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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Foot-and-mouth disease virus strains isolated from persistently infected cell cultures are attenuated for mice and cattle.

It was previously reported that during serial passage of a BHK-derived cell line persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus, (termed C1-BHK-Rc1) the virus became increasingly more virulent for BHK-21 cells (de la Torre et al 1988). Virus strains isolated from different cell passage levels were tested for virulence in mice and cattle. The results showed that in the course of persistence in BHK cells, FMDV became progressively less virulent for mice and cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus. III. Evaluation of antibodies after infection and vaccination.

Investigations using a liquid-phase blocking sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the measurement of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in sera from sheep and from cattle are reported, and results compared with those obtained by virus neutralization (VN) tests. Serum antibody titres in sheep after primary vaccination and in cattle challenged with a natural aerosol after vaccination were similar by ELISA and VN. However, the antibody levels detected in sera of cattle during early infection and of vaccinated cattle after intradermolingual challenge were clearly greater by ELISA than by VN. The ELISA titres in cattle sera following synthetic peptide vaccination indicated some relationship to protection and were clearly different from those recorded by VN. On the other hand, the antibody levels following conventional vaccination showed that ELISA and VN titres in cattle sera were related to protection. Although there was a good agreement between the ELISA antibody titre and protection for the four vaccines used, by VN the titre which afforded protection varied depending on the vaccine used. The ELISA was considered therefore to be more reliable than the VN and may prove useful for evaluating the immunological response of animals following infection and following vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Hypersensitivity in cattle after foot-and-mouth disease vaccination: response to hydroxpropylmethylcellulose.

Intravenous provocation (IVP) tests demonstrated that hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (MC) was able to elicit anaphylactic signs in cattle vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine produced at one centre but not with similar vaccine produced at another. The former vaccine also provoked serum reagins which were demonstrated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) tests in goats. Reaginic sera which reacted specifically with MC were used in PCA tests to screen samples taken serially from the vaccine production lines. The reactions observed suggested that a substance with MC or similar specificity was present in the antifoaming agent routinely added to vaccines.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1986

Exposure of sheep to natural aerosols of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Sheep taken individually and allowed to inhale air being drawn along a duct from a cabinet containing pigs acutely infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus for 10 or 15 minute periods were infected by doses as low as 10 TCID50 of virus. The most consistent and reliable indicators of infection were viraemia and seroconversion. The mean times from exposure to onset of viraemia, pyrexia and the appearance of vesicular lesions were 2.5, 3.8 and 4.7 days, respectively. Neither the time from exposure to first detectable viraemia nor vesication correlated with dose. Around 27 per cent of sheep which were known to have been infected did not develop vesicles.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1995

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in nasal swabs of asymptomatic cattle by RT-PCR within 24 hours.

A method for extracting RNA from animal-derived materials that provides foot-and-mouth disease viral template suitable for Tth polymerase-dependent synthesis of cDNA and subsequent PCR is described. Viral genomes were detected in less than 24 h. Nasal swabs that can be easily and repeatedly collected, proved suitable for virus detection by PCR, even during the asymptomatic stages of infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Deaths of children during an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in sarawak, malaysia: clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease. For the Outbreak Study Group.

From April through June 1997, 29 previously healthy children aged <6 years (median, 1.5 years) in Sarawak, Malaysia, died of rapidly progressive cardiorespiratory failure during an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused primarily by enterovirus 71 (EV71). The case children were hospitalized after a short illness (median duration, 2 days) that usually included fever (in 100% of case children), oral ulcers (66%), and extremity rashes (62%). The illness rapidly progressed to include seizures (28%), flaccid limb weakness (17%), or cardiopulmonary symptoms (of 24 children, 17 had chest radiographs showing pulmonary edema, and 24 had echocardiograms showing left ventricular dysfunction), resulting in cardiopulmonary arrest soon after hospitalization (median time, 9 h). Cardiac tissue from 10 patients showed normal myocardium, but central nervous system tissue from 5 patients showed inflammatory changes. Brain-stem specimens from 2 patients were available, and both specimens showed extensive neuronal degeneration, inflammation, and necrosis, suggesting that a central nervous system infection was responsible for the disease, with the cardiopulmonary dysfunction being neurogenic in origin. EV71 and possibly an adenovirus, other enteroviruses, or unknown cofactors are likely responsible for this rapidly fatal disease.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed2006

Stable expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus protein VP1 fused with cholera toxin B subunit in the potato (Solanum tuberosum).

The expression vector, pBI121CTBVP1, containing the fusion of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) VP1 gene and the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) gene was constructed by fused PCR and transferred into potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transformed plants were obtained by selecting on kanamycin-resistant medium strictly and regenerated. The transgenic plantlets were identified by PCR, Southern-blot and the production of fused protein was confirmed and quantified by Western-blot and ELISA assays. The results showed that the fused genes were expressed stablely under the control of specific-tuber patatin promoter. The expressed fused proteins have a certain degree of immunogenicity.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed2006

Detection of foot and mouth disease and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viral genes using microarray chip.

