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PubMed1977

A digital computer and a lung function test service: efficiency and costs.

An off-line digital computer used to calculate the results of routine lung function tests saved an average of 20% (9.8 min) of the time required per patient when compared with the use of a simple electronic calculator. This saving would permit an increase in the work-load of the laboratory from 1250 to 1500 patients per year if the same tests were used. The cost of suitable computer equipment, however, would exceed that of employing an additional lung function technician.

Computers↗

PubMed1989

Effect of maternal hormone treatment on lung protein leakage and lung function of preterm newborn rabbits.

We tested whether maternal administration of corticosteroids, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), triiodothyronine (T3) or their combinations, would improve lung function of ventilated preterm newborn rabbits. Maternal corticosteroids and T3 treatments did not improve lung compliance; TRH did. The major effect observed was a large improvement in lung compliance following maternal treatment with corticosteroids plus TRH in animals treated with surfactant. These agents made the lung "receptive" to the surfactant treatment. T3 did not improve lung function and no augmented response to surfactant was seen. None of the treated groups had surfactant pool sizes significantly different from controls. The mechanisms of action of corticosteroids and/or TRH seemed to be independent of changes in surfactant pool sizes.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗

PubMed2001

Respiratory symptoms and lung function in bauxite miners.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether cumulative bauxite exposure is associated with respiratory symptoms or changes in lung function in a group of bauxite miners. METHODS: Current employees at three bauxite mines in Australia were invited to participate in a survey comprising: questionnaire on demographic details, respiratory symptoms, and work history; skin prick tests for four common aeroallergens; and spirometry. A task exposure matrix was constructed for bauxite exposure in all tasks in all jobs based on monitoring data. Data were examined for associations between cumulative bauxite exposure, and respiratory symptoms and lung function, by regression analyses. RESULTS: The participation rate was 86%. Self-reported work-related respiratory symptoms were reported by relatively few subjects (1.5%-11.8%). After adjustment for age and smoking no significant differences in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms were identified between subjects, in the quartiles of cumulative bauxite exposure distribution. The forced expiratory volume in I s (FEV1) of the exposed group was found to be significantly lower than that for the unexposed group. After adjustment for age, height, and smoking there were no statistically significant differences between quartiles in FEVI, forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEVl/FVC ratio. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide little evidence of a serious adverse effect on respiratory health associated with exposure to bauxite in an open-cut bauxite mine in present day conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Lung function and airway responsiveness in infancy.

Reliable indices of lung function are now possible in infants using tidal breath analyses and measurements of maximum flows using the rapid thoracic compression technique. These have allowed better definition of the pathogenesis of wheezing illnesses in this age group which should, in the future, lead to improved treatment and possible prevention of common lower respiratory illnesses.

Airway Resistance↗

PubMed1977

Lung function in fire fighters, II: a five year follow-up fo retirees.

In a study of the chronic effects of fire fighting on lung function, 1,768 employees from the Boston Fire Department were examined in 1970. From this cohort, 109 firefighters who retired in the period 1970 to 1975 have been restudied with questionnaire and ventilatory function tests. The observed vulues for pulmonary function when expressed as a per cent of predicted are consistently slightly below 100 per cent. The expected effect of cigarett smoking on lung function was demonstrated. The results suggest thetirement) are important in reducing the effect of fire fighting on subjects who may be adversely affected by the inhalation of combustion products.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Effects of arachidonic acid and prostaglandins on lung function in the intact dog.

The effects of the prostaglandin (PG) precursor, arachidonic acid (AA), and the primary PG's, PGF2alpha, and PGD2, on lung function were compared in 39 intact-chest, paralyzed, artificially ventilated dogs. Intravenous AA decreased dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and functional residual capacity and increased airway resistance (Rl) and transpulmonary pressure at end-passive expiration. The decrease in Cdyn correlated closely with a rise in pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa). Indomethacin abolished airway and vascular responses to AA, but did not attenuate responses to the PG's. The effects of AA, PGD2, and PGF2alpha on lung function and Ppa were similar, whereas PGE2 had little effect. Vagotomy attentuated the RL increase in response to AA, PGE2alpha, and PGD2 and the Cdyn decrease in response to the PG's. The effects of the PG's on compliance were greater than those produced by mechanically increasing pulmonary venous pressure. The present studies suggest that the PG precursor is rapidly converted to agents that have marked effect on both pulmonary vessels and airways, particularly peripheral airways, in the dog.

