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Results for “experience sampling methodology”

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PubMed1999

Dysphoric mood and preference for immediate versus delayed monetary reinforcement.

It has been proposed that depression is the product of deficits in self-management skills: self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement. While interventions based on this theory have shown promise, some of the basic tenets upon which the theory is based lack empirical support. The present experiment tested one such tenet--the claim that depressed individuals select smaller more immediate reinforcers (an impulsive choice) at the expense of larger more delayed reinforcers (a self-control choice). Currently, empirical support for this notion is sparse and contradictory. This study addressed several methodological problems in earlier studies by creating divergent groups based on Beck Depression Inventory scores, employing a task requiring multiple responses and applying a quantitative model to determine reinforcer value. Analyses indicated no systematic difference between participants in the dysphoric and nondysphoric groups in ability to delay reinforcement. Thus, the current results provide no support for the hypothesis that the 36 dysphoric individuals were unable to delay reinforcement relative to the 21 nondysphoric individuals. Because respondents across the sample as a whole showed a self-control preference, however, the data are consistent with findings in the experimental study of choice responding with adult human subjects. Interpretations in terms of sensitivity and pseudosensitivity to the experimental contingencies are explored.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Mentor relationship as a tool of professional development of student nurses in clinical practice.

This is a condensed version of a research project relating to the design and the development of a research instrument concerning 'Mentor Relationship as a Tool of Professional Development of Student Nurses in Clinical Practice'. This short research paper is taken from and reproduces the research work undertaken by Saarikoski (2002). The main themes refer to: (1) Evaluation scale to assess the quality of clinical learning environment and (2) Supervision of student nurses during their clinical placements. Parts one and two are taken from the main research study and include the following (i) developing and testing an evaluation tool (ii) describing how nursing students experience their clinical learning environment and (iii) the supervision given by qualified staff nurses working in a hospital setting. This abridged report discusses the methodology approaches undertaken by the author and includes: (a) comparative phased twin centred study (b) a pilot scheme and (c) a primary research instrument that was developed into an extensively validated assessment-measuring tool. This report strongly suggests that there is clear evidence in this research report that the supervisory relationship is the most important single element of pedagogical activities of staff nurses. The total satisfaction of students correlated most clearly with the method of supervision and that those satisfied students had a successful mentor relationship and frequently enough access to private supervision sessions with mentor. In the sample of this empirical study (n = 279 student nurses in Finland) individualized supervision system was most common on psychiatric wards. All nurse educators and clinical practitioners working across Europe and around the World in clinical learning environments will find this paper very useful in helping them to improve and quantify the supervisory process. This study starts bridging the gap between using and integrating both at a National and European level qualitative assessment systems that relate to the learning and supervisory process. The study encourages the need for professionals to test these new instruments in other nursing cultures and reflects upon the need for further research work in this area.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiological study of the health-disease experience of patients with myocardial infarct].

GISSI-Nursing is a multicentre research project whose main characteristics are summarized in the title "Epidemiological study of the perception and experience of health and illness in the patient with acute myocardial infarction". A large sample CCU nursing staffs (85 out of the country approximately 230) agreed to take part in the protocol, which has become operational on March 1, 1991. The study aims at producing a longitudinal profile (from the post acute phase up to 6 months after the index event) of the way patients live the situations which procede accompany, follow the acute myocardial infarction. The size of the foreseen population (around 2500 patients) and the first han involvement of a care group of nurses in the planning and the management of the study may be seen as a promising set up for producing not only interesting new data but also original methodological insight into the research role of nurses.

Clinical Nursing Research↗

PubMed2005

Proteomics and peptidomics in neuroscience. Experience of capabilities and limitations in a neurochemical laboratory.

