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PubMed2002

A comparison of the effects of differences in temporal gating and ear of presentation on profile discrimination.

The aim of the study was to examine the effects of differences in temporal gating and ear of presentation (both separately and in combination) on listeners' ability to detect an increment in the level of a 1 kHz component (the target) relative to that of four spectrally flanking components. The flanking components were always presented to the listeners' right ear, while the target component was either presented to the same ear (monaural presentation) or to the left ear (dichotic presentation). Similarly, the target and flanking components were either gated on and off at the same time (synchronous presentation), or else the target component began 100 ms before and terminated 100 ms after the four flanking components (asynchronous presentation). On average, thresholds were lowest in the synchronous, monaural condition, and highest in the two asynchronous conditions. Ear differences alone did result in elevated thresholds for most listeners. However, combining differences in gating and ear of presentation produced thresholds that were indistinguishable from those obtained when gating differences alone were employed. These results are consistent with the suggestion that differences in temporal gating lead to more complete segregation of concurrent frequency components than differences in spatial location.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1981

A 40-Hz auditory potential recorded from the human scalp.

Computer techniques readily extract from the brainwaves an orderly sequence of brain potentials locked in time to sound stimuli. The potentials that appear 8 to 80 msec after the stimulus resemble 3 or 4 cycles of a 40-Hz sine wave; we show here that these waves combined to form a single, stable, composite wave when the sounds are repeated at rates around 40 per sec. This phenomenon, the 40-Hz event-related potential (ERP), displays several properties of theoretical and practical interest. First, it reportedly disappears with surgical anesthesia, and it resembles similar phenomena in the visual and olfactory system, facts which suggest that adequate processing of sensory information may require cyclical brain events in the 30- to 50-Hz range. Second, latency and amplitude measurements on the 40-Hz ERP indicate it may contain useful information on the number and basilar membrane location of the auditory nerve fibers a given tone excites. Third, the response is present at sound intensities very close to normal adult thresholds for the audiometric frequencies, a fact that could have application in clinical hearing testing.

Auditory Pathways↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of the auditory systems of heterosexuals and homosexuals: click-evoked otoacoustic emissions.

Click-evoked otoacoustic emissions (CEOAEs) are echo-like waveforms emitted by normal-hearing cochleas in response to a brief transient. CEOAEs are known to be stronger in females than in males. In this experiment, the CEOAEs of homosexual and bisexual females were found to be intermediate to those of heterosexual females and heterosexual males. A parsimonious explanation is that the auditory systems of homosexual and bisexual females, and the brain structures responsible for their sexual orientation, have been partially masculinized by exposure to high levels of androgens prenatally. No difference in CEOAEs was observed between homosexual and heterosexual males.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2004

Dichotic listening in children with focal epilepsy: effects of structural brain abnormality and seizure characteristics.

The study examined performance on a dichotic listening test in children with focal epilepsy. The aim of the study was to explore how factors related to brain pathology would affect ear advantage. The effects of lateralization of epileptogenic area, size and localization of structural abnormality on MRI findings, and seizure characteristics were studied. Children treated for focal epileptic seizures took part in the study (N = 35). The dichotic test consisted of pairs of words, nonwords, syllables and vowels. Results demonstrated that large congenital structural abnormality in the left hemisphere altered ear advantage whereas smaller abnormality and right-hemisphere abnormality did not. Further, epileptic seizures of left-hemisphere origin that had started at an early age affected ear advantage whereas seizure frequency at the time of the assessment did not. Children with early onset of seizures of right-hemisphere origin had a strong right-ear advantage. The total score did not differ between the groups. There was a strong negative correlation between the scores for the right-ear and the left-ear. The findings were interpreted to indicate altered functional dominance for perception of auditory, linguistic stimuli following early left-hemisphere pathology rather than unilateral functional suppression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Paradoxical effects of contralateral white noise on evoked otoacoustic emissions in ears with acoustic neuroma.