Airway Resistance↗

PubMed1976

Lung function changes in smokers with normal conventional spirometry.

The comparative ability to detect early abnormalities in smokers by commonly used lung function tests was studied. Sixty-five healthy male nonsmokers served as a reference group and provided standards for 1-sec forced expiratory volume, vital capacity, end-tidal spirometry, spirometric forced mid-and end-expiratory flows, single-breath diffusing capacity, static lung volumes (helium method), and single-breath N2 closing volume measurements, In the present series of 80 male smokers, the measurements of forced mid-expiratory flow and forced end-expiratory flow did not improve the ability of the more conventional indices, 1-sec forced expiratory volume and the ratio of 1-sec forced expiratory volume to vital capacity, to detect obstructive lung disease. In 71 smokers with normal 1-sec forced expiratory volume and ratio of 1-sec forced expiratory volume to vital capacity, the end-tidal spirometry, diffusing capacity, and residual volume indices revealed 14,20, and 21 per cent of abnormalities. respectively. The single-breath N2 closing volume test (Phase IV/vital capacity and slope of Phase III) detected the greatest number of subtle changes in lung function; this was abnormal in 32 per cent of smokers with normal conventional spirometry. In young or light smokers, Phase IV/vital capacity was more frequently increased than the slope of Phase III; an incerse trend was observed in older or heavier smokers. The single-breath N2 closing volume test also provided the greatest number of abnormal results when other indices were impaired in the same subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Risk factors for growth and decline of lung function in asthmatic individuals up to age 42 years. A 30-year follow-up study.

Little is known about factors determining the outcome of childhood asthma. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to assess the factors in childhood that determine the level of FEV(1) in early adulthood in asthmatic individuals, and to examine factors associated with decline in FEV(1) during adulthood. Between 1966 and 1969, 119 allergic asthmatic subjects aged 5 to 14 yr were studied (Visit 1). Of these subjects, 101 (85%) were reinvestigated at ages 22 to 32 yr (Visit 2) and 32 to 42 yr (Visit 3). At the first survey and during follow-up, a standardized questionnaire was used, serum total IgE and peripheral blood eosinophils were measured, and physical examination, skin tests, lung function tests, and histamine challenge (provocative concentration causing a 10% decline in FEV(1); PC(10)) tests were performed according to the same protocol. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed with FEV(1) at Visit 2 and with the change of FEV(1) from Visit 2 to Visit 3 as outcome variables. A low FEV(1)% predicted at Visit 1 and PC(10) </= 16 mg/ml at Visit 1 were significantly associated with a lower level of FEV(1) at Visit 2. Subjects who quit smoking and subjects who continued to use inhaled corticosteroids had a significantly smaller annual decline in FEV(1) from Visit 2 to Visit 3, adjusted for attained level of FEV(1) at Visit 2. In conclusion, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and a low level of lung function in childhood are independent risk factors for a low level of FEV(1) in early adulthood. A smaller decline in FEV(1) after ages 22 to 32 yr occurs in asthmatics who quit smoking and who continue to use inhaled corticosteroids. Our data stress the importance of studying intervention strategies for asthma in young childhood and early adulthood in order to prevent or postpone further lung function deficits.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Decrements in lung function related to arsenic in drinking water in West Bengal, India.

