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PubMed1996

Exercise for osteoporosis--is walking enough? The case for site specificity and resistive exercise.

Historic and clinical references obtained by general literature review and a medlars search from 1984-1994 on the impact of muscle strengthening on bone mineralization were reviewed and analyzed. The efficacy of site-specific resistive exercise on bone mineral enhancement and/or preservation as a supplement to weight-bearing exercise is documented. Previous reports demonstrated that resistive exercises enhance bone mineralization and play an equivalent, or perhaps greater role, than weight-bearing activities in the management of osteoporosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

The value of exercise electrocardiography and exercise thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scanning in determining the presence of single vessel coronary artery obstruction.

In 39 patients with single vessel coronary artery disease and no previous myocardial infarction, exercise thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scanning and 12 lead exercise electrocardiography (ECG) were compared to see how reliably each method identified the site of coronary artery obstruction. Significant (greater than or equal to 70% diameter) stenosis was present in the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery in 21 patients, in the right coronary artery (RCA) in 14 patients and in the left circumflex (LCX) in four patients. Thallium defects on the scan in the septal (SEPT), anteroseptal (ANT SEPT) and anterior (ANT) segments correlated (P less than 0 . 0005) with LAD disease and defects in the inferior (INF), posteroinferior (POST INF), and posterior (POST) segments correlated (P less than 0 . 0005) with RCA or LCX disease. Exercise induced ST segment elevation in VI and/or AVL correlated with LAD disease. The site of ischaemic ST depression did not correlate with disease in any vessel. ST segment depression in leads L2, 3, AVF (67%) and in leads V4--6 (67%) was most sensitive for detecting patients with LAD disease and ST depression in leads V4--6 was most sensitive (56%) for detecting patients with RCA or LCX disease but neither differentiated LAD from RCA/LCX disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

QRS Score: a composite index of exercise-induced changes in the Q, R, and S waves during exercise stress testing in patients with ischemic heart disease.

BACKGROUND: To detect ischemic heart disease, the exercise-induced ST-segment displacement is the most frequently used ECG parameter. However, the value of this marker was proven to be limited with varying sensitivity and specificity. A new parameter, called QRS score, emerged to improve the efficacy of exercise testing. METHODS: Our study aimed at evaluating the diagnostic value of QRS score in ischemic heart disease, investigating males and females separately, and examining the effects of heart rate and antiischemic medication. QRS score and cumulative ST depression were calculated in 212 patients and correlated to the findings of the stress myocardial perfusion SPECT (197 subjects) or coronary angiography (54 subjects). RESULTS: An inverse correlation could be found between the QRS score and the results of myocardial SPECT and coronary angiography in the whole population, especially in males; females did not show a significant relationship. In patients with conclusive tests (achieving 85% of the maximal predicted heart rate) QRS score correlated significantly with the results of the stress myocardial perfusion SPECT and coronary angiography. The sensitivity, specificity, and validity of the QRS score surpassed those of the cumulative ST depression in the entire population as well as in patients with conclusive tests. The antiischemic medication did not affect correlation values. CONCLUSION: QRS score was significantly related to the extent of myocardial ischemia and the severity of coronary heart disease, thus along with the analysis of ST-segment displacement may contribute to the more precise evaluation of exercise testing.

Coronary Angiography↗

PubMed1999

Influence of exercise mode and carbohydrate on the immune response to prolonged exercise.

The influence of exercise mode and 6% carbohydrate (C) versus placebo (P) beverage ingestion on lymphocyte proliferation, natural killer cell cytotoxicity (NKCA), Interleukin (IL)-1beta production, and hormonal responses to 2.5 hr of intense running and cycling (approximately 75% VO2max) was measured in 10 triathletes serving as their own controls. The C versus P condition (but not exercise mode) resulted in higher plasma glucose concentrations, lower plasma cortisol concentrations, reduced postexercise lymphocytosis and NKCA, and a lessened T-cell reduction during recovery, No condition or mode effects were observed for concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte proliferation. Significant mode (but not condition) effects were observed for lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1beta production over time. However, when expressed per monocyte, the mode effect was abolished and a sustained suppression in IL-1beta/monocyte was observed in all sessions throughout recovery. These data indicate that carbohydrate ingestion significantly affects plasma glucose and cortisol concentrations, blood lymphocyte counts, and NKCA, whereas exercise mode has no effect on these parameters.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Familial aggregation of blood lipid response to exercise training in the health, risk factors, exercise training, and genetics (HERITAGE) Family Study.

