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PubMed1992

Risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission through breastfeeding.

Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in breast milk by culture and polymerase chain reaction does not necessarily mean that breastfeeding is a route of transmission, although evidence from several case-reports points in that direction. We undertook a systematic review of published studies meeting criteria that allowed determination of quantitative risk of transmission via breastfeeding. Based on four studies in which mothers acquired HIV-1 postnatally, the estimated risk of transmission is 29% (95% Cl 16-42%). Analysis of five studies showed that when the mother was infected prenatally, the additional risk of transmission through breastfeeding, over and above transmission in utero or during delivery, is 14% (95% Cl 7-22%). Where there are safe alternatives to breastfeeding, universal named testing of pregnant women would provide an opportunity to advise more infected women not to breastfeed and might thereby reduce the number of vertically infected children. Since breastfeeding protects against infant deaths from infectious diseases, breastfeeding is still recommended where infectious diseases are a common cause of death in childhood, despite the additional risk of HIV transmission.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1984

Biochemical and morphological comparison of microsomal preparations from rat, quail, trout, mussel, and water flea.

Differential centrifugation methods already in use were applied to purify rat, quail, and trout liver microsomes and modified as necessary to purify microsomes from mussel digestive gland and whole water flea. All these microsomal preparations were comparatively characterized with respect to protein and RNA content, levels of markers of subcellular contaminants, ultrastructural morphology, differential spectra of cytochromes P-450 and b5, monoxygenase activity, and in vitro metabolism of p-dichlorobenzene. Yields of microsomal proteins of the tested organisms differed widely, with mussel showing the lowest yield. Very low levels of nuclear and mitochondrial contaminants were detected in all microsomal preparations, but cell membrane contaminants were clearly present in most preparations. Daphnia microsomes were significantly contaminated by plasma membranes, and hepatopancreas microsomes contained significant amounts of partially disrupted secretory granules and plasma membrane. From a qualitative standpoint differential spectra of cytochrome b5 were very similar for all the preparations, whereas cytochrome P-450 spectra were largely dependent on the microsomal preparation as well as on the assay method used. The content of cytochrome P-450 was highest for rat liver microsomes and very low or absent in Daphnia and mussel preparations; the range of cytochrome b5 contents was much narrower. Significant differences were observed among monoxygenase activities of the different preparations. In Daphnia and mussel microsomes, aniline hydroxylase was absent and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity was much lower than in rat and quail microsomes. Benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity of trout liver microsomes was similar to that of rat and quail microsomes, whereas hydroxylation of substrates which in rat liver are preferentially metabolized by phenobarbital-inducible forms of cytochrome P-450 was much lower in trout microsomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Molecular comparison of mouse Thy-1 and its human homologue.

Physicochemical techniques were used to verify previous immunochemical studies showing homology of the human Thy-1 (formerly p25) antigen and the murine Thy-1 or theta antigen. Peptide maps and amino acid compositions showed close similarity between these two proteins; however, they were not identical. These data confirm that the p25 antigen is the human homologue of mouse Thy-1.

Alanine↗
PubMed1980

Anti-ovarian and anti-lymphocyte antibodies in patients with chronic vaginal candidiasis.

Seventeen of 30 patients with chronic vaginal candidiasis (CVC) of at least 5 years duration had varying degrees of menstrual problems and defective T lymphocyte function; 8 developed amenorrhea. In a group of 40 CVC patients, titers of autoantibodies to ovary, thymocytes, a T-cell line (CCRF-CEM), and a B-cell line (RN114) were significantly higher than those in 45 normal females (69 +/- 3 vs. 5 +/- 2, 70 +/- 27 vs. 4 +/- 2, l7 +/- 6, vs. 4 +/ 2, and 73 +/- 24 vs. 8 +/- 5, respectively, mean +/- S.E.). Antibody titers to sperm, T-cell line HSB-2, and B-cell lines RAJI and BALL-1 were within the normal range. Significant correlations were found between anti-Candida, anti-ovarian, and anti-thymocyte antibody titers. Similar results were found for 6 patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMCC) and in serial samples obtained over a one-year period from a representative patient with both CVC and CMCC. The anti-T-lymphocyte antibodies in these patients were directed primarily against non-suppressor (predominately helper) T cells. Absorption of the sera with either Candida cells, ovarian follicle cells, or thymocytes reduced all three antibody titers; absorption with sperm or B-cell lines did not alter the titers. These results suggest the presence of one or more cross-reactive antigens on ovarian follicle, T lymphocytes (especially the helper cell subpopulation), and Candida.