During 1998-2000, the authors investigated relations between lung function, respiratory symptoms, and arsenic in drinking water among 287 study participants, including 132 with arsenic-caused skin lesions, in West Bengal, India. The source population involved 7,683 participants who had been surveyed for arsenic-related skin lesions in 1995-1996. Respiratory symptoms were increased among men with arsenic-caused skin lesions (versus those without lesions), particularly "shortness of breath at night" (odds ratio (OR) = 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 7.6) and "morning cough" (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.2, 6.6) in smokers and "shortness of breath ever" (OR = 3.8, 95% CI: 0.7, 20.6) in nonsmokers. Among men with skin lesions, the average adjusted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was reduced by 256.2 ml (95% CI: 113.9, 398.4; p < 0.001) and the average adjusted forced vital capacity (FVC) was reduced by 287.8 ml (95% CI: 134.9, 440.8; p < 0.001). In men, a 100-microg/liter increase in arsenic level was associated with a 45.0-ml decrease (95% CI: 6.2, 83.9) in FEV1 (p = 0.02) and a 41.4-ml decrease (95% CI: -0.7, 83.5) in FVC (p = 0.054). Women had lower risks than men of developing skin lesions and showed little evidence of respiratory effects. In this study, consumption of arsenic-contaminated water was associated with respiratory symptoms and reduced lung function in men, especially among those with arsenic-related skin lesions.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

[Study of lung symptomatology and lung function in steelworkers].

We have examined 272 steelworkers, aged 45 to 55 years, by means of the ECSC-questionnaire and the following lung function tests: vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), residual volume (RV) and total lung capacity (TLC); maximal expiratory flow rates (Vmax, Vmax 50, Vmax 75); specific airways conductance (SGaw); slope of the N2 alveolar plateau after oxygen inhalation (delta N2) and the bolus closing volume (CV). The influence of smoking on respiratory symptoms and lung function was confirmed. In order to assess the influence of occupational pollution a sample of 163 workers was classified according to smoking habits and workplace (either LD-steelplant and continuous casting department, or sheet rolling mill). In the nonsmokers group we found that the workers from the steelplant and continuous casting department (n = 12) had a significantly lower SGaw value (delta = 0.065 cm H2O-1 . s-1, p less than 0.01) and a significantly higher CV value (delta = 4.5% VC, p less than 0.05) than the workers from the sheet rolling mill (n = 11). Differences in FEV1/VC, Vmax 50 and Vmax 75 were not significant, but were also consistent with a slight airflow obstruction in the steelplant workers. In the smokers (n = 99) and exsmokers (n = 41) groups no differences existed between both working categories. Our results suggest that nonsmoking workers from the steelplant and the continuous casting department have undergone moderate, but detectable effects from industrial pollution. These effects are probably masked by those of tobacco in smokers and exsmokers.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗

PubMed1994

Tobacco smoking (up to 10 cigarettes daily) and lung functions in pregnant women.

The main objective of this paper was to study the effect of tobacco smoking (up to 10 cigarettes daily) on lung functions of healthy pregnant women as part of a large scale foetus antenatal care programme. Seventy eight pregnant women with no history and clinical evidence of pulmonary, cardiac, obstetrical or gynecological diseases were subjected to a comprehensive functional investigation of breathing. The women, all in the tenth lunar month of pregnancy, were divided into four categories: non-smokers, ex-smokers that have quitted smoking after diagnosing of pregnancy, with a mean of 2.0 +/- 1.2 pack-years of smoking (mean +/- SD), and current smokers with 3.1 +/- 1.9 pack-years of smoking. The results obtained show that light smoking causes no essential changes in the lung function parameters of pregnant women with the exception of the reduction tendency of the parameters of airway conductance and the strength of the respiratory muscle (PImax and PEmax).

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Relation between nocturnal symptoms and changes in lung function on lying down in asthmatic children.

Nocturnal symptoms are common in young asthmatic children. Such symptoms may be caused by increased impairment of lung function when they adopt the supine posture. Thirty one children aged 2.8-8.3 years were studied, of whom 20 had asthma (10 with frequent nocturnal symptoms) and 11 had no respiratory problems (control subjects). Peak expiratory flow (PEF) was measured with a Wright's peak flow meter and functional residual capacity (FRC) by a helium gas dilution technique after 30 minutes of lying supine; the values were compared with FRC measured sitting and PEF standing. Peak flow fell significantly on adoption of the supine posture in the asthmatic children, but there was no difference in this fall between the asthmatic children with and without nocturnal symptoms. FRC also fell on adoption of the supine posture, but the decrease in FRC was significant only in the control children and the asthmatic children without nocturnal symptoms. The failure to find a greater fall in PEF or a greater change in FRC on adoption of the supine posture among asthmatic children with nocturnal symptoms suggests that mechanisms other than increased impairment of lung function are responsible for nocturnal asthma.