The increasing use of proteomics has created a basis for new strategies to develop methodologies for rapid identification of protein patterns in living organisms. It has also become evident that proteomics has other potential applications than protein and peptide identification, e.g. protein characterization, with the aim of revealing their structure, function(s) and interactions of proteins. In comparative proteomics studies, the protein expression of a certain biological system is compared with another system or the same system under perturbed conditions. Global identification of proteins in neuroscience is extremely complex, owing to the limited availability of biological material and very low concentrations of the molecules. Moreover, in addition to proteins, there are number of peptides that must also be considered in global studies on the central nervous system. In this overview, we focus on and discuss problems related to the different sources of biological material and sample handling, which are part of all preparatory and analytical steps. Straightforward protocols are desirable to avoid excessive purification steps, since loss of material at each step is inevitable. We would like to merge the two worlds of proteomics/peptidomics and neuroscience, and finally we consider different practical and technical aspects, illustrated with examples from our laboratory.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Effects of the experience of depression: application of focus group and survey methodologies.

The popularity of cognitive theories of depression has not appreciably increased attention to the effects of depression on how its sufferers subsequently think about themselves and structure their lives. As a first step in a program of systematic research, we recruited recent and former depressed psychiatric patients to participate in focus group discussions of their experience of depression and how it has affected them. Statements elicited in two focus groups were classified into eight categories: lack of energy and the loss of self-efficacy, fear of recurrence, fear of taking risks, inability to trust oneself, self-presentation and concealment, concern about being a burden to others, secondary guilt about having been depressed, and reduced involvement in interpersonal relationships. These results were then used as the basis for the construction of a survey instrument, the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ), and strong differences were found between recently recovered depressed women and a sample of women without a history of depression. Taken together, results of the focus groups and the survey study support the utility of a limited "sick role" for recovering depressed persons.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

[Guidelines for the facilitation of wholeness in patients with AIDS: the experience of patients with AIDS: I].

AIDS will be remembered as the illness that was discovered in the 1980s of which the effects of this epidemic were only realised in the 1990s. Statistics show that the number of patients with AIDS increase annually because of the number of patients now diagnosed as HIV infected. Statistics indicate that AIDS has a much wider impact on the community than only homosexuals and drug-dependent people. Much attention is paid currently to the prevention of AIDS, but the problem is vested in the third phase of the HIV infection, namely AIDS. Nurses will be more and more exposed to the patient with AIDS and she can make a valuable contribution to facilitating the quest to wholeness of the patient with AIDS. This research was aimed at exploring and describing the experiences of the patient with AIDS and to lay down guidelines for the nurse and the psychiatric nurse specialist as consultant to facilitate the quest for wholeness of the patient with AIDS. A exploratory, descriptive contextual study was done with the aim of achieving insight into the experiences of the patient with AIDS, by way of a specific convenience test sample, five patients who complied with the set criteria were included in the research. The application possibilities of this research are generally set out as regards practice, research and teaching, and also as specific guidelines for the nurse treating the patient with AIDS. By following the guidelines set out in this research, the nurse can facilitate the patient's quest for wholeness.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1984

Users and "teasers": failure to follow through with initial mental health service inquiries in a child and family treatment center.

This article examines the experience of families who contacted a child and family community mental health treatment center, but then did not follow through to receive even one session of diagnosis or treatment at the agency. The paper reports the base rate for this behavior in a large (N = 2,358) sample of cases who either only made inquiry or who received treatment at the agency. The inquiry group, or "teasers," tended to have children who were older than client groups, to have relatively more behavioral and fewer personality problems, to have demonstrated problems earlier than client groups, and to have parents who were slightly older. A follow-up study was conducted with 100 inquiry and 100 client cases. The relative efficacy of telephone and written questionnaire methodologies are compared, demonstrating that the telephone approach was more effective. Client-group children were reported to be only moderately better off at the time of follow-up than the inquiry group, but conclusions about the effects of treatment are limited by the finding that many members of the inquiry group had sought treatment elsewhere after their brief contact with the agency. Implications of this study for community mental health administration and for future research in this area are discussed.

Child↗

PubMed1995

[The elderly on technology: usage ease of usage, interest and ascribed usefulness].