BACKGROUND: Fasting levels of plasma lipids and lipoproteins are reported to improve with regular exercise training. However, little is known on whether the training responses are influenced by heritable factors. METHODS AND RESULTS: The lipid profile was assessed in 115 black (224 individuals) and 99 white families (469 individuals), who participated in the HERITAGE Family Study, while in a sedentary state (baseline visit) and after exercise training for 20 weeks (post visit). Variables included total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein A-I, and HDL-C subfractions 2 (HDL2-C) and 3 (HDL3-C). Familial correlations for the training responses (Delta=post-baseline) were significant for most variables, and the percent variance accounted for by familial factors (ie, maximal heritabilities) ranged from 25% to 38%. Exceptions were for higher heritabilities near 60% for DeltaApoB in blacks and DeltaHDL2-C in whites and a lower estimate of zero for DeltaLDL-C in blacks. CONCLUSIONS: Heritable factors in part determine lipid profile responses to regular exercise. Maximal heritabilities were similar across ethnic groups and variables, except for DeltaLDL-C, DeltaApoB, and DeltaHDL2-C. Molecular studies to identify the markers and genes associated with these influences are currently underway.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Genomic scan for exercise blood pressure in the Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training and Genetics (HERITAGE) Family Study.

Agenome-wide linkage scan was performed for genes affecting submaximal exercise systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the sedentary state and their responses to a standardized endurance training program. A total of 344 polymorphic markers were used, and 344 pairs of siblings from 99 white nuclear families and 102 sibling pairs from 105 black family units were available for the study. All subjects were healthy but sedentary at baseline. SBP and DBP were measured during exercise tests at 2 different intensities: 50 W (SBP50 and DBP50) and 80% of maximal oxygen consumption (SBP80 and DBP80). Baseline blood pressure phenotypes were adjusted for age, gender, and body mass index, and the training responses (after training minus baseline [Delta]) were adjusted for age, gender, baseline body mass index, and baseline blood pressure. Two analytical strategies were used: a multipoint variance-components linkage analysis using all the family data and a single-point linkage analysis using pairs of siblings. In whites, promising linkages (lod score >1.75) were detected for baseline SBP80 on 10q23-q24 and for DeltaSBP50 on 8q21. In addition, several chromosomal regions with suggestive evidence of linkage (lod score 1.0 to 1.75) were observed for SBP50 (22q11.2-q13), DBP50 (6q23-q27), SBP80 (2p24, 2q21, 14q11.1-q12, and 16q21), DBP80 (6q13-q21), DeltaSBP50 (7p12-p13), and DeltaDBP50 (5q31-q32). In blacks, DBP50, DBP80, and DeltaDBP80 showed promising quantitative trait loci on 18p11.2, 11q13-q21, and 10q21-q23, respectively. Suggestive linkages were evident for DBP50 on 2p22-p25, 11p15.5, and 18q21.1; for SBP80 on 6q21-q21, 6q31-q36, 12q12-q13, 15q12-q13, and 17q11-q12; and for DBP80 on 8q24, 10q21-q24, and 12p13. All the detected chromosomal regions include several potential candidate genes and therefore warrant further studies in the Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training and Genetics (HERITAGE) cohort and other studies.

Blood Pressure↗

PubMed1988

The hemodynamic and metabolic basis for decreased aerobic capacity in the supine exercise compared with the upright exercise in coronary artery disease.

