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PubMed1999

Fiscal year (FY) 1999 funding opportunities. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, HHS. Notice of funding availability.

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) announces the availability of FY 1999 funds for the following activities. These activities are discussed in more detail under Section 3 of this notice. This notice is not a complete description of the activities; potential applicants must obtain a copy of the Guidance for Applicants (GFA) before preparing an application. (See table.) Note: SAMHSA also published notices of available funding opportunities for FY 1999 in subsequent issues of the Federal Register. The actual amount available for awards and their allocation may vary, depending on unanticipated program requirements and the volume and quality of applications. Awards are usually made for grant periods from one to three years in duration. FY 1999 funds for activities discussed in this announcement were appropriated by the Congress under Public Law No. 105-277. SAMHSA's policies and procedures for peer review and Advisory Council review of grant and cooperative agreement applications were published in the Federal Register (Vol. 58, No. 126) on July 2, 1993. The Public Health Service (PHS) is committed to achieving the health promotion and disease prevention objectives of Healthy People 2000, a PHS-led national activity for setting priority areas. The SAMHSA Centers' substance abuse and mental health services activities address issues related to Healthy People 2000 objectives of Mental Health and Mental Disorders; Alcohol and Other Drugs; Clinical Preventive Services; HIV Infection; and Surveillance and Data Systems. Potential applicants may obtain a copy of Healthy People 2000 (Full Report: Stock No. 017-001-00474-0) or Summary Report: Stock No. 017-001-00473-1) through the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325 (Telephone: 202-512-1800).

Financing, Government↗

PubMed1999

Fiscal year (FY) 1999 funding opportunities. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, HHS. Notice of funding availability.

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) and the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS) announce the availability of FY 1999 funds for the following activities. These activities are discussed in more detail under Section 4 of this notice. This notice is not a complete description of the activities; potential applicants must obtain a copy of the Guidance for Applicants (GFA) before preparing an application. (See table.) Note: SAMHSA also published notices of available funding opportunities for FY 1999 in subsequent issues of the Federal Register. The actual amount available for awards and their allocation may vary, depending on unanticipated program requirements and the volume and quality of applications. Awards are usually made for grant periods from one to three years in duration. FY 1999 funds for activities discussed in this announcement were appropriated by the Congress under Public Law No. 105-277. SAMHSA's policies and procedures for peer review and Advisory Council review of grant and cooperative agreement applications were published in the Federal Register (Vol. 58, No. 126) on July 2, 1993. The Public Health Service (PHS) is committed to achieving the health promotion and disease prevention objectives of Healthy People 2000, a PHS-led national activity for setting priority areas. The SAMHSA Centers' substance abuse and mental health services activities address issues related to Healthy People 2000 objectives of Mental Health and Mental Disorders; Alcohol and Other Drugs; Clinical Preventive Services; HIV Infection; and Surveillance and Data Systems. Potential applicants may obtain a copy of Healthy People 2000 (Full Report: Stock No. 017-001-00474-0) or Summary Report: Stock No. 017-001-00473-1) through the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325 (Telephone: 202-512-1800).

Community Health Services↗

PubMed1999

Do the benefits of currently available treatments justify early diagnosis and announcement? Arguments for.

Both a biologic imperative and an ethical imperative exist for providing the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) as soon as possible and involving patients and their families in therapeutic decisions. The participation of excitotoxic mechanisms in ALS and the availability of riluzole, which may slow the rate of progression of ALS, provide the biologic rationale for early therapy in ALS. A neuroprotective agent, such as riluzole, is more effective at an early stage of disease, when more undamaged neurons remain. The development of effective therapy for ALS also provides the ethical basis for early announcement of diagnosis. When no primary treatment was available, an accepted approach was one of "protecting" the patient from the diagnosis, which was one of exclusion, requiring almost 100% certainty before announcement. The availability of a primary therapy, albeit not a cure, means that a diagnosis of ALS can now be offered as the most likely diagnosis with 90-95% certainty. The logical corollary of this new model is that patients must be involved immediately, to help decide when therapy is appropriate and to balance the relative personal significance of therapeutic gains versus adverse effects.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis↗

PubMed1999

The availability of extrinsic handgun locking devices in a defined metro area.