A contralateral suppression effect on evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAEs) is usually present in normally hearing subjects and in patients with sensorineural hearing loss, while it is absent or reduced in ears to which the vestibular nerve has been cut and in ears with acoustic neuroma (AN). To date, a paradoxical effect, that is an increase in EOAE amplitude during contralateral stimulation, has been described in one ear with sensorineural hearing loss of unknown aetiology and in three ears with AN (two in the present paper). Evidence has been provided that the contralateral suppression effect on EOAEs is accomplished largely, if not entirely, via the medial olivocochlear bundle (OCB). According to clinical data the absence or the reduced amount of contralateral suppression effect on EAOEs may be attributed to a totally, or partially, damaged or malfunctioning medial OCB. The way in which a contralateral noise may increase EOAE amplitude is more difficult to explain. One attractive hypothesis is that this paradoxical effect is a result of some pathological adaptive process in the medial OCB.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1998

Effect of probe frequency and gender on click-evoked ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of gender and probe frequency on the ipsilateral click-evoked acoustic reflex thresholds. Ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds were obtained from the left ear of each subject (12 male and 12 female normal young adults) by presenting clicks at the rate of 180/sec. The probe tone frequencies were 226, 678 and 1.000 Hz. The results revealed that acoustic reflex thresholds for the 678 Hz probe were significantly higher than those obtained with the 226 and 1.000 Hz probes. No gender differences were apparent. However, the static admittance was significantly correlated with the acoustic reflex thresholds for the 678 Hz probe in only the female subjects. For the 226 Hz probe, the elicitation of the reflex resulted in a decrease in static admittance in all the subjects. For the 678 Hz probe, the admittance decreased in 58% of the subjects and it increased in 42% of the subjects. For the 1,000 Hz probe, an increase in admittance was apparent in all of the subjects. The results suggest that either the 226 Hz or the 1,000 Hz probes can be used for the measurement of click-evoked acoustic reflex thresholds in adults.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
PubMed1975

Hearing sensitivity in rural Michigan.

In a survey of the hearing sensitivity of a rural mid-Michigan population, 1,325 adults over 15 years of age received pure tone air conduction tests in a "mini" IAC room housed in a small trailer. In addition, a detailed questionnaire was administered to each person to obtain information about his exposure to noise vocationally and avocationally, family history of hearing loss, etc. Results indicated that, on the average, individuals displayed hearing losses considerably greater than was predicted on the basis of presbycusis alone. Also, people who had never had any industrial noise exposure had thresholds almost as poor as those who had worked in factories. These findings are discussed in view of the subject's exposure to various types of nonoccupational noise such as snowmobiles and motorcycles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

A procedure for the early detection of noise-susceptible individuals.

Currently used threshold audiograms fail to detect the early stages of noise-induced hearing impairment. Threshold shifts may reach 10 to 15 dB before the impairment is detected. Loudness difference limen and critical band phenomena should provide an earlier and more sensitive test for such hearing impairment.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1976

The effect of high level sound exposure on the loudness difference limen.

Currently used threshold audiograms fail to detect the early stages of noise-induced hearing impairment. Threshold shifts may reach 10 to 15 dB before the impairment is detected. Loudness difference limen and critical band phenomena may provide an earlier and more sensitive test for such hearing impairment. Data is reported which shows that the difference limen shift (DLS) due to noise persists longer than temporary threshold shift (TTS). These findings suggest that DLS may be a more feasible tool for industrial use than either TTS or monitoring audiometry.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed2004

Directional guidance from audible pedestrian signals for street crossing.

Typical audible pedestrian signals indicate when the pedestrian walk interval is in effect but provide little, or even misleading information for directional alignment. In three experiments, blind and blindfolded sighted adults crossed a simulated crossing with recorded traffic noise to approximate street sounds. This was done to investigate how characteristics of signal presentation affected usefulness of the auditory signal for guiding crossing behaviour. Crossing was more accurate when signals came only from the far end of the crossing rather than the typical practice of presenting signals simultaneously from both ends. Alternating the signal between ends of the crossing was not helpful. Also, the customary practice of signalling two parallel crossings at the same time drew participants somewhat toward the opposite crossing. Providing a locator tone at the end of the crossing during the pedestrian clearance interval improved crossing accuracy. These findings provide a basis for designing audible pedestrian signals to enhance directional guidance. The principal findings were the same for blind and sighted participants and applied across a range of specific signals (e.g. chirps, clicks, voices).

