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PubMed2001

The relation of alcohol use to HIV-risk sexual behavior among adults with a severe and persistent mental illness.

The authors examined the relationship between alcohol use and HIV-risk sexual behavior and tested whether alcohol use immediately prior to sex is related to decreased condom use. The participants were 159 adults living with a severe and persistent mental illness. Each participated in a structured interview to assess all sexual and drug-use behavior over a 3-month period. Analysis of 3,026 sexual behaviors reported by 123 sexually active participants indicated that at the global level, participants who drank more heavily were more likely to have engaged in sexual risk behavior. At the event level, however, alcohol use was not related to condom use during vaginal or anal intercourse; that is, participants who used condoms when sober tended to use them to the same extent when drinking.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Changes in sexual behavior and risk of HIV transmission after antiretroviral therapy and prevention interventions in rural Uganda.

BACKGROUND: The impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on sexual risk behavior and HIV transmission among HIV-infected persons in Africa is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in risky sexual behavior and estimated HIV transmission from HIV-infected adults after 6 months of ART. DESIGN AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed in rural Uganda. Between May 2003 and December 2004 a total of 926 HIV-infected adults were enrolled and followed in a home-based ART program that included prevention counselling, voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for cohabitating partners and condom provision. At baseline and follow-up, participants' HIV plasma viral load and partner-specific sexual behaviors were assessed. Risky sex was defined as inconsistent or no condom use with partners of HIV-negative or unknown serostatus in the previous 3 months. The rates of risky sex were compared using a Poisson regression model and transmission risk per partner was estimated, based on established viral load-specific transmission rates. RESULTS: Six months after initiating ART, risky sexual behavior reduced by 70% [adjusted risk ratio, 0.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.2-0.7; P = 0.0017]. Over 85% of risky sexual acts occurred within married couples. At baseline, median viral load among those reporting risky sex was 122 500 copies/ml, and at follow-up, < 50 copies/ml. Estimated risk of HIV transmission from cohort members declined by 98%, from 45.7 to 0.9 per 1000 person years. CONCLUSIONS: Providing ART, prevention counseling, and partner VCT was associated with reduced sexual risk behavior and estimated risk of HIV transmission among HIV-infected Ugandan adults during the first 6 months of therapy. Integrated ART and prevention programs may reduce HIV transmission in Africa.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Distinct effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation and cocaine administration on sexual behavior in male rats.

As there are data showing enhanced sexual activity in paradoxical sleep deprived (PSD) rats, and cocaine (COC) is a drug of abuse known to also increase the sexual drive, the present study aimed to assess sexual behavior in animals submitted to PSD and/or COC administration. The data revealed that PSD followed by COC administration produced the largest percentage of animals having erection and ejaculation (100% and 60%) and differ statistically from the control groups. The PSD group that received saline produced 50% erections and 20% ejaculations whereas COC administration induced 10% erections and 10% ejaculations. Sexual activity was absent in control animals (saline injection). These findings are due probably to PSD causing supersensitivity of dopamine (DA) receptors exacerbating the cocaine actions on dopaminergic pathways inducing penile erection and ejaculation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Endogenous reproductive hormones and nocturnal rhythms in partner preference and sexual behavior of ATD-treated male rats.

Male rats received subcutaneously silastic capsules, containing the aromatase inhibitor 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD), shortly after birth. Control males were given silastic capsules containing cholesterol. The capsules were removed at the age of 21 days. In adulthood, blood serum was collected early and late in the dark phase of the light/dark cycle (experiment I). Testosterone and luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) fluctuated nocturnally, both in ATD and control males, with highest levels late in the dark phase. FSH levels were significantly higher in ATD males. Nocturnal levels of inhibin, a selective suppressor of pituitary FSH secretion, also fluctuated in both ATD and control males, with lowest levels late in the dark phase. In experiment II, ATD and control males were tested for partner preference behavior in a three-compartment box (choice: sexually active male vs. estrous female) early and late in the dark phase. When gonadally intact, ATD males, but not controls, showed a clear nocturnal rhythmicity in partner preference behavior and sexual behavior. Early in the dark phase, such ATD males preferred the vicinity of and interaction with a sexually active male. Late in the dark phase, this preference for the active male shifted to a preference for the estrous female. Control males preferred the estrous female. After castration and subsequent treatment with testosterone via silastic capsules, which ensured constant blood serum levels, ATD males continued to show their nocturnal rhythms in partner preference behavior and in sexual behavior. Thus, the underlying mechanism of the nocturnal rhythmicity phenomenon is an organizational effect of neonatal ATD treatment rather than an activational effect of fluctuating serum hormone levels.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Sexual behaviors in an urban bathhouse 15 years into the HIV epidemic.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the population and sexual behaviors of men currently attending gay bathhouses. METHODS: Men entering a bathhouse in Portland, Oregon, were asked to complete a one-page questionnaire. Data collection ended when 1000 surveys were obtained. Questionnaires assessed demographics, self-reported HIV status, drug and alcohol use, and sexual behavior in the preceding 30 days. RESULTS: The estimated response rate was 80%-90%. Of 1000 respondents, 829 (83%) reported having anal or oral sex at a bathhouse in the previous 30 days, 715 (86%) engaged in oral sex, 420 (51%) in anal sex, and 89 (11%) in high-risk (unprotected anal) sex. In multivariate analysis, characteristics associated with men reporting high-risk sex compared with men reporting other sexual activities at the bathhouse were HIV infection (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-4.0); >or= 5 sexual partners in previous 30 days (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 2.0-5.3); having anonymous sex at other sites (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.8). CONCLUSIONS: Although most bathhouse patrons engaged in lower risk activities, those reporting unprotected anal sex were more likely to report HIV infection and to have multiple sexual partners. Well into the HIV epidemic, bathhouses remain venues for ongoing spread of HIV and opportunities for intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Profile analysis as a method of comparing intergenerational differences in sexual behavior.

