The tribute includes this Editorial, a Letter to the Editor and its reply, and his most recent manuscript, all testifying the exceptional virtues of a great man.