Two viral pathogens, namely, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), were selected as models for multiple pathogen detection in a cDNA microarray. Two signature regions selected from ORF2 (around 500 bp) and ORF5 (around 600 bp) of PRRVS (America serotype), and one signature region from structural genes VP1 (around 500 bp) of FMDV type O were designed and spotted on a nylon membrane. For PCR sensitivity study, the cloned FMDV-VP1 template could be diluted to near one copy and its PCR product was still detectable in gel electrophoresis. In the microarray detection, the labelling FMDV probes (3 mg/ml) could be diluted 320 times and still maintained a visible colour when hybridized with the chip. Using the mixing primers, the microarray chip demonstrated rapid and accurate detection of the specific genes. To our knowledge, this preliminary study is the first example reported applying the long signature sequences to the multiple pathogen detection in cDNA microarray.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Escape mutants of foot-and-mouth disease virus selected by monoclonal antibodies directed to a trypsin-sensitive neutralization epitope.

Five monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against Indian reference/vaccine strain of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus subtype A22 (IND17/77) and a guinea pig antibody against a synthetic peptide representing amino acids (aa) 136-151 of VP1 polypeptide of A22 virus were used in the study. All the antibodies either failed to react or showed a reduced reactivity with trypsin-treated (TT)-146 S virus particles in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and could neutralize the infectivity of the reference virus. The antibodies were hence identified as specific to a trypsin-sensitive neutralizable antigenic site of the virus. Using the antibodies we isolated mutants which showed either no or reduced reactivity with the homologous as well as heterologous antibodies in ELISA. The mutants could not be neutralized with the respective antibodies but were efficiently neutralized with the serum from vaccinated cattle (BVS). These results indicated that the antibodies elicited in cattle following vaccination protected them adequately against the mutants selected and that the trypsin-sensitive neutralizable antigenic site of FMD A22 virus as identified by the MoAbs may not be dominant in eliciting a neutralizing antibody response in vaccinated cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Plasmids encoding foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 epitopes elicited immune responses in mice and swine and protected swine against viral infection.

VP1 is a capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and contains epitopes of the virus. Plasmids encoding two VP1 epitopes (amino acid residues 141-160 and 200-213) and a host-self immunoglobulin molecule were constructed to produce a new type of FMD DNA vaccine. Two plasmids, namely, pCEIM and pCEIS, containing mouse immunoglobulin (IgG) or swine IgG were subjected to immunogenicity testing in mice and swine, respectively. In mice administrated pCEIM in the abdomen using a genegun, both FMDV-specific T-cell proliferation and neutralizing antibodies were detected. In swine immunized with pCEIS at the back of the ear, immune responses were achieved after the second administration. Swine showed a T-cell proliferative response with a stimulation index (SI) of up to 8.1 and a neutralizing antibody response that was able to protect suckling mice from 10(2) LD(50) (lethal dose 50) FMDV challenge. To compare the immunogenicity of the DNA-based vaccine candidate, versus the protein-based vaccine candidates, a second group of swine was immunized with the protein F1-scIgG, which was encoded by the plasmid pCEIS. Injection with F1-scIgG elicited a T-cell proliferative response of SI < 1.7 and a neutralizing antibody response that protected suckling mice from up to 10(5) LD(50) FMDV challenge. In the challenge test, three of three swine immunized with pCEIS were fully protected from FMDV challenge.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Induction of a protective response in swine vaccinated with DNA encoding foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsid proteins and the 3D RNA polymerase.

This work focuses on the development of a potential recombinant DNA vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Such a vaccine would have significant advantages over the conventional inactivated virus vaccine, in particular having none of the risks associated with the high security requirements for working with live virus. The principal aim of this strategy was to stimulate an antibody response to native, neutralizing epitopes of empty FMDV capsids generated in vivo. Thus, a plasmid (pcDNA3.1/P1-2A3C3D) was constructed containing FMDV cDNA sequences encoding the viral structural protein precursor P1-2A and the non-structural proteins 3C and 3D. The 3C protein was included to ensure cleavage of the P1-2A precursor to VP0, VP1 and VP3, the components of self-assembling empty capsids. The non-structural protein 3D was also included in the construct in order to provide additional stimulation of CD4(+) T cells. When swine were immunized with this plasmid, antibodies to FMDV and the 3D polymerase were synthesized. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies were detected and, after three sequential vaccinations with DNA, some of the animals were protected against challenge with live virus. Additional experiments suggested that the antibody response to FMDV proteins was improved by the co-administration of a plasmid encoding porcine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Although still not as effective as the conventional virus vaccine, the results encourage further work towards the development of a DNA vaccine against FMDV.