Profile analysis can be used in sex research as a statistical procedure to assess the degree of similarity between various samples on different parameters of sexual behavior. Data are presented to analyze intergenerational changes comparing three independent samples including a time interval of approximately four decades. Profile analysis can differentiate the intergenerational trend. Results show (i) a clear trend of male-female profile-convergence over time; (ii) intergenerational changes in males are few with male sexual behavior seemingly little influenced by social changes; (iii) females show large intergenerational differences. These asymmetric trends demonstrate that the sexual changes within the last four decades are a one-sided process of females liberating from the "behavioral double standard."

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Sexual behavior induction of c-Fos in the nucleus accumbens and amphetamine-stimulated locomotor activity are sensitized by previous sexual experience in female Syrian hamsters.

Dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens can be activated by drugs, stress, or motivated behaviors, and repeated exposure to these stimuli can sensitize this dopamine response. The objectives of this study were to determine whether female sexual behavior activates nucleus accumbens neurons and whether past sexual experience cross-sensitizes neuronal responses in the nucleus accumbens to amphetamine. Using immunocytochemical labeling, c-Fos expression in different subregions (shell vs core at the rostral, middle, and caudal levels) of the nucleus accumbens was examined in female hamsters that had varying amounts of sexual experience. Female hamsters, given either 6 weeks of sexual experience or remaining sexually naive, were tested for sexual behavior by exposure to adult male hamsters. Previous sexual experience increased c-Fos labeling in the rostral and caudal levels but not in the middle levels of the nucleus accumbens. Testing for sexual behavior increased labeling in the core, but not the shell, of the nucleus accumbens. To validate that female sexual behavior can sensitize neurons in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, the locomotor responses of sexually experienced and sexually naive females to an amphetamine injection were then compared. Amphetamine increased general locomotor activity in all females. However, sexually experienced animals responded sooner to amphetamine than did sexually naive animals. These data indicate that female sexual behavior can activate neurons in the nucleus accumbens and that sexual experience can cross-sensitize neuronal responses to amphetamine. In addition, these results provide additional evidence for functional differences between the shell and core of the nucleus accumbens and across its anteroposterior axis.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1982

Sexual interest, attitudes, knowledge, and sexual history in relation to sexual behavior in the institutionalized aged.

Although the idea that sexuality is a lifelong need is gaining greater research support and greater acceptability to the general public, few consider the institutionalized aged as having sexual needs or being able to benefit from sexual intimacy. The research presented here indicates that sexual activity in the institutionalized aged is related to their attitudes and behavior toward sexuality and to their sexual interest level and prior frequency of sexual activity. Institutionalized aged persons evidence sexual needs and do engage in sexual behavior.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Confronting the 'sugar daddy' stereotype: age and economic asymmetries and risky sexual behavior in urban Kenya.

