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At least 1,135 records · Page 63Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Morphometry and cell proliferation in endoscopic biopsies: evaluation of a technique.

A simple method for the quantification of intestinal epithelial cell proliferation in humans was evaluated. Endoscopic biopsy specimens were stained and microdissected, and the number of mitoses per gland or crypt was determined, as was the area of these units. The technique could readily be applied to tissue from the stomach, small intestine colon, and rectum. The number of mitoses and the size of the proliferative compartments increased caudally from the stomach to the cecum in humans. There was a good correlation between area and mitoses per gland or per crypt (r = 0.89; P less than 0.001), confirming the general equivalence between proliferative rate and compartment size. The method was validated by comparing microdissection-derived data with data previously obtained as part of an autoradiography-based study in the dog. This showed that similar differences in proliferation and crypt cell mass could be obtained but in less than one sixth of the time taken to score autoradiographs. It is concluded that this method for the estimation of gastrointestinal epithelial proliferation correlates well with other well-established techniques, confers speed as well as accuracy, has an all encompassing denominator, and can thus avoid many of the problems associated with the quantification of tissue sections.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Ultrastructural morphometry of gastric endocrine cells before and after omeprazole. A study in the oxyntic mucosa of duodenal ulcer patients.

Long-term toxicological experiments with inhibitors of acid secretion were found to induce hyperplasia and eventually carcinoid tumors of the enterochromaffin-like cells of the oxyntic mucosa. To evaluate the effects of 6 months' treatment with omeprazole in humans, the oxyntic endocrine cells were morphometrically investigated at the ultrastructural level in five patients with active duodenal ulcer. No omeprazole-induced changes were found in the volume density of the total endocrine cell population and specific cell types (including the enterochromaffin-like cell) as well as in the other cytological parameters investigated (number of cell profiles per unit area, mean cross-sectional area of cell profiles, nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, and density of cytoplasmic secretory granules). Both pretreatment and post-treatment values in our patients with duodenal ulcer significantly differed from those of a previous investigation of healthy volunteers with regard to the volume density of enterochromaffin-like cells and non-granulated cells, which increased, and of D cells, which markedly decreased. The latter result may provide a cellular basis for impairment in the paracrine release of fundic somatostatin in peptic ulcer disease. Finally, morphometric data on endocrine cell volume density provided by electron microscopy were found to correlate with those obtained in the same patients using light microscopy techniques (Grimelius silver impregnation and chromogranin A immunostaining). It is concluded that 6 months' treatment with pharmacological doses of omeprazole is devoid of appreciable trophic effect on endocrine cells of human oxyntic mucosa.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Morphometry of pancreatic beta cell populations during larval growth and metamorphosis of Rana catesbeiana.

Insulin secreting (beta) cell and pancreas volumes were estimated from bullfrogs at different stages in the life cycle. Estimations were made after immunostaining and planimetry of serial pancreas sections. The beta cell volume increased during larval life and is the most likely source of the increased insulin-like immunoreactivity extracted from tadpole pancreases (J. Hulsebus and E. S. Farrar (1985) Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 58, 114-119). Metamorphic climax was associated with a loss of pancreas and beta cell volumes and insulin-like immunoreactivity. The beta cell pancreatic volume increased following metamorphosis and growth continued in juveniles and adults. The beta cell mass formed a relatively constant percentage of the total pancreatic volume throughout the life cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Border disease of sheep: spinal cord morphometry.

Semi-automated planimetry was used to determine cross-sectional areas of spinal grey and white matter by direct microscopy of paraffin sections of spinal cord from Border disease (BD) and normal lambs at segments C4, C8, T6 and L4. Spinal cord cross-sectional area was significantly reduced in cases of BD produced by either intramuscular or intranasal inoculation of ewes in the first half of pregnancy with Weybridge strains of BD virus. The reduction was apparent at all 4 levels and in both grey and white matter, though the white matter was the more severely affected. Spinal cord areas tended to be smaller in the progeny of ewes exposed earlier in gestation or to larger doses of virus, but these differences were not statistically significant.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Immunohistochemical morphometry of pancreatic endocrine cells in diabetic, normoglycaemic glucose-intolerant and normal cats.