Extrinsic safety devices, such as trigger locks, have been central in the recent state discussions on how to reduce firearm injuries. The actual prevalence of handgun locking devices in the consumer market, however, is unknown. This study catalogued the extrinsic safety devices available from handgun dealers and discount retail chains in Milwaukee, WI. We found that all locations studied (n = 13) stock at least 1 type of extrinsic safety device. A total of 21 unique models of safety devices were stocked by the 13 locations, with trigger locks being the most common (n = 9). Other types of devices included lock-boxes (n = 5), cable locks (n = 4), hammer locks (n = 1), barrel locks (n = 1), and a rubber slide strap (n = 1). Handgun owners in the Milwaukee metro area have a selection of extrinsic handgun safety devices available from handgun dealers and discount retailers. However, there does not appear to be a consistent availability on type of device.

Firearms↗

PubMed1999

Pattern of use of medical information made available via an Internet website.

INTRODUCTION: The Internet is probably the fastest growing means of public communication. Those who seek health and medical information are using it increasingly. We decided to study the pattern of use of information made available via an Internet website. METHOD: Retrospective analysis of the entries made on the guest book and direct inquiries made to the webmaster of an established and well known Sri Lankan medical website from 1 February 1997 to 20 November 1998. RESULTS: During this period 23,373 web surfers visited the site. There were 222 guest book entries and 12 direct inquiries to the webmaster. The analysis of these entries and inquiries show that there is a wide gap in use of the information available at this website between web surfers from the developed and the developing countries. CONCLUSION: Governments in developing countries must plan to make computers and information technology as well as telecommunication services affordable and widely available.

Bibliometrics↗

PubMed2000

Heterogeneous behavior of anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies on various commercially available enzyme immunoassay plates coated with beta2-glycoprotein I.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) plates for the measurement of anti-beta2-glycoprotein I autoantibody (anti-beta2-GPI). METHODS: Sera from 10 patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome, and 3 monoclonal anti-beta2-GPI antibodies established from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome, were assayed for binding to solid phase beta2-GPI on 20 commercially available plates. RESULTS: Several commercially available EIA plates were found to be of potential value for the measurement of anti-beta2-GPI autoantibody. Some plates were unsuitable for anti-beta2-GPI detection, possibly due to less beta2-GPI on the plates, or to differences in the nature of conformational changes of beta2-GPI induced by the plates. CONCLUSION: Differences among EIA plates need to be considered when measuring beta2-GPI antibodies.

Antiphospholipid Syndrome↗

PubMed1999

Caries experience and sucrose availability: an analysis of the relationship in the United Kingdom over fifty years.

OBJECTIVE: A previous study suggested that the most likely explanation for the rise and subsequent fall in caries in children in England and Wales during the last 50 years was the concurrent increase and then reduction in the sugar challenge to the population, mitigated after the early 1970s by the preventive effect of fluoride toothpaste. The current objective was to quantify the relationship between sucrose available for consumption annually since 1948 and caries experience at 5 and 12 years. METHOD: In a retrospective, longitudinal ecological study, cross-sectional mean dmft values at 5 years and DMFT values at 12 years in England from 1948 to 1968 and England and Wales from 1973 to 1996/97, from three series of standardised surveys, were regressed on data for the relevant years on sucrose available for consumption in the UK. RESULTS: For sucrose consumption and 5-year-old dmft, Spearman's rho was +0.62 (P < 0.05) while for 12-year-old DMFT the value was +0.84 (P < 0.001). For the 12 year age group, Pearson's coefficient could also be calculated (r = +0.87; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: For several reasons caution should be used in interpreting these findings. Nevertheless they do suggest a strong positive correlation over time between dmft/DMFT and sucrose availability nationally.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Territorial research on the availability of phytoestrogen rich foods].

BACKGROUND: To verify the availability of foods containing phytoestrogens, the quality of available products, the degree of knowledge of these foods by dealers, the willingness of dealers to give cooperation in preparation of the MENFIS study, a study assessing the efficacy of a phytoestrogen rich diet on the long term effects of menopause. METHODS: Perspective research by questionnaires carried out in the herbalist's shops of Bari. RESULTS: For the aims of the study the herbalist's shops resulted in being the most suitable, because they were the most supplied with these products and with natural foods, with a high degree of knowledge of these foods and a helpfulness towards the users, perhaps because of the strong motivation towards this type of diet. CONCLUSIONS: The easy availability of these products, the good preparation of managers of the herbalist's shops and their good experience is a sound basis for those intending to start dietary programs with phytoestrogen rich foods.