Absorption↗
PubMed1996

Modifications of erythrocyte membrane fluidity from patients with anorexia nervosa before and after refeeding.

Erythrocyte membrane characteristics were compared in 15 normal women and 15 women with anorexia nervosa; the patients were studied at hospital admission and again after 1 month of refeeding. At admission, physical properties of erythrocyte membranes, studied with electron spin resonance spectrometry, significantly differed between the anorexic patients and the normal volunteers. Fluidity from the hydrophobic part of the erythrocyte membrane, estimated by the correlation frequency, was decreased in the patients. After 1 month of refeeding, fluidity increased. One of the possible mechanisms of the variation of membrane fluidity could be the effect of cholesterol on membrane structure. Increased cholesterol levels in anorexic subjects could reduce fluidity. These alterations in membrane fluidity could explain some of the neurobiological abnormalities observed in anorexia nervosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Viral susceptibility of an immortalized human microvascular endothelial cell line.

CDC/EU.HMEC-1 is the first immortalized human microvascular endothelial cell line that retains morphologic, phenotypic, and functional characteristics of a normal human microvascular endothelial cell. This study evaluates a variety of viruses and their effects on this human endothelial cell line. The data indicate that adenoviruses, some herpesviruses, reoviruses and most picornaviruses grow well in HMEC-1, with distinctive cytopathic effects. The paramyxoviruses, however, do not appear to propagate, nor does HIV. The findings indicate that microvascular endothelial cells may act as a reservoir of these viruses; it also suggests the possibility that microvascular endothelium could be involved in the processing and presentation of antigen to immune cells.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1989

The interior of a whole and unmodified biological object--the zymogen granule--viewed with a high-resolution X-ray microscope.

We report the ability of focused soft X-rays to visualize at spatial resolution well beyond that of the optical microscope (less than 100 nm) the interior of a small, whole biological object without fixation, staining, dehydration or sectioning. Quantitative estimation of its protein content with unique femtogram sensitivity is also reported. The present results represent a significant step towards the goals of natural imaging and chemical mapping of biological structures with soft X-rays.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A long-term study of the relationship of third molars to changes in the mandibular dental arch.

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of third molars to changes in the mandibular dental arch. The sample for this study consisted of four groups and subgroups. The groups consisted of premolar extraction treated, nonextraction treated with initial generalized spacing, nonextraction treated, and serial extraction untreated subjects. The subgroups were divided into persons who had mandibular third molars that were either impacted, erupted into function, congenitally absent, or extracted at least 10 years before postretention records. The mean postretention time interval was 13 years, with a range of 10 to 28 years. The mean postretention age was 28 years 6 months, with a range of 18 years 6 months to 39 years 4 months. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to compare the changes over time (before treatment, at end of active treatment, and after retention) of groups and third molar subgroups. With time, mandibular incisor irregularity increased while arch length and intercanine width decreased. The eruption patterns of mandibular incisors and first molars were similarly dispersed in all groups studied. The findings between the subgroups in which mandibular third molars were impacted, erupted into function, congenitally absent, or extracted 10 years before postretention records revealed no significant differences between any of the subgroups for the parameters studied. No significant differences in mandibular growth were found between the third molar subgroups; this suggests that persons with third molars erupted into satisfactory function do not have a significantly different mandibular growth pattern than those whose third molars are impacted or congenitally missing. In the majority of cases some degree of mandibular incisor crowding took place after retention, but this change was not significantly different between third molar subgroups. This finding suggests that the recommendation for mandibular third molar removal with the objective of alleviating or preventing mandibular incisor irregularity may not be justified.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Dependence of fatty acid composition of Listeria spp. on growth temperature.