The anatomical distribution and volume fractions of pancreatic A cells (glucagon), B cells (insulin) and D cells (somatostatin) were evaluated by an immunoperoxidase technique in 6 diabetic cats, 6 normoglycaemic glucose-intolerant cats and 6 normal control cats. Islets lacking A cells were observed in some sections from the right lobe of the pancreas which correlated with a significantly lower A cell volume fraction in the right pancreatic lobe. Endocrine cell volume fractions in normoglycaemic glucose-intolerant cats were not significantly different from controls. Thus, a reduction in B cell volume fraction was not necessary for the occurrence of impaired glucose tolerance in these cats. However, the reduction of B cell volume fraction in the 2 normoglycaemic glucose-intolerant cats with insular amyloidosis may in part explain the more severely impaired glucose tolerance previously observed in these cats. Insular amyloidosis in our feline diabetics, as in human type II diabetics, was associated with a significant decrease in A and B cell volume fractions. In both human type II and feline diabetes mellitus, however, the reduction in B cell mass does not appear sufficient alone to lead to diabetes mellitus. Therefore, amyloid replacement of functional endocrine cells does not appear to be the primary diabetogenic event in feline diabetes mellitus, but may contribute to progression of the condition due to loss of functional B cell reserves. We thus postulate that a B cell defect precedes deposition of islet amyloid and that these amyloid deposits may thus provide an important biochemical clue to specific B cell derangements occurring in adult-onset diabetics.

Amyloidosis↗
PubMed1992

Human fetal heart development after mid-term: morphometry and ultrastructural study.

A total of 44 normally developed human fetal hearts aged from 17 to 40 weeks gestation were provided for routine ultrastructural and morphometric studies. For morphometric analysis, the maximal thicknesses of the anterior, lateral and posterior wall of both ventricles and that of interventricular septum were measured and the left-to-right thickness ratios calculated. The cross-sectional areas of both ventricles in the plane of the greatest heart diameter were measured with computerized image analysis system. Data were analyzed using linear regression and one-way analysis of variance. Myofibril formation occurred by attachment of thin filaments into amorphous Z materials which were presented in sarcolemmal plaques, sarcoplasmic condensations, desmosomes and in Z lines. From these Z centers, myofibrils radiated many directions and branched and anastomosed with further development. This pattern of myofibrillar development continued throughout the whole fetal period. A transverse tubule system was clearly evident in later fetal development. It occurred by invagination of sarcolemma into myocardial cells and formation of subsarcolemmal caveolae. Mitochondria, well-developed Golgi complexes, glycogen granules and well-developed microvessels were found throughout the whole fetal period. Binucleated myocytes appeared by 32 weeks gestation and this suggests that myocyte hyperplasia may cease before birth in humans. The growth of both ventricular walls, the interventricular septum and that of both ventricular cross-sectional areas showed linear regression, and the left-to-right wall thickness ratios were nearly constant. Also, there were no differences in morphometric data between the left and right ventricles. In conclusion, development of the myocyte is an ongoing process which may be continued in the post-natal period in humans, and our statistical results do not support the theory of the right ventricular dominance during the fetal period.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed1976

Morphometry of myelinated fibers of fasciculus gracilis of man.

The number of myelinated fibers per square millimeter of fasciculus gracilis, and of large and small myelinated fibers per square millimeter of fasciculus gracilis, at the C3 and T5 segements of spinal cord from 22 persons of different ages have been estimated, with a 95% confidence limit, assisted by semi-automatic methods of measurement and using programmed calculation and plotting. In addition, the histograms for diameter of myelinated fibers and mean diameter were obtained. At C3, the numbers of myelinated fibers ranged from 19,647/mm2 to 35,773/mm2, with a mean of 25,267/mm2. The number is less with older age. At T5, numbers of myelinated fibers ranged from 17,804/mm2 to 29,486/mm2, with a mean of 23,069/mm2. The number of myelinated fibers was greater at C3 than at T5 in subjects under 45. The mean diameter of myelinated fibers at C3 was smaller than that at T5. The normative data presented here should be useful for comparing with similarly derived data from patients with diseases of peripheral nerves, in evaluating the three-dimensional morphologic alteration of primary afferent neurons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Peripheral nerve morphometry in stroke patients.

Sural nerve biopsy specimens from affected and non-affected limbs of stroke patients were examined morphometrically. Two principle abnormalities of peripheral nerve were found in hemiparetic and hemiplegic limbs. First, the frequency of abnormal teased nerve fibers was significantly increased with abnormal internodes frequently "clustered" and showing a 50% or more reduction in myelin thickness. Second, the mean diameter of myelinated nerve fibers was reduced. These results suggest a primary atrophy of peripheral nerve fibers in the affected limbs of stroke patients with secondary demyelination. Possible aetiological factors include disuse, transynaptic degeneration, ischemia, pressure effect, and decreased axoplasmic flow. It would seem that the structural integrity of peripheral nerve is frequently compromised following a cerebral lesion.

Adult↗