3C Viral Proteases↗
PubMed2000

Internal ribosomal entry site-mediated translation initiation in equine rhinitis A virus: similarities to and differences from that of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) has recently been classified as an aphthovirus, a genus otherwise comprised of the different serotypes of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). FMDV initiates translation via a type II internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) and utilizes two in-frame AUG codons to produce the leader proteinases Lab and Lb. Here we show that the ERAV 5' nontranslated region also possesses the core structures of a type II IRES. The functional activity of this region was characterized by transfection of bicistronic plasmids into BHK-21 cells. In this system the core type II structures, stem-loops D to L, in addition to a stem-loop (termed M) downstream of the first putative initiation codon, are required for translation of the second reporter gene. In FMDV, translation of Lb is more efficient than that of Lab despite the downstream location of the Lb AUG codon. The ERAV genome also has putative initiation sites in positions similar to those utilized in FMDV, except that in ERAV these are present as two AUG pairs (AUGAUG). Using the bicistronic expression system, we detected initiation from both AUG pairs, although in contrast to FMDV, the first site is strongly favored over the second. Mutational analysis of the AUG codons indicated that AUG2 is the major initiation site, although AUG1 can be accessed, albeit inefficiently, in the absence of AUG2. Further mutational analysis indicated that codons downstream of AUG2 appear to be accessed by a mechanism other than leaky scanning. Furthermore, we present preliminary evidence that it is possible for ribosomes to access downstream of the two AUG pairs. This study reveals important differences in IRES function between aphthoviruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Foot-and-mouth disease vaccination: a multifactorial study of the influence of antigen dose and potentially competitive immunogens on the response of cattle of different ages.

Groups of 68 and 66 cattle aged 12 and 24 months respectively were each subdivided into 16 groups and inoculated with foot-and-mouth disease vaccines containing O1 Campos, A24 Cruzeiro and C3 Pando virus strains. The 140S antigen mass of the O1 and A24 valencies was varied while that of C3 was held constant. Multifactorial comparisons between the 21 day serum neutralising antibody titres showed that over most of the range there was a linear log dose response relationship. Doubling the antigen dose increased the serum antibody titres against both A24 Cruzeiro and O1 Campos by approximately 0.15 log10. The A24 antigen was about 30 times more immunogenic than the O1 with C3 intermediate between the two. At high antigen doses the responses flattened but the level at which this occurred depended on the immunogen administered. No difference could be demonstrated between the responses of 12- and 24-month-old cattle and there was no evidence of competitive inhibition or enhancement between the virus strains included in the vaccines.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

Antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus infection associated (VIA) antigen: use of a bioengineered VIA protein as antigen in an ELISA.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus infection associated (VIA) antigen (viral RNA polymerase) in cattle sera, was developed using a bioengineered VIA (BioVIA) protein antigen. Compared with the classical immunodiffusion test, with viral RNA polymerase purified from infected cell cultures as antigen, this ELISA was more sensitive. However, depending on the cattle population examined, sera with antibodies to viral RNA polymerase, probably due to infection with other picornaviruses, were detected. Despite these observations, the ELISA using BioVIA provided a rapid answer as to whether or not FMD virus circulated in a given herd of cattle. The main advantage of this ELISA is its absolute safety, since in no step of the antigen production was infectious or uninfectious FMD virus involved. The test can therefore be performed under normal laboratory conditions and no isolation units are needed as they are for the immunodiffusion test.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Risk factors for herdsman-reported foot-and-mouth disease in the Adamawa Province of Cameroon.

We analysed responses from 147 Fulani herdsmen to a questionnaire about cattle herd-level risk factors for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the previous year. The study used a cross-sectional design with a stratified, two-stage random sample of cattle herds in the Adamawa Province of Cameroon. The questionnaire was pre-tested at a local cattle market before a final version was translated into Foulfoulde (the local Fulani dialect). Variables were screened using a univariable analysis and logistic multiple-regression models were developed in a forward-selection process. Fifty-eight percent (50-65; 90% CIs) of herdsmen reported FMD in their herd in the previous 12 months. Important risk factors for FMD in the previous 12 months included going on transhumance (OR=2.6), buying cattle from markets (OR=2.2), mixing of herds at watering points (OR=2.4), feeding cotton-seed cake (OR=3.3), buffalo near the herd (OR=2.2) and administrative division. For the subset of herds that went on transhumance, coming in contact with an FMDV-diseased herd while on transhumance was the strongest factor (OR=16).

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2005

Herd-level risk factors associated with tuberculosis breakdowns among cattle herds in England before the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic.

A case-control study of the factors associated with the risk of a bovine tuberculosis (TB) breakdown in cattle herds was undertaken within the randomized badger culling trial (RBCT). TB breakdowns occurring prior to the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in three RBCT triplets were eligible to be cases; controls were selected from the same RBCT area. Data from 151 case farms and 117 control farms were analysed using logistic regression. The strongest factors associated with an increased TB risk were movement of cattle onto the farm from markets or farm sales, operating a farm over multiple premises and the use of either covered yard or 'other' housing types. Spreading artificial fertilizers or farmyard manure on grazing land were both associated with decreased risk. These first case-control results from the RBCT will be followed by similar analyses as more data become available.

Animals↗