This article discusses an explorative survey conducted in the Netherlands among a group of 1099 older people (> 55 years) and a reference group of people (n = 174) younger than 55 years. The participants were asked to complete an extensive questionnaire and to indicate their experience and attitudes towards modern technical facilities. The results show that the elderly use technology less frequently compared with the reference group. Compared with the reference group there is also a delay in use of technology after the introduction. An important point is that although for many participants our sample the impact of various technologies on their lives is not as great as for the younger, working people, there is a wide range of knowledge and interest in technology. The attitudes of the elderly towards new and modern technology are positive, especially in the group of the 'younger elderly' (between 55-64 years). Due to the selective composition of the group under investigation, the results cannot be generalized to the Dutch population. Taking this methodological weakness into account, the results are interesting and indicate directions for follow-up research concerning ageing and technology.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

The psychological impact of reproductive difficulties on women's lives.

Little is known about the long-term impact of reproductive experiences on women's lives. This paper uses questionnaire data collected from 107 White female college graduates, when they were approximately 47 years old. More than half the sample had experienced at least one type of reproductive difficulty (abortion, miscarriage, or infertility). The stress and coping model of life difficulties (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) was used to examine the relationship between the women's reproductive difficulties and emotional sequelae, politicization, and orientation to motherhood at midlife. As predicted, emotional responses to the reproductive difficulties varied according to the particular nature of each experience. In addition, women who had abortions and no other difficulties were more politicized at midlife than other women. Women whose reproductive experiences were especially likely to arouse feelings of not being in control of their life (those who had miscarriages or infertility) described a more agentic orientation to motherhood when compared with other women.

Americas↗

PubMed1996

The prevalence of physical and sexual abuse in women veterans seeking care at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

Physical and sexual abuse are increasingly recognized as common harmful experiences for women. We surveyed 828 women veterans seeking care at the Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center to determine the prevalence of physical and sexual abuse experiences, both during and outside of military service. Data were collected through an anonymous, mailed questionnaire, with a response rate of 52%. Sixty-eight percent of respondents reported at least one form of abuse, and 27% reported all three. Sexual abuse was most common (55%), followed by physical abuse (48%), and rape (41%). Enlisted women, women younger than 50, and single, separated, or divorced women were significantly more likely to report abusive experiences. Over 40% of the women reporting abuse were never victimized while on active duty, and these women were less likely to receive counseling. Physical and sexual abuse experiences are disturbingly common among women veterans and demonstrate the need for additional services to assist these women.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Compound-specific delta13C analysis of individual amino sugars--a tool to quantify timing and amount of soil microbial residue stabilization.

There is strong scientific evidence that microbial residues such as amino sugars may be stabilized in soil. However, up to now, no investigation has been carried out to quantify both the amount and timing of such stabilization. This is primarily due to methodological constraints, because it is not possible to differentiate between stabilized (old) and recently produced (new) amino sugars when these biomarkers are conventionally analyzed, e.g. by means of gas chromatography and flame ionization detection. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to test whether compound-specific isotope analysis (delta13C) of amino sugars extracted from soil could be used to differentiate between old and new microbial residues. For this aim a method for the delta13C analysis of individual amino sugars was developed and optimized. First results of delta13C values of glucosamine, galactosamine, mannosamine, and muramic acid in soil samples from two different ecological studies are presented, clearly indicating that discrimination between soil inherent and newly formed amino sugars is possible in stable isotope labeling experiments. Our results further showed that, in the short term (within 1 month), only few amino sugars were built, thus making highly 13C-enriched substrates necessary for the quantification of new amino sugar production and for the determination of amino sugar turnover rates.

Amino Sugars↗

PubMed1988

The epidemiology of alcohol abuse among employed men and women.