Diet↗

PubMed2000

Cholinergic neuronal modulation alters dopamine D2 receptor availability in vivo by regulating receptor affinity induced by facilitated synaptic dopamine turnover: positron emission tomography studies with microdialysis in the conscious monkey brain.

To evaluate the cholinergic and dopaminergic neuronal interaction in the striatum, the effects of scopolamine, a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, on the striatal dopaminergic system were evaluated multi-parametrically in the conscious monkey brain using high-resolution positron emission tomography in combination with microdialysis. l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-[beta-(11)C]DOPA) and 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane ([beta-(11)C]CFT) were used to measure dopamine synthesis rate and dopamine transporter (DAT) availability, respectively. For assessment of dopamine D(2) receptor binding in vivo, [(11)C]raclopride was applied because this labeled compound, which has relatively low affinity to dopamine D(2) receptors, was hypothesized to be sensitive to the striatal synaptic dopamine concentration. Systemic administration of scopolamine at doses of 10 and 100 microg/kg dose-dependently increased both dopamine synthesis and DAT availability as measured by l-[beta-(11)C]DOPA and [beta-(11)C]CFT, respectively. Scopolamine decreased the binding of [(11)C]raclopride in a dose-dependent manner. Scopolamine induced no significant changes in dopamine concentration in the striatal extracellular fluid (ECF) as determined by microdialysis. However, scopolamine dose-dependently facilitated the striatal ECF dopamine induced by the DAT inhibitor GBR12909 at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. Scatchard plot analysis in vivo of [(11)C]raclopride revealed that scopolamine reduced the apparent affinity of dopamine D(2) receptors. These results suggested that the inhibition of muscarinic cholinergic neuronal activity modulates dopamine turnover in the striatum by simultaneous enhancement of the dynamics of dopamine synthesis and DAT availability, resulting in no significant changes in apparent "static" ECF dopamine level but showing a decrease in [(11)C]raclopride binding in vivo attributable to the reduction of affinity of dopamine D(2) receptors.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Use of a commercially available metal detector for the localization of metallic foreign body ingestion in children.

UNLABELLED: Metallic foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common occurrence in the general paediatric population. We have shown that the use of a commercially available metal detector is sensitive in localizing and confirming metallic FB objects in the digestive tract. METHOD: In a double-blinded randomized control trial, we used a commercially available metal detector to localize metal coins in the digestive tract in an animal model. Localization of the coins was confirmed using fluoroscopy. In 10 consecutive patients with metallic FB ingestion, detection and localization of the FB using the metal detector was compared with standard confirmatory radiographic imaging. RESULTS: Using a commercially available, hand-held metal detector, we were able to localize a metallic FB in the gastrointestinal tract with 100% sensitivity in both the animal model and in 10 paediatric patients.

Child↗

PubMed2000

Evaluation of a commercially available ELISA kit for detection of antibodies to Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale in cattle in Australia and Zimbabwe.

A newly available competitive inhibition ELISA kit for the serological diagnosis of anaplasmosis was evaluated in Australia and Zimbabwe. In Australia the performance of the test was compared with the card agglutination test (CAT). The assay was evaluated using negative sera collected from Anaplasma-free herds, positive sera from experimentally infected cattle and sera from Anaplasma marginale-endemic herds. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA in Australia were 100 % and 83,3 %, respectively, and the sensitivity and specificity of the CAT were both 100%. The agreement between the ELISA and CAT in the sera from endemic herds was 86,4 % (kappa = 0,718). The specificity of the ELISA in Zimbabwe was 100%. No meaningful estimate of sensitivity was possible in Zimbabwe because few known positive sera were available for testing, but all eight known positive sera that were available were clearly positive. We conclude that the ELISA is a useful alternative to the CAT for epidemiological studies. The ELISA kits have advantages over the CAT in that the ELISA is more robust and reagents are better standardized, but the kits are expensive.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed2000

Fruit and vegetable availability among ten European countries: how does it compare with the 'five-a-day' recommendation? DAFNE I and II projects of the European Commission.