In Listeria spp., various fatty acids are produced; by far the most common members are C15 and C17 chain length fatty acids. This pattern is rather similar in all species. At low temperatures, most of the Listeria are able to change the relative composition whereby more of the C15 fatty acids are produced, which could increase the fluidity of the bacterial cell membrane under these conditions.

Culture Media↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The German health care system: structure and changes.

The German health care system has often been viewed by American policy makers as a model for a system that controls costs and provides coverage to virtually all of its citizens, while maintaining a private market for the delivery of most services. Nevertheless, German policy makers are as concerned as their American counterparts about the increasing share of national income devoted to health care. To control rising health care costs, the German government, after two decades of cost control interventions, has enacted a major health care reform aimed at reducing structural deficits of the current system and enhancing competition within the system. We review the general structure of the German health care system and analyze its specific problems. We also discuss its accomplishments and present the recently enacted health care reform.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1991

Possibilities of vaccine manufacture in human diploid cell strains with a serum replacement factor.

Cell lines MDCK (canine kidney), BGM (Buffalo green monkey kidney) and human embryonic lung fibroblast will support viral growth efficiently in medium without serum. Both MRC-5 and WI-38 cell strains have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for manufacturing viral vaccines against cytomegalovirus and varicella-zoster virus. In this study we examine these two cell lines and viruses for their ability to grow in medium containing a serum replacement. The serum substitute used is LPSR-1 (low protein serum replacement). Using LPSR-1 in defined medium, we demonstrate multipassage cell growth and viral cultivation and replication equivalent to those obtained in medium containing fetal bovine serum (FBS). Viral growth after complete elimination of FBS varies and depends on cell line and virus. Serum substitutes can eliminate FBS in the viral growth phase of vaccine production and reduce costs.

Cell Line↗
PubMed2003

Analysis of recombinant acylated pneumococcal surface adhesin A of Streptococcus pneumoniae by mass spectrometry.

Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) is a species-common, immunogenic surface lipoprotein. In this study, the psaA gene was expressed as a nonfusion acylated protein in an Escherichia coli expression system. Yields of pure recombinant PsaA (rPsaA) were 8-10 mg/liter of fermentation culture. Analysis of rPsaA tryptic digests by HPLC-electrospray mass spectrometry (MS) confirmed 98% of the expected protein sequence. GC/MS data demonstrated very similar acylation of native and rPsaA by C12:0-C22:0 fatty acids, with C16 and C18 predominating. Negative ion electrospray MS/MS analysis of the rPsaA lipid anchor released by Pronase-E confirmed that the structure was based on an N-terminal palmitoylcysteine (Pam(3)Cys). Electrospray MS heterogeneity analysis of intact rPsaA indicated that all of the observed heterogeneity could be accounted for by the fatty acid distributions. The availability of well-characterized rPsaA will facilitate the continued research and development of protein-based vaccines for the prevention of pneumococcal disease.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MS) consists of a cluster of obesity-related risk factors that have been linked to the development and progression of coronary heart disease (CHD). The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of MS, as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol, in patients with CHD attending cardiac rehabilitation (CR) after a coronary event. METHODS: We analyzed baseline data of 1912 individuals with established coronary artery disease entering CR in Burlington, Vt, and Boston, Mass. RESULTS: Overall, 50% of patients entering CR have MS. A significantly greater percentage of women than men have MS (54% vs 48, respectively, P < .001). This is due to higher prevalence of abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, and hypertension (all, P < .05) in women. In women, the prevalence of MS peaked in the eighth decade vs the fifth decade in men. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MS in patients with CHD participating in CR is greater than twice that of the general population. The prevalence of MS is higher and occurs at an older age in women than men. This study highlights the need for CR programs to develop specific interventions to assist patients with risk factor modification primarily by targeting physical inactivity and weight control.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Clinical evidence for a health benefit from cardiac rehabilitation: an update.