Asthma↗

PubMed1994

The relationship between pneumonia in early childhood and impaired lung function in late adult life.

This study related respiratory illness documented in the first 2 yr of life to the lung function of 618 men and women with a mean age of 70 yr living in Derbyshire, England. Pneumonia before 2 yr of age was associated with a lower mean FEV1, adjusted for age and height. In men, the difference was -0.65L (95% CI: -1.02, -0.29; p = 0.0005). This estimate did not diminish after adjustment for smoking and asthma. In women, the reduction in mean FEV1 associated with pneumonia before 2 yr of age was smaller and nonsignificant. Bronchitis, measles, and whooping cough before 2 yr of age were not associated with diminished adult lung function in either sex. The findings in men support a causal relationship between pneumonia in early childhood and COPD in late adult life.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1994

The effects of biofeedback assisted breathing retraining on lung functions in patients with cystic fibrosis.

This study examines the effects of respiratory muscle feedback and breathing retraining (BRT) on lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Twenty-six patients with CF were matched for age and severity of disease. Standard respiratory spirometry was performed on all subjects before and after biofeedback training. Thirteen experimental subjects underwent eight sessions of pneumographic or strain-gauge feedback from the abdominal muscles and electromyogram feedback from accessory respiratory muscles to assist in learning diaphragmatic and pursed-lips breathing maneuvers. Control subjects received biofeedback-assisted (hand warming) relaxation training. Results revealed a significant improvement in FEV1 and mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of forced vital capacity (FVC) for the biofeedback group, while the control group showed no change. A similar trend was noted for FVC. These data suggest that respiratory muscle feedback and BRT may improve lung function in patients with CF.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed1995

Maternal smoking during pregnancy. Effects on lung function during the first 18 months of life.

The present investigation evaluated the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the growth of lung function during the first 18 mo of life in 159 infants who were part of a longitudinal study of the effects of maternal smoking on respiratory health. Infant pulmonary function was assessed at 2 to 6 wk of age and at 4 to 6, 9 to 12, and 15 to 18 mo of age by partial expiratory flow-volume curves and helium dilution FRC. Maternal smoking was assessed by standard questionnaire and urine cotinine measurements. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with a reduction of 9.4 +/- 4.3 ml (p = 0.029) for FRC and 33 +/- 12.3 ml/s (p = 0.008) reduction for flow at FRC (VFRC) after controlling for the effects of growth (length). The effect of maternal smoking was greater for female infants than for male infants. At 1 yr female infants exposed in utero were predicted to have a 16% reduction in VFRC compared with 5% for male infants. No sex difference was seen for FRC or VFRC/FRC. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the postnatal period was not significantly related to reduced FRC or VFRC. These data provide further evidence that maternal smoking during pregnancy may play a greater role than postnatal and childhood exposure on the observed effects on lung function in children.

Female↗

PubMed2005

[The effect of health education on lung function and quality of life among stabilized patients with chronic pulmonary disease].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of health education on lung function and quality of life in stabilized patients with chronic pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: 117 stabilized COPD patients were randomly devided into 4 groups with numbers as 31,26, 20 and 40 identified as Groups 1 to 4. Patients in Group 1 did not receive health education, but Groups 2,3 and 4 received one, two, three or more times health education in file. FEV1, FEV1%, FEV1/FVC and SGRQ score were compared pre and 6-month post the health education program. RESULTS: Health education seemed successful in delaying the decline of FEV1, FEV%, FEV1/FVC and groups 2-4 were superior to group 1(P < 0.05) while groups 3 and 4 were superior to groups 1 or 2(P < 0.05). Health education was effective in raising the SGRQ score among the stabilized COPD patients with groups 2-4 superior to group 1 (P < 0.05) while groups 3 and 4 superior to groups 1 or 2 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Health education could effectively delay the decline of both lung function and quality of life in stabilized patients with COPD.