This chapter examines the relationships between the workplace and the use and abuse of alcohol and discusses some methodological problems in studies that assess these relationships. In an analysis of data from a representative sample of employed men and women in metropolitan Detroit, we find that pressures of the job (job competition and time pressures) are related to the use of alcohol and that job pressures, less complex work with data, people, and things, and feelings of job stress are related to the abuse of alcohol. As we interpret the findings, alcohol is consumed as a means of coping with a stressful work environment whether that consumption is for tension reduction or for self-stimulation. Several alternative interpretations of the findings are addressed with other data from the Detroit study, and we suggest directions for further research on the working and drinking experiences of employed men and women.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

The social context of active distress in patients with early myocardial infarction.

Data of a retrospective case control study on 380 male patients with clinically documented first myocardial infarction (MI) (age 30-55) as well as findings of a follow-up over 18 months of 70% of this sample are presented. Results show first, that specific work stressors, lack of social support, and acute life changes are each significantly more prevalent among subjects with MI than among healthy controls; second, that significantly greater parts of MI subjects can be classified as simultaneously exposed to several chronic and acute social risks; third, that social stressors are related to the recurrence of cardiac symptoms in a follow-up after rehabilitation. These findings are discussed with regard to possible methodological bias such as the role of denial and neuroticism in patients under study, influences caused by interviewers, and limited validity of subjective stress rating. After controlling for these biases, findings basically remain stable. It is argued that a certain class of critical socio-emotional experiences, labeled 'active distress' may be harmful to neurohormonal imbalance, and, consequently, to several precursors of cardiovascular diseases. This class of experiences is reinforced and sustained by social contexts as the ones investigated in this study.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Discrimination between epidemiological cycles of rabies in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The design of efficient rabies control programs within a geographic area requires an appropriate knowledge of the local epidemiological cycles. In Latin America, there is a geographical overlap of the two main epidemiological cycles: (a) the terrestrial cycle, where the dog is the main terrestrial vector and the principal cause of human transmission; and (b) the aerial cycle, in which the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus is representative in Mexico. This bat is the major sylvatic rabies vector transmitting rabies to cattle. The purpose of this study was to distinguish between the epidemiological cycles of rabies virus (aerial and terrestrial) circulating in Mexico, using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). METHODS: Thirty positive rabies isolates were obtained from different species (including humans, domestic, and wildlife animals) and geographical regions. The methodology included the extraction of RNA, and synthesis of cDNA, PCR, and RFLP using four restriction endonucleases. To determine the aerial cycle, BsaW I and BsrG I were utilized, and for terrestrial cycle, BamH I and Stu I. Most of the samples belonged to the aerial and terrestrial cycles, except for two skunk isolates from Northwestern Mexico, which were not cut by any of the enzymes. RESULTS: Three different migration patterns were detected: (a) the first was observed in six amplicons, which were cut by BsaW I and BsrG I (aerial cycle); (b) 19 amplified samples were digested with BamH I and Stu I enzymes (terrestrial cycle); and (c) two skunk isolates from Northwest Mexico, were not cut by any of the enzymes utilized in the experiments (hypervariable cycle). CONCLUSIONS: This concludes that RFLP can be used for the classification of rabies field samples in epidemiological studies. Moreover, it has demonstrated its usefulness, not only for differentiating between the main epidemiological rabies cycles present in Mexico, but also to detect new cycles in wildlife species.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

The development of the self-care ability to detect early signs of relapse among individuals who have schizophrenia.

