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PubMed1999

Superovulation induction in Japanese Black cattle by a single intramuscular injection of hMG or FSH dissolved in polyvinylpyrrolidone.

The efficacy of a single intramuscular dose of 450 or 600 international units (IU) of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) or 30 mg of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), each dissolved in 30% polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 (PVP), for superovulation treatment was compared to that of superovulation induction by administration of a total dose of 600 IU hMG given in declining doses twice daily over a 3-day period. A total of 48 Japanese Black cows were used for the investigation. Oestrus was observed within 60 h after PGF2alpha administration in all cows in the hMG groups. In the hMG group that received a single dose of 600 IU hMG (n = 12), oestrus was observed less than 36 h after treatment in one cow. In contrast, oestrus was not observed in 3 of the 12 cows (25%) in the FSH group. Neither the average number of recovered ova/embryos nor the number of transferable embryos per collection differed significantly among the hMG groups. However, the average number of transferable embryos was not significantly higher in cows treated with a single dose of 600 IU of hMG than in cows treated with a single 30 mg dose of FSH (7.5+/-4.5 vs. 2.1+/-2.8). The number of cows from which more than three excellent grade embryos were collected was highest in the group that received a single dose of 600 IU hMG (9/12, 75%) and lowest in the group that received a single 30 mg dose of FSH (2/9, 22%). The differences between groups in the percentages of cows with three or more excellent embryos between treatments were not statistically significant. The proportion of recovered ova/embryos classified as excellent was highest in the group that received 600 IU hMG in declining doses and lowest in the group that received a single 30 mg dose of FSH (55.2% vs. 30.2%; P < 0.05). The recovery rate of unfertilized ova was lowest in the group that received a single dose of 600 IU hMG and highest in the group received a single 30 mg dose of FSH (18.3% vs. 48.8%; P < 0.05). Although the differences in recovery results between the groups were not statistically significant, the recovery rates in hMG groups were higher than that the FSH group. These findings suggest that superovulation can be induced adequately in Japanese Black cows using one injection of 450 to 600 IU hMG dissolved in PVP.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Plasma level studies in volunteers after intramuscular injection of various doses of etofenamate in an oily solution].

Plasma level Studies on Volunteers after Intramuscular Application of Different Doses of Etofenamate in Oily Solution. After i.m. injections of etofenamate (active substance of Rheumon i.m.) in oily solution to 12 volunteers, courses of plasma levels of etofenamate, flufenamic acid and fenamate (sum of etofenamate and flufenamic acid) were measured by HPTLC. Maximum levels of etofenamate, flufenamic acid and fenamate, as well as areas under the plasma level time curve (AUC) after 250, 500 and 1000 mg etofenamate respectively are proportional to dose. Maxima of fenamate plasma levels are reached after 6.3, 6.2 and 5.4 h respectively, half maximal levels are present already after 2 h. The mean residence time is 21.8, 18.8 and 15.7 h. These values obtained from different doses are not statistically different from each other. Pharmacokinetics are therefore linear and dose independent. The courses of fenamate levels can be described by a two compartment model. The elimination half lives after 250, 500 and 1000 mg are 2.1, 2.3 and 1.9 h, the invasion half-lives (dominant half-life) 8.8, 7.8 and 6.8 h. Terminal half-lives are 50.3, 63.7 and 35.4 h. Since plasma levels have decreased to 2% of the maximum level after one terminal half-life, they have no practical importance for the duration of activity or for accumulation. No sex related differences are found for dose dependent and independent parameters. From the data it can be derived that after i.m. injection of etofenamate in oily solution a prolongation of the dominant half-life occurs by a factor of 4-5 (as compared to oral data) which is caused by prolonged liberation from the oily depot. This long lasting liberation of etofenamate leads to a prolonged residence time after a fast increase, at the same time avoiding unnecessary high peak levels. Therefore it is guaranteed that even after i.m. administration of 1000 mg etofenamate in oily solution plasma levels of fenamate do not exceed those after 300 mg given orally. According to pharmacokinetic data a fast onset of action, good tolerability and a therapeutic action over a period of 24 h can be expected.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[The plasma level of kanamycin after intravenous and intramuscular injections in horses].

A therapeutical dose of kanamycin was tested intravenously and intramuscularly in four normal standardbreds and plasma concentrations were measured over a 12 hour period. Plasma levels exceeded a minimum inhibitory concentration of 4 micrograms/ml within only 15 minutes for 8 hours both after i.v. and i.m. injection. Kanamycin revealed a mean plasma half life of 2.3 hours. Bioavailability of an intramuscular dose was about 76%. The pharmacokinetic parameters demonstrate the rapid onset of antibacterial plasma levels of the test compound. A dose regimen for horses of two times daily 5 mg/kg body weight ensures therapeutically effective plasma levels. The risk of accumulation as well as nephro- or ototoxic side effects are negligible at short-term treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Distribution of amikacin in serum, muscle, and fat in children after a single intramuscular injection.