CONTEXT: "Sugar daddy" relationships, which are characterized by large age and economic asymmetries between partners, are believed to be a major factor in the spread of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. Information is needed about sugar daddy partnerships-and about age and economic asymmetries more generally-to determine how common they are and whether they are related to unsafe sexual behavior. METHODS: The sample comprised 1,052 men aged 21-45 who were surveyed in Kisumu, Kenya, in 2001. Data on these men and their 1,614 recent non-marital partnerships were analyzed to calculate the prevalence of sugar daddies and sugar daddy relationships, as well as a range of age and economic disparities within non-marital partnerships. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess relationships between condom use at last sexual intercourse and various measures of age and economic asymmetry. RESULTS: The mean age difference between non-marital sexual partners was 5.5 years, and 47% of men's female partners were adolescents. Fourteen percent of partnerships involved an age difference of at least 10 years, and 23% involved more than the mean amount of male-to-female material assistance. Men who reported at least one partnership with both these characteristics were defined as sugar daddies and made up 5% of the sample; sugar daddy relationships accounted for 4% of partnerships. Sugar daddy partnerships and the largest age and economic asymmetries we constructed were associated with decreased odds of condom use. CONCLUSIONS: Although sugar daddy relationships are not as pervasive as generally assumed, age and economic asymmetries in non-marital partnerships are relatively common. All these types of asymmetries are associated with nonuse of condoms. Increasing women's power within asymmetric sexual relationships could improve their ability to negotiate safer sexual behaviors, such as condom use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Alcohol, sexual arousal, and intentions to use condoms in young men: applying alcohol myopia theory to risky sexual behavior.

Data from 7 studies were aggregated to examine how reported sexual arousal and alcohol intoxication interact to affect attitudes and intentions toward engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse in college-age men (N = 358). When participants were in a sober or placebo condition, their self-reports of sexual arousal had no effect on their responses. When participants were intoxicated, however, those who felt sexually aroused reported more favorable attitudes, thoughts, and intentions toward having unprotected sex than did those who did not feel aroused. These findings support alcohol myopia theory (C. M. Steele & R. A. Josephs, 1990), which states that alcohol intoxication restricts attentional capacity so that people are highly influenced by the most salient cues in their environment. It is suggested that sexual arousal is a powerful internal cue that interacts with alcohol intoxication to enhance attitudes and intentions toward risky sexual behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A study of the sexual behavior of teenagers in south Brazil.

A study of sexual behavior among teenagers was carried out in a random sample of 884 second degree school (high school) students of Porto Alegre (South Brazil) by means of a self-report questionnaire. The students' ages ranged from 13 to 22 years old, and 59% of them were females. The students believed themselves well-informed about physiologic phenomena involved in human reproduction (95.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI):93.5-96.5) and sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (82.1%; 95% CI:79.1-84.7). In addition, 42.4% (95% CI:39.0-45.8) said that they has had a sexual relationship. However, 51.5% (95% CI:45.9-57.0) did not use contraceptive precautions systematically, and 12% (95% CI:7.2-19.0) of girls had already undergone an abortion. Considering these results, it is important to stimulate programs for sexual education strictly focused on teenagers.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

3H-atipamezole binding sites in mouse cerebral cortex: possible involvement of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in sexual behavior.

Atipamezole is a new specific alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist. In this study, first, the presence of specific 3H-atipamezole binding sites in the sagittal and coronal sections of mouse brain was established using autoradiography. In vitro experiments with mouse cerebral cortex membranes indicated that d-medetomidine, a new alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist structurally related to atipamezole, displaces labelled atipamezole more potently than noradrenaline. The saturation isotherm with d-medetomidine demonstrated high affinity binding with the apparent number of binding sites KD 1.36 nM and 760 fmol/mg, respectively. In the next series of experiments male mice were sacrificed immediately after copulation and cerebral cortex 3H-atipamezole and 3H-flumazenil binding was studied. Oxymetazoline and prazosin are known to label preferably alpha 2A and alpha 2B subtypes of alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Therefore, parallelly with noradrenaline both these compounds were used to determine non-specific binding of 3H-atipamezole. When noradrenaline or oxymetazoline were used as displacing agents copulation caused a significant increase of 3H-atipamezole binding sites. No significant changes were observed when prazosin was used. 3H-Flumazenil binding remained unchanged by copulation. The up-regulation of 3H-atipamezole binding sites indicates that not only alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the periphery but also in the CNS may participate in the regulation of sexual behavior. Moreover, in regulation of sexual behavior central alpha 2-adrenoceptors may be more important than benzodiazepine receptors.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1992

Increased sexual behavior in male Macaca arctoides monkeys produced by atipamezole, a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist.

The effect of a highly selective and potent alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, atipamezole, on sexual behavior was studied in three stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides). Following IM administration of atipamezole or saline control, the behavior of the male monkey with a female monkey was observed for 30 min. Atipamezole dose dependently (0.01-0.15 or 0.30 mg/kg) produced a significant increase in the number of ejaculations in all three monkeys, including an old one with decreased sexual activity in control conditions. Both ejaculations obtained by copulation and masturbation were increased. It is concluded that atipamezole is effective in increasing sexual behavior in male stumptail monkeys.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1985

Serum androgenic hormones motivate sexual behavior in adolescent boys.