A qualitative study using interpretive interactionism investigated how individuals with schizophrenia develop an ability to detect early signs of relapse. A purposive sample of 15 respondents were interviewed about their illness experiences. Three sequential processes were identified. Responding reactively to psychic pain, initiated by a desire to escape from overwhelming distress, resulted in the differentiation of tolerable and intolerable pain. Refining perceptions of psychic pain followed and resulted in the identification of specific thoughts, feelings and behaviors associated with different levels of distress. Finally, actively reducing psychic pain resulted in a proactive surveillance for specific signs of increasing distress.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Spatial analysis to identify differentials in dental needs by area-based measures.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between tooth decay and dental treatment needs in 5-12-year-old schoolchildren in São Paulo with area-level indicators of social development. METHODS: The present study refers to a representative sample of children from the city of São Paulo, Brazil, comprising 2491 girls and boys attending public and private schools in different areas of the city. The assessment of caries and treatment needs followed the international methodological standards prescribed by the World Health Organization. We used spatial data analysis to describe epidemiological measures distributed by small areas, and to explore hypotheses of ecological association between caries indexes and indicators of social development. RESULTS: Schoolchildren in central districts were less affected by tooth decay and presented fewer dental treatment needs when compared to those in peripheral deprived areas. At the spatial level, average family income, unemployment rate, household overcrowding, and an index of inequality of income distribution were significantly correlated with variables measuring children's caries experience. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneous distribution of caries indexes by areas of the city indicates higher levels of dental decay in areas of social deprivation. The delimitation of areas with increased risk of caries and greater dental treatment needs should be helpful to public health services for the formulation of policies and the targeting of resources to address these problems.

Brazil↗

PubMed1977

Coffee consumption and coronary heart disease in middle-aged Swedish men.

The possible association between coffee and myocardial infarction (MI) has been studied both prospectively in a random population sample of Swedish men aged 50 years (n=834) and with case control methodology in non-selected male patients surviving a MI (age 40-57 years, n=230). Coffee consumption was significantly associated with two other important risk factors for MI, namely smoking and alcoholic intemperance, but weak (non-significant) relationships were found with serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, systolic or diastolic BP, and dyspnoea on exertion. In the prospective study there was no significant relationship between coffee and MI, either with univariate or multivariate analysis. The retrospectively reported coffee consumption of MI patients was higher than of those who later suffered a MI (the population sample). With the aid of non-parametric multivariate analysis of the combined population sample and the series of MI patients, a significant association was found between coffee consumption and MI. The experience of having had a MI may have affected the patients' rating of coffee consumption, or their consumption may have really increased during some months or a few years before the MI.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1976

Absence of an alpha two-macroglobulin-protease complex in cystic fibrosis.

The present study using immunologic methodology confirms previous observations from this laboratory of an absence of a protease component with arginine esterase activity in plasma of patients with cystic fibrosis. In this study, the pooled plasma from control individuals was activated and partially purified after adsorption on columns of soybean trypsin inhibitor conjugated to Sepharose 4B followed by elution with benzamidine. The fraction was further purified by isoelectrofocusing on polyacrylamide gels. Proteins around the pI range of 5.5 were eluted and utilized to prepare an antiserum. Immunoelectrophoresis of activated plasma samples from control subjects and patients with cystic fibrosis was performed utilizing the antiserum. In controls, four precipitin arcs with residual esterase activity were observed, whereas only three were seen in plasma from patients with cystic fibrosis. Double gel diffusion experiments using specific antisera ruled out the presence of trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasminogen, prothrombin, C1 esterase, alpha one-trypsin inhibitor, and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor in the concentrated benzamidine eluate. The antisera to alpha two-macroglobulin gave an immunoprecipitate which was readily stained for proteolytic activity. On immunoelectrophoresis, the alpha two-macroglobulin precipitin band corresponded to the band absent in plasma of patients with cystic fibrosis. In contrast, the alpha two-macroglobulin levels were similar in plasma of control subjects and patients with cystic fibrosis. Using the antiserum to the protein fractith proteolytic activity could be demonstrated in control plasma. One specific enzyme-active "rocket" was absent in plasma of patients with cystic fibrosis. In a double blind study of 15 control samples and 15 samples from patients with cystic fibrosis, a specific "rocket" was shown to be present in 13 control samples and absent in 14 cystic fibrosis samples. alpha two-Macroglobulin was determined by both an immunologic procedure and by its trypsin binding (trypsin protein esterase concentration). The ratio of the immunologic assay to the biologic activity assay was 90 for the normal plasma samples and only 65 for cystic fibrosis samples.

Animals↗