To elucidate the mechanism of reduced exercise tolerance in the supine position, 14 patients with coronary artery disease were studied by both supine ergometer exercise and upright treadmill exercise. Maximal oxygen consumption in the supine position amounted to 80% of that in the upright position (1110 +/- 453 vs 1387 +/- 470 ml/min; p less than 0.001). Maximal cardiac output was identical in both positions (12.07 +/- 4.44 vs 12.55 +/- 4.49 l/min; ns). Maximal arteriovenous oxygen difference in the supine position amounted to 83% of that in the upright position (9.22 +/- 1.92 vs 11.14 +/- 1.88 vol%; p less than 0.01). Thus, the lower maximal oxygen consumption in the supine position was not caused by the decreased cardiac output but by the impaired augmentation of arteriovenous oxygen difference. Lactate concentration at the same oxygen consumption was higher in the supine position, which means early augmentation of anaerobic metabolism. We concluded that the aerobic capacity in the supine position was significantly lower than that in the upright position in patients with coronary artery disease, and the impaired utilization of transported oxygen was considered to be one of the mechanisms of the decreased aerobic capacity in the supine position.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Combined infusion of epinephrine and norepinephrine during moderate exercise reproduces the glucoregulatory response of intense exercise.

Intense exercise (IE) (>80% O(2max)) causes a seven- to eightfold increase in glucose production (R(a)) and a fourfold increase in glucose uptake (R(d)), resulting in hyperglycemia, whereas moderate exercise (ME) causes both to double. If norepinephrine (NE) plus epinephrine (Epi) infusion during ME produces the plasma levels and R(a) of IE, this would prove them capable of mediating these responses. Male subjects underwent 40 min of 53% O(2max) exercise, eight each with saline (control [CON]), or with combined NE + Epi (combined catecholamine infusion [CCI]) infusion from min 26-40. In CON and CCI, NE levels reached 7.3 +/- 0.7 and 33.1 +/- 2.9 nmol/l, Epi 0.94 +/- 0.08 and 7.06 +/- 0.44 nmol/l, and R(a) 3.8 +/- 0.4 and 12.9 +/- 0.8 mg. kg(-1). min(-1) (P < 0.001), respectively, at 40 min. R(d) increased to 3.5 +/- 0.4 vs. 11.2 +/- 0.8 mg. kg(-1). min(-1) and glycemia 5.2 +/- 0.2 mmol/l in CON vs. 6.5 +/- 0.2 mmol/l in CCI (P < 0.001). The glucagon-to-insulin ratio did not differ. Comparing CCI data to those from 14-min IE (n = 16), peak NE (33.6 +/- 5.1 nmol/l), Epi (5.32 +/- 0.93 nmol/l), and R(a) (13.0 +/- 1.0 mg. kg(-1). min(-1)) were comparable. The induced increments in NE, Epi, and R(a), all of the same magnitude as in IE, strongly support that circulating catecholamines can be the prime regulators of R(a) in IE.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Effects of differing durations and intensities of cardiovascular exercise on aversion and feeling states in new women exercisers.

20 previously sedentary women completed three assigned cardiovascular exercise protocols, each of varying lengths (15 to 25 min.) and intensities. No statistically significant difference was found on measures of pre- to postexercise changes in feeling states, or aversion, between protocols. Findings suggest that, contrary to previous research, longer exercise sessions may not always be less acceptable to participants than shorter ones, especially when a "cool down" period is added at the end. Assigned exercise durations and intensities may, however, be less likely to be associated with positive postexercise changes in feelings than self-selected amounts.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Preventing NIDDM among aboriginal people: is exercise the answer? Description of a pilot project using exercise to prevent gestational diabetes.

Rates of diabetes and its complications have reached epidemic proportions among North American Aboriginal peoples. This appears largely due to changes in diet and activity levels associated with a shift away from traditional lifestyles. Since exercise has been shown to be effective in preventing non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), Aboriginal communities may be able to reduce their rates of the disease by incorporating exercise programs into their public health programs. We describe a pilot project in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, whose ultimate purpose is to evaluate the effect of exercise in preventing gestational diabetes. If successful, this would reduce the risk of developing NIDDM for both women and their offspring.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Reliability of an exercise protocol designed to evaluate resistance exercise performance.