Recasting the role of fruit and vegetables (F&V) in the diet, and planning national and international campaigns to enhance their consumption are major public health service objectives. The present study seeks to describe F&V availability patterns in ten European countries and examine compliance with current recommendations. The mean and median F&V availability (g/person per d) was estimated based on household budget survey data retrieved from the Data Food Networking (DAFNE) databank. Low F&V consumers were identified based on WHO international recommendations (minimum combined F&V intake of about 400 g/person per d) and current conservative guidelines of a minimum daily intake of three portions of vegetables and two portions of fruit. Considerable disparities in F&V availability were found among the surveyed European populations. Only in Mediterranean countries did the mean daily population intake clearly exceed combined F&V recommendations. Dietary patterns were positively skewed in all populations studied, on account of the presence of exceptionally high values among segments of the populations. Moreover, the correlation was unexpectedly weak between the proportion of low fruit and low vegetable consumers (Spearman's correlation coefficient +0.18). More than 50% of the households in the surveyed populations are likely to consume less than the recommended daily vegetable intake of three portions, and this applies even to the two Mediterranean populations. The efficiency of F&V promoting strategies may be enhanced if F&V are addressed separately; furthermore, interventions that would specifically focus on vegetables are probably needed.

Europe↗

PubMed2000

Availability and accuracy of electronic patient data for medical practice assessment.

UNLABELLED: We analyzed availability and accuracy of electronic patient data needed to assess medical practice. A case study was performed in which pediatricians formulated 14 performance indicators that cover aspects of care for children with suspected meningitis. Data items needed to quantify these indicators were listed. Required patient data were gathered from hospital information system and paper medical records. Accuracy of electronically available data was based on comparison with paper data and, when paper data were not available, on how data were recorded at the source, administrative procedures and original goal for which data were recorded. CONCLUSION: Registration of reason for admission and diagnoses gives no reliable basis to select patients with 'suspicion on a disease' as selection criterion. Besides, many performance indicators cannot be reliably quantified because data are not recorded electronically (indication, medication, outpatient diagnosis), are not recorded specific enough (intervention time), are not standardized (radiology report), or cannot be obtained from other hospitals.

Child↗

PubMed1975

Intestinal iron absorption under the influence of available storage iron and erythroblastic hyperplasia. Comparative studies in children with hereditary spherocytosis, nonspherocytic enzymopenic hemolytic anemia, acquired hemolytic anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency induced megaloblastic anemia, erythroblastic hypoplasia and aplastic anemia.

A high negative correlation (coefficient similar to 0.9) between increased 59Fe absorption from a diagnostic 0.56 mg 59Fe2+ dose and the depletion of available storage iron was observed in menstruating and pregnant women, fullterm and premature infants, blood donors, patients with infections, inflammations, tumors, hepatic cirrhosis, gastric surgery, increased urogenital or gastrointestinal blood loss. The increased diagnostic 59Fe2+ absorption is a reliable and sensitive indicator of at least depleted iron stores or prelatent iron deficiency as caused by iron malnutrition or maldigestion, increased iron requirement in pregnancy, infancy, urogenital or gastrointestinal blood loss. Although the messenger system which signalyzes the depletion of iron stores to the iron absorbing enterocytes of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa is not yet known available storage iron seems to control intestinal iron absorption under normal and the great majority o pathological condition in humans. Anemia per se or high erythropoietin levels in blood do not influence iron absorption since patients with even severe erythroblastic hypoplasia, aplastic anemia and megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency absorb iron according to their iron stores. An only mild hyperplasia of the erythropoietic system in the bone marrow does also not effect iron absorption which was still under the control of available storage iron in patients with hereditary spherocytosis, nonspherocytic congenital hemolytic anemia due to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, acquired hemolytic anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency induced megaloblastic anemia..

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[Availability of antiretroviral agents in the city: a 1-year assessment in the Lille metropolitan area].

