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PubMed2001

[Analysis of the local synthesis of Toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulins in the anterior eye chamber fluid. Report of two cases].

We reported two cases strongly suspected of ocular toxoplasmosis, in which a puncture of anterior eye chamber was performed for a final verification of clinical diagnosis. In both patients, fresh focal lesions of retinochoroiditis associated with old pigmented retinal scars were diagnosed. The 62-year-old women had a serological evidence of recently acquired T. gondii infection with an increasing IgG titre of a low avidity and a presence of specific IgM and IgA antibodies. In the 13-year-old girl, an immunological profile of the chronic infection was shown, confirmed by a high IgG avidity value. In the patient with a clinical picture of recurrent congenital toxoplasmosis, intraocular production of T. gondii-specific IgG was found in anterior eye chamber. The analysis of the specific antibodies synthesis in ocular fluid by the Western blot seems to be a valuable immunodiagnostic method for a final diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Induction of tolerance to Toxoplasma gondii in newborn mice by maternal antibody.

To develop an animal model for analysing the suppressed immune response to Toxoplasma gondii in newborn humans with congenital toxoplasmosis, newborn mice from chronically infected mothers were inoculated intraperitoneally with bradyzoites of an avirulent strain. The newborn mice with maternal Toxoplasma antibodies showed a marked delay in the production of Toxoplasma antibodies when infected after birth. Many mice (11/13; 85%) developed a state of tolerance to T. gondii after disappearance of the maternal antibody, demonstrable by the absence of Toxoplasma antibody in their sera despite the fact that they were infected. The duration of tolerance differed between individuals, with two mice showing the longest tolerant state of 8 weeks. This murine model might be suitable for analysing the mechanism of suppressed immune response to T. gondii that has been observed in many human cases of congenital toxoplasmosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

PCR technique for detecting Toxoplasma gondii in animal amniotic fluid.

The goal of diagnosing congenital toxoplasmosis is early detection of maternofetal transmission, for early treatment to prevent unwanted sequelae. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method used recently for detecting toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. Amniotic fluid is a the clinical specimen used, since it provides a rapid, simple and safe method to obtain accurate results. The advantages of the PCR technique are high sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value compared with other laboratory methods. To determine the sensitivity, specificity and lower detection limits in our laboratory, amplification of the B1 gene by nested PCR was performed on Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites added to animal amniotic fluid samples. From 48 samples, our technique detected T. gondii in 30 out of 41 positive samples, and gave negative results for all the negative samples. The sensitivity for this nested PCR was 73%, the specificity was 100%, and the efficiency of the test was 77.1%. The nested PCR technique is recommended as a diagnostic method for detecting T. gondii in suspected congenital toxoplasmosis animals.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1992

Incidence of primary toxoplasma infections during pregnancy in southern Finland: a prospective cohort study.

Congenital toxoplasmosis may develop after maternal primary infection during pregnancy. Since toxoplasmosis in adults is usually asymptomatic, the only way to find the pregnancies at risk of acute toxoplasmosis (i.e. seronegative mothers) is to perform serological screening of all pregnant women. We studied toxoplasma-specific antibodies in 16,733 pregnant women in the first, second, and third trimesters over an 18-month period in the Helsinki area, with a population of 820,700. The participation rate in our study was 90.2% of all pregnancies in the area. The overall prevalence of toxoplasma seropositivity was 20.3%. The incidence of primary infection was 2.4/1000 pregnancies at risk. Our data on incidence suggest an annual occurrence of 131 cases of primary toxoplasma infections during pregnancy in Finland. Primary toxoplasma infection appears to be a significant risk to the fetus even in countries where the prevalence of toxoplasma seropositivity is low. The feasibility of mass screening for toxoplasma infections during pregnancy should be considered in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality due to congenital toxoplasmosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Toxoplasmosis and pregnancy: current trends in serological follow-up].

Prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis is based on serological follow-up of pregnant patients. Routine serology includes search and titration of specific IgG and IgM. In presence of specific IgM, complementary tests should be carried out for a better dating of the contamination. Among them, the avidity test is the most currently used. It allows to exclude a recent infection in the majority of the cases. For difficult cases, it is useful to contact a specialized laboratory.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Susceptibility to vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii is temporally dependent on the preconceptional infection in Calomys callosus.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that causes a variety of clinical syndromes, but the infection is more severe in immunocompromised individuals and in cases of congenital toxoplasmosis. This study aimed to verify if the susceptibility to vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii is temporally dependent on the preconceptional infection in Calomys callosus. Twelve C. callosus females were infected with 20 cysts of T. gondii ME49 strain and divided into three groups of four animals that were mated after approximately 10 days (group 1), 30 days (group 2), and 50 days (group 3) of infection. The animals were sacrificed from the 17th to 20th day of pregnancy, when placentas and embryos were collected for morphological and immunohistochemical studies, mouse bioassay for evaluating seroconversion and PCR for detecting parasite DNA. Serum samples from C. callosus females and mice used in bioassay were analysed for the detection of IgG antibodies to T. gondii by ELISA. Detection of T. gondii was observed by mouse bioassay and PCR in placentas and embryos from C. callosus females infected around 10 days pre-conception. However, only placentas, but not embryos, from females infected around 30 and 50 days pre-conception showed positivity for parasite DNA and seroconversion by mouse bioassay. In conclusion, this study model shows that vertical transmission of T. gondii may take place when maternal infection occurs within one month before conception, thus demonstrating the time of preconceptional seroconversion that rule out a risk of congenital toxoplasmosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1962

Toxoplasmosis.

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Head↗
PubMed1998

Cerebral anomalies in congenital murine toxoplasmosis: a preliminary report.

Gravid Nya: NYLAR strain mice were infected with Toxoplasma gondii on embryonic day 7. During the remaining 12 days of gestation, considerable fetal wastage occurred. At birth, pups were sickly and growth-stunted, and postnatal mortality was high. After 1 month, surviving weanlings were killed and autopsied. Coronal sections of the cerebrum revealed: numerous cortical and periventricular cystic cavitations, some undergoing calcification; ventricular enlargement and marked periventricular edema; subependymal nodules bulging into the ventricles; loss of subependymal germinal cells; and meningeal and perivascular inflammation. We suggest, as a working hypothesis, that hematogenously transported parasites invaded the vascular endothelium of the fetal cerebrum, inducing endothelial cell activation, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and focal inflammatory lesions in the endothelium. These inflammatory lesions triggered an intravascular coagulopathy, leading to the formation and deposition of microthrombi in cerebral capillaries and the development of numerous infarcts. Hypoxic-ischemic necrosis of the infarcted tissues led to the creation of the cystic cavitations.

Animals↗
PubMed1963

Toxoplasmosis. The protean manifestations of the condition and their significance in pregnancy and in newborn infants.

Toxoplasmosis is a relatively common and generally mild parasitic infection which can, however, produce fatal and crippling complications under certain conditions - particularly when a human fetus or a newborn infant is infected. In this instance, the infection is the result of a spread of the acquired disease which may occur in the mother in the last six months of pregnancy. Although the infection of adults can be dangerous and fatalities have been reported, the danger to the nervous system, eyes and other structures of the newborn infant can be devastating-blindness, brain damage and mental deficiency, particularly as the result of an obstruction to the flow of circulating cerebrospinal fluid within the brain. This report covers a number of differing features of the disease which have been described separately by other authors in specialty journals and in the foreign literature. If present, these signs should suggest toxoplasmosis, particularly in pregnancy, in the newborn infant and in still-born infants. Early diagnosis is of paramount interest in view of the poor response which may be obtained in the treatment of subacute and chronic phases of the illness. Difficulties in diagnosis stem from the manifestations of toxoplasmosis which closely resemble the symptoms of other infectious diseases. The clinical laboratory diagnosis is made by the isolation of the organism or by the demonstration of immune protein in the patient's serum.

Adult↗
PubMed1963

TOXOPLASMOSIS.

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Animals↗