The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the reliability a protocol used to assess short-term resistance exercise performance. Six men participated in this investigation after giving their consent. Subjects (N = 6) performed 6 sets of leg extensions at 80% of 10 repetition maximum (RM). Ten repetitions were performed during the first 3 sets; during the last 3 sets subjects exercised to fatigue. Ninety seconds of seated passive recovery separated each set. Subsequently, 2 experimental trials were conducted in which the exercise protocol was identical to the familiarization trial. There was a significant decline in performance from set 4 (13.5 +/- 0.9 reps) to set 5 (11.9 +/- 0.8 reps) and set 4 to set 6 (10.8 +/- 1.0 reps), suggesting that the protocol did induce fatigue. The intraclass correlations were 0.992, 0.992, and 0.993 for the fourth, fifth, and sixth sets, respectively. The average coefficients of variation for the fourth, fifth, and sixth sets were 6.7, 2.7, and 7.1%, respectively. These data suggest that the resistance training protocol used in this investigation is reliable and may be useful in evaluating interventions designed to improve fatigue resistance.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Electromyographic validation of basic exercises for physical conditioning programmes. IV. Analysis of the deltoid muscle (anterior portion) and pectoralis major muscle (clavicular portion) in frontal-lateral cross, dumbbells exercises.

The electromyographic activity of the shoulder muscles deltoid--anterior portion (DA) and pectoralis major--clavicular portion (PMC) was tested on 24 male volunteers using a 2 channel TECA TE4 electromyograph and Hewlett Packard surface electrodes during the execution of four different modalities of frontal-lateral cross, dumbbells exercises. The results showed that all of the tested exercises developed high levels of action potential for both muscles. So, we justify the indication of all of them for physical fitness programmes for DA and PMC. Some suggestions to the use of the tested exercises are presented.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed2004

Effect of exercise intensity on the slow component of oxygen uptake in decremental work load exercise.

The paper sought to determine the exercise intensity where the slow component of oxygen uptake (Vo(2)) first appears in decremental work load exercise (DLE). Incremental work load exercise (ILE) was performed with an increment rate of 15 watts (W) per minute. In DLE, power outputs were decreased by 15 W per minute, from 120 (DLE(120)), 160 (DLE(160)), 200 (DLE(200)) and 240 (DLE(240)) W, respectively. The slopes of Vo(2) against the power output were obtained in the lower section from 0 to 50 W in all DLEs, and in the upper section from 80 to 120 W in DLE(160) and from 100 to 150 W in DLE(200) and DLE(240). The power output at exhaustion in ILE was 274 +/- 20 W. The power output at the ventilatory threshold (VT) obtained in ILE was 167 +/- 22 W. The initial power output in DLE(160) was near the power output at VT. The slopes obtained in the upper sections were 11.4 +/- 0.9 ml x min(-1) x W(-1)1 in DLE(160), 12.8 +/- 0.8 ml x min(-1) x W(-1) in DLE(200), and 14.8 +/- 1.1 ml x min(-1) x W(-1) in DLE(240). The slope obtained in DLE(120) was 10.9 +/- 0.6 ml x min(-1). There were no differences in slope between the upper and lower sections in DLE(160) but there were significant differences in slopes between the upper and lower sections in DLE(200) and DLE(240). Thus, the slow component, which could be observed as a steeper slope in DLE, began to increase when the initial power output in DLE was near to VT.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[The effect of Tai-Chi-Qui-Gong exercises on patients' pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and quality of life after lobectomy].