Aged↗

PubMed1983

Discriminant analysis of lung function test results in the selection of patients for bronchial carcinoma surgery.

Discriminant analysis was applied to the results of lung function tests carried out on patients prior to thoracotomy for carcinoma of the bronchus. A group of 64 patients who subsequently suffered post-operative complications were compared with one of 78 who were complication free. The largest differences between the mean discriminants of the groups using from 2 to 9 attributes was with combinations which included the residual volume and maximum voluntary ventilation values in every case. The differences increased little from the 2- to the 9-attribute analyses. Using the group mean discriminate as limits, two sets of 240 patients and one of 116 patients were divided into 3 risk categories. The findings were compared with those using a previously published method based upon empirically determined limits for the lung function test results. Consistent findings indicated that it was necessary to add the unweighted maximal mid-expiratory flow rate and whether the operation was a right pneumonectomy to the 2-attribute discriminant procedure to give one that was comparable to the empirical method. It was concluded that little improvement can be brought about using discriminant analysis on the test results although the new procedure may prove more convenient in practice.

Carcinoma, Bronchogenic↗

PubMed2003

Improved antioxidant and fatty acid status of patients with cystic fibrosis after antioxidant supplementation is linked to improved lung function.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress, as measured by 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2)(alpha) (8-iso-PGF(2)(alpha)), and depleted antioxidant defenses were shown in stable cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The plasma fatty acid status of CF patients was linked to oxidative stress after respiratory exacerbations. OBJECTIVE: We examined changes in plasma 8-iso-PGF(2)(alpha), antioxidant defenses, plasma fatty acid status, and clinical markers resulting from short-term antioxidant supplementation. DESIGN: Forty-six CF patients were randomly assigned to either group A [low dose of supplement (10 mg vitamin E and 500 micro g vitamin A)] or group B [high dose of supplement (200 mg vitamin E, 300 mg vitamin C, 25 mg beta-carotene, 90 micro g Se, and 500 micro g vitamin A)]. Plasma concentrations of 8-iso-PGF(2)(alpha), vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, zinc, selenium, and copper; plasma fatty acid composition; erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) and superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activities; lung function; and dietary intake were measured before and after 8 wk of supplementation. RESULTS: Antioxidant defenses in group B improved, whereas those in group A did not: in groups B and A, the mean (+/- SEM) changes (Delta) in vitamin E were 10.6 +/- 1.5 and -1.9 +/- 0.9 micro mol/L, respectively (P < 0.001), (Delta)beta-carotene were 0.1 +/- 0.04 and -0.01 +/- 0.02 micro mol/L, respectively (P = 0.007), (Delta)selenium were 0.51 +/- 0.10 and -0.09 +/- 0.04 micro mol/L, respectively (P < 0.001), and (Delta)glutathione peroxidase activity were 1.3 +/- 0.3 and -0.3 +/- 0.6 U/g hemoglobin, respectively (P = 0.016). There were no significant differences between the groups in Delta8-iso-PGF(2)(alpha), (Delta)vitamin C, (Delta)fatty acid composition, (Delta)superoxide dismutase activity, (Delta)lung function, or (Delta)white cell count. Within group B, (Delta)beta-carotene correlated with (Delta)percentage of forced vital capacity (r = 0.586, P = 0.005), (Delta)selenium correlated with (Delta)percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (r = 0.440, P = 0.046), and (Delta)plasma fatty acid concentrations correlated with (Delta)percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (r = 0.583, P = 0.006) and Delta8-iso-PGF(2)(alpha) (r = 0.538, P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: Whereas increased beta-carotene, selenium, and fatty acid concentrations are linked to improved lung function, increased plasma fatty acid concentrations are linked to oxidative stress. If oxidative stress is deemed to be important to the clinical outcome of CF patients, means of reducing oxidative stress while maintaining a high-fat, high-energy diet must be investigated.

Antioxidants↗