The recent decision by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to expand the indications for cardiac rehabilitation (CR) provides an opportunity to review the clinical evidence of the efficacy of exercise in the CR setting for patients who have experienced an acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, stable angina, percutaneous coronary intervention, chronic heart failure, cardiac transplant, or cardiac valve repair/replacement. Evidence shows that physician-directed, exercise-based CR positively affects the basic pathophysiology of coronary artery disease, the extent of disability and level of quality of life, and the ability to potentially impact events of both morbidity and mortality. The role of CR, including regular exercise, lifestyle modification, and appropriate medical therapy, is effective in younger and older men and women with cardiac diagnoses. The efficacy of this important therapeutic modality warrants its more widespread application.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed2004

Rosiglitazone improves intestinal lipoprotein overproduction in the fat-fed Syrian Golden hamster, an animal model of nutritionally-induced insulin resistance.

We have recently shown that the fructose-fed Syrian Golden hamster, a non-diabetic animal model of nutritionally-induced insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia, is characterized by intestinal lipoprotein overproduction. In order to determine whether intestinal lipoprotein overproduction is specific to fructose feeding or applies generally to other models of insulin resistance, we studied intestinal lipoprotein production and the response to insulin sensitization in the high fat-fed Syrian Golden hamster. Syrian Golden Hamsters were fed either (1). chow (CHOW), (2). 60% fat (FAT) or (3). 60% fat with rosiglitazone, 20 micromol/kg per day (FAT + RSG) for 5 weeks. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp studies confirmed that FAT is a good model of insulin resistance and rosiglitazone treatment resulted in a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity. In addition, there was a significant approx. two- to four-fold increase in intestinal apoB48 particle production in FAT. Rosiglitazone treatment resulted in partial normalization of apoB48-containing intestinal lipoprotein secretion. In summary: (1). the fat-fed Syrian Golden Hamster is a good model of nutritionally-induced insulin resistance, (2). intestinal overproduction of lipoproteins appear to contribute to the hypertriglyceridemia of insulin resistance in this animal model and (3). insulin sensitization with rosiglitazone ameliorates intestinal apoB48 particle overproduction in the fat-fed Syrian Golden Hamster. These data further support the link between insulin resistance and intestinal lipoprotein overproduction.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Effect of rosuvastatin on hepatic production of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in an animal model of insulin resistance and metabolic dyslipidemia.

A novel animal model of insulin resistance, the fructose-fed Syrian golden hamster, was employed to investigate the efficacy and mechanisms of action of rosuvastatin, a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, in ameliorating metabolic dyslipidemia in insulin-resistant states. Fructose feeding for a 2-week period induced insulin resistance and a significant increase in hepatic secretion of VLDL. This was followed by a fructose-enriched diet with or without 10 mg/kg rosuvastatin for 14 days. Fructose feeding in the first 2 weeks caused a significant increase in plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride in both groups (n=6, p<0.001). However, there was a significant decline (30%, n=8, p<0.05) in plasma triglyceride levels following rosuvastatin feeding (10 mg/kg). A significant decrease (n=6, p<0.05) was also observed in VLDL-apoB production in hepatocytes isolated from drug-treated hamsters, together with an increased apoB degradation (n=6, p<0.05). Similar results were obtained in parallel cell culture experiments in which primary hepatocytes were first isolated from chow-fed hamsters, and then treated in vitro with 15 microM rosuvastatin for 18 h. Rosuvastatin at 5 microM caused a substantial reduction in synthesis of unesterified cholesterol and cholesterol ester (98 and 25%, n=9, p<0.01 or p<0.05) and secretion of newly synthesized unesterified cholesterol, cholesterol ester, and triglyceride (95, 42, and 60% reduction, respectively, n=9, p<0.01 or p<0.05). This concentration of rosuvastatin also caused a significant reduction (75% decrease, n=4, p<0.01) in the extracellular secretion of VLDL-apoB100, accompanied by a significant increase in the intracellular degradation of apoB100. There was a 12% reduction (not significant, p>0.05) in hepatic MTP and no changes in ER-60 (a chaperone involved in apoB degradation) protein levels. Taken together, these data suggest that the assembly and secretion of VLDL particles in hamster hepatocytes can be acutely inhibited by rosuvastatin in a process involving enhanced apoB degradation. This appears to lead to a significant amelioration of hepatic VLDL-apoB overproduction observed in the fructose-fed, insulin-resistant hamster model.

Animals↗