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Tai-Chi-Qui-Gong (TCQG) practice on patients' pulmonary function, activity capacity, and quality of life after lobectomy. Subjects admitted at a chest surgical ward of a medical center in Taipei city were included voluntarily after signing informed consents. The first 20 subjects were assigned to the control group, and the next 20 were assigned to the experimental group. Subjects in the experimental group received a training class on 10 motions of TCQG two days before surgery. They began to practice the TCQG exercises twice per day from the first postoperative day. They started with three motions on the first day, increasing to 10 on the fifth day. The control group received standard post-lobectomy care, which did not include the TCQG exercises. All subjects received measures on pulmonary function and six-minutes walk distance (6MWD) two days prior to the operation, as well as one week, and one month after the operation. Quality of life was measured two days before the operation and one month after the operation. The major statistical procedures applied in data management included: Chi-square, two-way ANOVA, independent-T test, and repeated-measures ANOVA. The p value level of < .05 was used as the significant level. The results indicated that subjects in the experimental group had significant improvement in their tidal volume and 6MWD after lobectomy, while subjects in the control group did not. The 6MWD of the subjects in the experimental group reverted to the preoperative status at the end of the first week, and was even better one month later. The postoperative quality of life of the subjects in the experimental group was significantly better than that of in the control group. These findings indicate that 10 motions of TCQG exercise were effective in improving pulmonary function, activity capacity, and quality of life of patients after lobectomy.

Exercise Tolerance↗

PubMed1991

[Usefulness of thallium-201 myocardial SPECT using dipyridamole infusion combined with low level exercise for the detection of the ischemic heart disease--comparison with SPECT images by maximum physical exercise in the same patients].

To evaluate the usefulness of thallium-201 myocardial SPECT using dipyridamole infusion combined with low level exercise (Dp-method) for the detection of the ischemic heart disease, we performed both Dp-method and maximum physical exercise SPECT (Ex-method) in the same 28 patients, and compared the results obtained by the two methods. In the visual evaluation, the detectability of each stenotic coronary territory by Dp-method tended to be higher than that by Ex-method (accuracy 71% vs 67%). The severity of the defect and the degree of the redistribution were higher by Dp-method than those by Ex-method. In the washout rate (WR) analysis in 14 angina pectoris patients, the detectability (accuracy) by Dp-method was significantly higher than that by Ex-method (86% vs 64%; p less than 0.05). In comparison of mean WR values in normal subjects (10 cases for Dp-method and other 8 cases for Ex-method), mean WR by Dp-method was as high as that by Ex-method and the deviation of WR value among subjects was very small. This was probably due to the effect of the low level exercise. These results suggested that Dp-method was more excellent than Ex-method in the evaluation of the ischemic heart disease, and was a useful method of the daily routine work. The incidence of chest symptom and the electrocardiographic ST-depression was as high by Dp-method as that by Ex-method. The filling defects in Dp-method were thought to be induced not only by the difference in the relative increase of the myocardial perfusion, but also by the myocardial ischemia.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Pain clinic #11. Physical exercise in the treatment of low back pain. Part III: A practical regimen of strengthening exercise.

The first and second articles in this three-part series reviewed the research evidence for physical exercise in the treatment of low back pain and outlined a specific and practical program of stretching exercise. In this final paper, we will present and illustrate the remaining component of a physical exercise regimen utilized in the treatment of a large population of patients suffering either nonsurgical or postsurgical low back pain.

Back Pain↗

PubMed1984

Exercise testing for functional evaluation and exercise prescription.

Although radionuclide tests, despite their high cost, are being used with ever-increasing frequency in diagnostic testing, the ECG exercise stress test remains the best method for providing inexpensive, noninvasive information on how patients will function in vocational and recreational pursuits. This article explains the usefulness of respiratory gas analysis measurements in evaluating performance as well as providing some substitutes when direct measurement is not available. Various exercise test modifications that help in prescribing exercise for athletes, able-bodied cardiac patients, or the disabled are also described.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1981

National Exercise and Heart Disease Project. Psychosocial changes observed during a low-level exercise program.

Seven hundred eight-four men, 30 to 64 years of age, with documented myocardial infarctions less than three years prior to study admission, were admitted to a six-week low-level exercise program. Six hundred fifty-one subjects completed the program, in which exercise intensity was limited to a maximum of 72% of age-predicted heart rate. This report characterizes study dropouts. In addition, the results suggest that low-level exercise is sufficient to stimulate positive psychosocial, sexual, and vocational changes in an upper middle class volunteer population. Recency of infarct is significantly correlated with degree of change in work capacity but does not appear to influence significantly the outcome variables, with the possible exception of return to sexual functioning.

Adult↗