Amikacin concentrations in serum, muscle, and fat were determined in 41 children after intramuscular administration of 7.5 mg/kg of body weight. At 1.5 h amikacin reached peak concentrations in serum (mean value, 14.9 mug/ml) as well as in muscle (2.2 mug/g) and fat (1.89 mug/g) tissue; from then on all concentrations declined. Amikacin concentrations exceeded 1 mug/g in muscle for at least 3 h and in fat for at least 4 h.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

Assessment of DNA vaccine potential for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) by intramuscular injection of a reporter gene.

Naked circular plasmid DNA containing the cytomegalovirus (CMV)-promoter-driven lacZ reporter gene (pCMV-LacZ) was injected in the epaxial muscle of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). A mosaic pattern of expression of beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) in the myofibres at the site of injection was visualised by in situ histochemical staining using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside. As measured by o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside assay, beta-gal enzymatic activity was found to steadily increase for at least 50 days post injection (p.i.) in pCMV-LacZ-injected muscle. In parallel, foreign DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction in injected muscles (but not in other tissues) up to 60 days p.i., persisting most probably in an extrachromosomal, non-replicative, circular form. Neither beta-gal activity nor pCMV-LacZ-related amplification products were found 90 days p.i. Antibodies against beta-gal were demonstrated in pCMV-LacZ-injected fish sampled 45 days p.i. The results suggest that intramuscular delivery of foreign genes represents a realistic approach for DNA vaccine technology for the prevention of infectious diseases in gilthead sea bream.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Intramuscular injection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces muscle hyperalgesia in rats.

The role of proinflammatory cytokines in neuropathic and inflammatory pain is well established. Recent studies suggest that cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) may also be involved in the development of muscle pain. To investigate the pathophysiology of intramuscular TNF, exogenous TNF (0.1-10 microg), formalin (9%) or vehicle was injected into the gastrocnemius or biceps brachii muscles of rats. To quantify muscle hyperalgesia, changes in forelimb grip force or withdrawal thresholds to increasing pressure applied to the gastrocnemius muscle were measured. TNF evoked a time- and dose-dependent muscle hyperalgesia within several hours after injection that was totally reversed by systemic treatment with the non-opioid analgesic metamizol. Paw withdrawal thresholds or latencies to mechanical and thermal stimuli, respectively, were unchanged after intramuscular injection of TNF or formalin. In contrast to formalin, which induced significant muscle tissue damage, macrophage infiltration, swelling and partial motor impairment demonstrated in rotarod tests, TNF induced neither histopathological tissue damage nor motor dysfunction. To investigate the effect of TNF and formalin on other potentially algesic mediators, muscles were analyzed for calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nerve growth factor (NGF) 1 day after injection. TNF and formalin evoked intramuscular upregulation of CGRP and NGF, whereas PGE2 was increased exclusively after TNF injection. These findings allow us to speculate that endogenous TNF may play a role in the development of muscle hyperalgesia. Targeting proinflammatory cytokines might be beneficial for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain syndromes.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Similar responsiveness of diabetic ketoacidosis to low-dose insulin by intramuscular injection and albumin-free infusion.

We compared low-dose insulin regimens in a prospective randomized trial in 30 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. One group received a loading dose of 0.44 U/kg body weight of regular insulin half intramuscularly and half intravenously followed by 7 U/h intramuscularly, whereas the other group received a loading dose of 0.44 U/kg intravenously followed immediately by a constant infusion of 7 U/h in albumin-free saline. The time for metabolic control of the ketoacidosis was not significantly different in the two groups. Five patients in each group developed mild hypokalemia (serum potassium, 3.0 to 3.4 meq/litre). No patient became hypoglycemic, and there were no deaths within the follow-up period (24 h). In the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, low doses of insulin administered by the priming dose-intermittent intramuscular route are as effective as the constant infusion method.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Effects of intramuscular injection of alpha-tocopheryl acetate on fatty acid profile in lamb liver.

The effects of intramuscularly administrated vitamin E on total lipids, fatty acid profile, and lipid stability to oxidation was investigated in lamb liver. Twenty-four 5-day-old lambs were allotted to 4 groups of 6 each and given respectively 0 (control), 125, 200, 300 mg dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate weekly from day 5 to 33. alpha-Tocopherol stored in lamb liver at the end of experiment showed linear correlation with the level of injected vitamin E. No effect on total lipids was found. A decrease in the level of liver thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances (TBARS), significantly correlated with liver alpha-tocopherol content, was found in vitamin E groups. The amount of linoleic and linolenic acids significantly increased in the vitamin E groups as compared to control group, and were correlated with the liver alpha-tocopherol content. TBARS were negatively correlated with the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids. Finally, in the liver of the treated groups, vitamin E concentrations in the range 30-50 micrograms/g showed adequate for an efficient protection from peroxidation of membrane lipids, and determined an increase in the unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Efficacy of lidocaine in preventing primary ventricular fibrillation within 1 hour after a 300 mg intramuscular injection. A double-blind, randomized study of 300 hospitalized patients with acute myocardial infarction.