In order to separate hormonal from social effects on adolescent male sexual behavior, serum hormone assays were performed and questionnaire data on sexual motivation and behavior were collected on a representative sample of 102 boys in grades 8, 9, and 10 of a public school system. Free testosterone was a strong predictor of sexual motivation and behavior, with no additional contribution of other hormones. Including measures of pubertal development and age (indexing the effects of social processes) indicated no additional effects. Free testosterone, therefore, appears to affect sexual motivation directly and does not work through the social interpretation of the accompanying pubertal development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Improvement of sexual behavior in aged rats by p-chlorophenylalanine and methysergide.

The effects of methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, and p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), a serotonin synthesis blocker on the sexual behavior of intact old male rats at 19-23 months of age and female rats at 17-18 months of age were studied. Female rats with prolonged vaginal cornification and a lordosis quotient (LQ) of less than 50%, and male rats displaying no ejaculation were selected as experimental animals. The receptivity of aged female rats, but not the approach behavior to males nor proceptivity was improved by PCPA or methysergide. The LQ of intact aged female rats in non-exit tests was improved by the i.p. administration of 50 mg/kg B.W. of PCPA 2 to 4 hours prior to the sexual behavior test or 3 mg/kg B.W. of methysergide 4 hours prior to the test. Total mount frequency and mount latency of intact aged male rats were improved by the administration of methysergide (3 mg/kg B.W.), while total mount frequency and intromission latency were improved by the administration of PCPA (20 mg/kg B.W. for 4 days). The present results together with the finding from our previous study suggest that the increase of serotonin (5-HT) activity per se plays an important role in the decline of receptivity of aged female rats and the copulatory activity of aged male rats.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Modification of sexual behavior of Long-Evans male rats by drugs acting on the 5-HT1A receptor.

Modulation of the sexual behavior of male rats by the anxiolytic buspirone (S-20499) and its analog gepirone were compared to the effects of 8-OH-DPAT (or DPAT, a selective 5-HT1A reference agonist), and BMY-7378 (a selective 5-HT1A partial agonist). Long-Evans rats were used; modulation of copulatory behavior and alteration of penile reflexes were examined. Modulation of copulatory behavior was assessed by three indices: frequency and length of intromission, and latency of ejaculation. DPAT, at doses of 1-8 mg/kg, reduced these three indices in a time dependent manner such that the effects peaked at 45 min and normalized at 90 min. The dose-effect relationship (assessed 45 min after DPAT injection) is bell-shaped with an ED50 approximately 1 mg/kg on the ascending limb of the curve. The effects of buspirone (2 mg/kg) and gepirone (2 mg/kg) on copulatory behavior were indistinguishable from control. BMY-7378 alone and in combination with these other 5-HT1A agonists reduced copulatory behavior, though not statistically significant. Penile reflexes, including number of erections, cups and flips, were inhibited by these agents: DPAT>buspirone>gepirone (inactive at 2 mg/kg). Furthermore, the latency period to erection was at least doubled by DPAT (2 mg/kg). Buspirone and gepirone, however, reduced the latency period to erection. BMY-7378 inhibited penile reflexes when administered alone and even more in combination with DPAT or buspirone. Two butyrophenone analogs, spiperone (a 5-HT1A and dopamine D2 antagonist) and haloperidol (a D2 antagonist), were also tested for their interaction with DPAT. Both of these drugs (at 0.25 mg/kg, 60 min after administration) reduced all indices of penile reflexes and copulation. Furthermore, in combination with DPAT (2 mg/kg, 45 min), the effects were synergistic such that sexual activity came nearly to a standstill. These opposing effects on putatively brain originated copulatory behavior and spinal mediated penile reflexes indicate that the effects of buspirone and DPAT on sexual behavior in the male rat may be possible at different parts of the central nervous system. If a tentative shared target site by DPAT and buspirone is the 5-HT1A receptor, than the same 5-HT receptor sub-type at different locations (brain, raphe nuclei, spinal cord and autonomic ganglia) may modulate rat sexual behavior in opposing ways.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed1988

Microinjection of cis-flupenthixol, a dopamine antagonist, into the medial preoptic area impairs sexual behavior of male rats.

Systemically administered dopamine agonists have been shown to facilitate copulation in male rats. Microinjection of the dopamine agonist apomorphine into the medial preoptic area has also been reported to facilitate sexual behavior. The present experiments investigated the effects of medial preoptic microinjections of the dopamine antagonist cis-flupenthixol on male rat copulatory behavior. Fewer males initiated copulation and fewer ejaculated following flupenthixol administration. Those males that did ejaculate following flupenthixol injections had fewer ejaculations and longer interintromission intervals. Flupenthixol also antagonized the facilitative effects of apomorphine injections into the medial preoptic area. Flupenthixol and apomorphine produced only minor alterations in noncopulatory behaviors. The results suggest that dopamine receptors within the medial preoptic area are important in the regulation of masculine sexual behavior in the rat.

Animals↗