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1994

The use of hypnosis in anesthesia: a master class commentary.

There are unequivocal benefits derived from the use of positive suggestion and hypnotic techniques in all patients who must submit to surgical and obstetrical procedures with modern general or regional anesthesia. We must learn, and we must teach our colleagues, the advantages of consistent use of the semantics of positive suggestion. When we help patients focus on the desired comfort, safety, and satisfaction obtained with well-managed modern anesthesia and surgery, they will enjoy great benefit, especially when we use the auditory perception that often exists during general anesthesia. Rather than regarding hypnotic suggestion as a mere adjunct to anesthesia, it should be regarded as an integral part of surgical and obstetrical care.

Anesthesia, Obstetrical↗
PubMed2004

Auditory on- and off-responses and alpha oscillations in the human EEG.

In the present study, the wide band alpha and sub-bands of alpha in the auditory on- and off-responses to different stimulation frequencies were evaluated. Auditory on- and off-responses of 12 healthy volunteers (average 17 years old) were recorded from five locations (Fz, Cz, Pz, P3, and P4). The auditory stimuli of 80 dB SPL and 1000 ms duration were delivered at six different stimulation frequencies (f1-f6; 0.2, 0.6, 1, 2, 3, and 4 kHz, respectively). In using individual alpha frequency (IAF) as individual anchor point, wide band alpha and three different alpha frequency sub-bands with a bandwidth of 2 Hz each were defined: lower-1 alpha, lower-2 alpha, and upper alpha. The Root Mean Square (RMS) values of the alpha frequency bands were computed for two time periods: +/- 3 sd around the mean peak latency of the auditory on-responses (t1-on and t2-on) and a time window of the same length of the auditory off-responses (t1-off and t2-off). The alpha RMS values of both on- and off- responses showed significant differences between t1 and t2 periods on wide band, lower-1 and lower-2 alpha bands, especially at 0.2, 0.6, 1, 2, and 3 kHz stimulation frequencies in all recording places. Amplitudes in anterior locations (Fz, Cz) were higher than the others. These observations may provide a preliminary but nonetheless important understanding of how information may be processed in the brain.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2001

Perceptual auditory stream segregation of sequences of complex sounds in subjects with normal and impaired hearing.

The influence of hearing loss and aging on the perceptual organization of sound sequences was investigated by comparing the ability of young normal-hearing subjects and elderly subjects having either impaired or normal hearing for their age to form perceptual auditory streams from sequences of harmonic complex tones as a function of differences in fundamental frequency (F0). The sequences consisted of repeating triplets of harmonic complex tones separated by a silence (ABA-). In conditions in which the F0s of the A and B tone were so low that the harmonics could not be individually resolved by the peripheral auditory system even in the young normal-hearing subjects, those subjects showed similar stream segregation performance to the elderly hearing-impaired subjects. In contrast, when the F0s of the tones were high enough for the harmonics to be largely resolved at the auditory periphery in normal-hearing subjects, but presumably unresolved in the elderly subjects, the former showed significantly more stream segregation than the latter. These results, which cannot be consistently explained in terms of age differences, suggest that auditory stream segregation is adversely affected by reduced peripheral frequency selectivity of elderly individuals. This finding has implications for the understanding of the listening difficulties experienced by elderly individuals in cocktail-party situations.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The reversed ipsilateral acoustic reflex: clinical features and kinetic analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The reversed ipsilateral acoustic reflex (RIAR) has been the subject of few studies in the past literature and the nature of this "reflex" response is not yet completely understood. It can be observed in different diseases, all of which result from inactivity of the stapedial reflex (SR). We aimed to investigate the occurrence of the RIAR in different diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An extensive clinical investigation of the RIAR was carried out. RESULTS: The RIAR was found to be present in 100% of ears lacking an effective SR arc. Its amplitude is modulated by the air pressure level in the external ear canal whilst its sign is constantly positive and never reverses. CONCLUSION: Kinetic analysis of the RIAR suggests the existence of a single underlying phenomenon while the interaction of the RIAR with the SR may explain the complex morphology frequently observed in the normal ipsilateral acoustic reflex.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