The effectiveness of intramuscular lidocaine in preventing in-hospital primary ventricular fibrillation within 1 hour after injection of the drug in patients with acute myocardial infarction was assessed in a double-blind randomized study performed in 300 such patients admitted within 6 hours of myocardial infarction. Six of 147 patients treated with 300 mg of intamuscular lidocaine had ventricular fibrillation compared with 4 of 153 control subjects. The lidocaine blood level of the patients who experienced ventricular fibrillation was 1.4 +/- 0.7 microgram/ml (mean +/- standard deviation) at the time of fibrillation, a value not significantly different from that of treated patients who did not experience fibrillation. Lidocaine blood levels in the latter were 1.9 +/- 1.1, 2.1 +/- 1.1, 2.1 +/- 1.1 and 1.7 +/- 0.7 microgram/ml, respectively, 7, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after injection. In this study intramuscular lidocaine was ineffective in preventing ventricular fibrillation, possibly because the given dose, 300 mg, prevented attainment of adequqte blood levels of the drug.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Subcutaneous versus intramuscular injection for booster DT vaccination of adolescents.

The importance of the injection technique in booster vaccination was investigated in an open randomized study with 252 10-year-old Swedish school-children receiving routine DT vaccination either by subcutaneous or by intramuscular route in the upper arm. The adolescents had previously been primed with DT vaccine at 3, 5 and 12 months of age. Adverse reactions, monitored for 2 weeks, showed the same low rates for systemic reactions in both groups, while the intramuscular administration gave significantly less redness (p < 0.001), swelling (p < 0.001), itching (p < 0.01) and pain (p < 0.05). These reactions were also of shorter duration (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001). Girls were found to have more pain and itching than boys (p < 0.001). No significant differences in antibody responses between the two administration routes were found in the 99 samples drawn 2 weeks after the booster. However, girls were found to have a lower response to diphtheria toxoid than boys (p = 0.009). Local reactions to a booster can thus be significantly reduced by choice of injection technique, which may be necessary if increased dosages and/or further valences are to be given to adolescents and adults.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1980

Accidental intramuscular injection of mechlorethamine.

A 55-year-old man with chronic, active diffuse psoriasis was accidentally given 30 mg of mechlorethmine deep into the buttock muscles. About 5 hours after the intramuscular (IM) mechlorethamine injection, 1/6 M sodium thiosulfate was infused around the intramuscular site. Although systemic responses to the mechlorethamine developed, the expected muscular and adjacent skin destruction did not occur. Instead, IM mechlorethamine induced only minimal local tenderness.

Antidotes↗
PubMed1986

[Morphine and scopolamine in premedication. A comparison of peroral and transdermal administration with intramuscular injections].

A randomized clinical study was undertaken to compare the feasibility and effectiveness of two different premedications. Thirty-eight patients admitted for elective tonsillectomy gave informed consent and were randomly assigned to two groups. One group received morphine orally and scopolamine transdermally. In the second group, the same substances were applied intramuscularly before the operation. The following parameters were evaluated: psychological state, sedation, hemodynamics, salivation, pain and side effects. General anesthesia was maintained with thiopental, fentanyl, N2O/O2, and enflurane; alcuronium was used for muscle relaxation. The results showed no significant differences between the groups for any of the parameters considered.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of endotoxemia with low-dose intramuscular injections or oral administration of polymyxin B.

Thirty patients with sepsis received 50,000 U of polymyxin B intramuscularly per day (n = 22) or 3 million U orally per day (n = 8). Plasma endotoxin levels were measured by the Endospecy test after treating the plasma with a new perchloric acid method. Plasma endotoxin levels were reduced to normal values (less than 9.8 pg/ml) in all the injected patients within two days and in all the orally treated patients within three days. Clinical symptoms were also ameliorated. No treatment side effects were reported. It is concluded that polymyxin B is a safe and effective treatment against endotoxemia.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

Disposition of creatine kinase activity in dog plasma following intravenous and intramuscular injection of skeletal muscle homogenates.

The fate of skeletal muscle-derived creatine kinase (CK) was investigated in six dogs. After i.m. and i.v. injections of 3000 g and 105,000 g supernatants of dog muscle homogenates, plasma CK activity was measured up to 48 h. There was no significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters dependent on the type of supernatant injected. After i.v. injection, the volume of distribution of CK was equal to the plasma volume, CK clearance was relatively low (about 0.5 mL/kg/min) and its terminal half-life of elimination was about 2.5 h. After i.m. injection, the CK terminal half-life was about 6.5 h, demonstrating a flip-flop mechanism, i.e. a limiting absorption process from the site of injection. Bioavailability after i.m. injection was about 65%, and the rate of absorption from muscle injection site was relatively slow: peak activity occurred at the second hour post administration, and most CK activity had been absorbed by 24 h. These pharmacokinetic parameters can be used as a basis for a minimally invasive means of quantitating muscle damage either after intramuscular drug administration or in canine sports medicine.

Analysis of Variance↗