OBJECTIVES: Dispensing antiretroviral drugs in private pharmacies has been allowed in France since October 1997. One year after this measure was implemented, we conducted a survey of patients and pharmacists in the Lille metropolitan area to assess its impact. METHOD: Structured interviews with a representative sample of private pharmacists and HIV infected patients in the Lille metropolitan area were carried out. RESULTS: 100 pharmacists were interviewed. Most worked in urban areas and their main clientele were from the neighbourhood. Most felt that HIV infection was a common disease and were interested in dispensing antiretroviral drugs as a public health service despite the marginal income from these sales. Two-thirds had received training on HIV infection and most knew the importance of adhering to the treatment. However, the number of antiretroviral drugs and the classes of these drugs that were available were not well known. Among the 97 patients followed by the Service of Infectious Diseases of the Tourcoing Hospital, 22% received their medications from the local private pharmacy, 62% got them from the hospital pharmacy and 16% got them from both places. However, 39% received at least one drug that was only available from the hospital pharmacy. The patients going to private pharmacies described an improved quality of life and mostly chose their regular pharmacist to get their medications. Most preferred to get their medications openly, as opposed to secretly. Many patients going to the hospital pharmacy made their choice based on better confidentiality. Private pharmacists also expressed the fear of lack of confidentiality. Private pharmacies were seen as friendlier with quicker service, but slightly less competent than the hospital pharmacy. Finally, the topic of adhering to this form of HIV treatment is rarely discussed in private pharmacies. CONCLUSIONS: Both the patients and private pharmacists appreciate the fact that these drugs can be dispensed in private pharmacies, but the impact of this measure is limited by the number of drugs that are only available at the hospital pharmacy. Private pharmacists do not often discuss the importance of adhering to the therapy and progress is needed in this area.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Collaborative study of the determination of available lysine in proteins and feeds.

In the proposed method 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) is reacted with the free epsilon-amino groups in protein of form DNFB-epsilon-amino lysine which is stable to acid hydrolysis. The sample is acid hydrolyzed and unavailable lysine is determined with an amino acid analyzer; total lysine is determined on the untreated sample. The available lysine, which was bound by DNFB, is determined by difference. The available lysine has been determined in 3 samples of 44% protein soybean meal by 5 collaborators, following the method outlined. The range for available lysine in reference standard 1 was 2.02-2.14%, in reference standard 2, 2.59-2.73% and in reference standard 3, 0.55-0.91%. The method has been adopted as official first action.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2001

[Soil P availability in larch rhizosphere].

Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of larch(Larix gmelini) stand by exfoliation method, and the variation of P concentration was analyzed. The results show that there was no significant difference between total P concentrations in the rhizosphere and the non-rhizosphere soil, while the concentration of available P in rizhosphere soil was significantly higher than that in the non-rhizosphere soil. The concentrations of available P in rhizosphere 12 years old and 40 years old larch rhizosphered by 12.6% and 23.4% respectively, indicating that larch roots had the effect of mobilizing soil phosphorus. The components of inorganic P in rhizospheric soil were different from those in non-rhizospheric soil. The concentration of O-P was lower, and the concentrations of Al-P, Fe-P, Ca-P, NH4Cl-P were higher in the rhizosphere. The pH of rhizospheric soil was lower than that of non-rhizospheric soil, but no further acidification was observed. There was no close relationship between pH variation and available P concentration in larch rhizosphere.

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration↗

PubMed2001

[Assessment of the need of 24-hour availability of endoscopy].

BACKGROUND: Endoscopy is the cornerstone of the diagnosis and treatment of acute conditions in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. The need for 24-hour availability of gastroscopy for these conditions has not previously been assessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We assessed the need for emergency gastroscopy in cases of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding and obstruction by foreign bodies. The assessment was made by a gastroenterologist before gastroscopy was performed, and was based on the available clinical data for the period lasting from admission to hospital to the time of examination. RESULTS: A total of 162 patients were referred and examined. About half of them arrived at the hospital outside working hours. Of these, 47% were assessed as being in need of emergency gastroscopy. We therefore found that emergency gastroscopy outside working hours was needed twice a month per 100,000 people. INTERPRETATION: Round-the-clock endoscopy should be available at acute-care hospitals in the same way as other emergency help.

Adult↗