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PubMedDate not supplied

Introduction to diagnostic ophthalmic ultrasound for nurses in ophthalmology.

Ophthalmic nurses are performing a variety of technical tasks, one of which is performing ultrasound to determine axial lengths. Indications for performing ophthalmic ultrasound fall into five categories: opaque media, intraocular masses, biometry, retrobulbar masses, and foreign bodies. Increased knowledge facilitates the ability to recognize abnormalities that may be apparent when performing ultrasonography, as well as to provide the patient with thorough explanations and information.

Eye Diseases↗

PubMed1990

[Criteria for the antenatal diagnosis of chronic fetal hypoxia in certain forms of high-risk pregnancy].

The author aimed to compared and simultaneously interpret results from cardiotocographic, ultrasound and hormonal studies and to establish objective criteria, showing the degree of antenatal risk for the fetus. She investigated 176 pregnant women with EPH--gestosis, 136 women with chronologically prolonged pregnancy and 50 healthy pregnant women as a control group. Non stress test (NST, functional oxytocin test, quantitative and semiquantitative evaluation of cardiac frequency of the fetus (CFF) were made. Placental structure was examined by an echograph, as well as the amount of amniotic fluid. Fetal biometry was made as well. Total estrogens (TE) were determined in 24-hour diuresis. It was established that the normal curve of NST was a sign of fetal well-being, but that curve combined with deceleration, together with low values of TE, were criteria for reduced compensatory possibilities of the fetus. NST with decelerations in Braxton Hicks contractions, even part greater than 80% and "terminal" or sharply falling values of TE were signs impending fetal death.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed1990

[Changes in the posterior eye segment in glaucoma patients].

In 30 eyes of 15 patients with chronic glaucoma (8 with open-angle glaucoma, 6 with chronic angle-closure glaucoma, 1 with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma), the intraocular pressure was measured and ultrasonic biometry and ultrasonographic determination of the thickness of the posterior coats of the eye were performed. Our results indicate that in patients with glaucoma, the thickness of the posterior coats of the eye is considerably influenced by intraocular pressure. If the axial length of the eye is the same, the thickness and volume of the posterior coats of the eye decrease with the increase in intraocular pressure.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Amniotic fluid test for the diagnosis of neural tube defects.

Alpha-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase were assayed in 374 amniotic fluids from normal pregnancies, at 9-15 weeks of gestation. We have investigated the correlations with the gestational age and have established our cutoff levels for these biochemical markers. We also report the values, that we have obtained in two cases of neural tube defects (NTD) and in several chromosomal aberrations. For early prenatal diagnosis of NTD, we wide to point out the importance of the contemporary determination of the two analytes and of the ultrasonographic investigation and biometry.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMed1989

The pharmacokinetics of intravenous anaesthetic drugs given by infusion: SPINA--a software program.

SPINA is a program developed with LOTUS 1-2-3 that simulates the pharmacokinetics of an infusion of intravenous anaesthetic drugs. SPINA incorporates a database which contains records of multiple-compartment pharmacokinetic models. The models have been obtained from the literature. They are directed towards those intravenous drugs that are used frequently during daily clinical anaesthetic practice. The models are classified using keywords for selection criteria (age, biometry, pathology and indication). To perform the pharmacokinetic simulation, the anaesthetist has to choose a pharmacokinetic model in which the program determines the turn-over rates, and displays a sequence of infusion steps. On request, SPINA provides the graphs for the theoretical drug distribution and for the infusion rate required to maintain the target concentration. SPINA therefore allows one to simulate the administration of intravenous anaesthetic drugs and to optimize their delivery.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Value of IgE determination in allergic patients].

This study was done with 56 patients of the Service of Allergy and Clinical Immunology of Hospital de Especialidades CMN-IMSS. The patients were separated according to their positive or negative skin reactions in two groups: positive skin test = 29 patients and negative skin test = 27 patients. All patients were tested for the most common allergens existing in the valley of Mexico. Stool examination (3 test) hematic biometry, nasal cytology and total circulating IgE were also done. The relationship between sex, age and smoking habits with the IgE levels and results of skin tes was evaluated. IgE is higher, although non significant, in atopic, smokers and males. However the IgE levels are very variable in allergic patients and therefore it is not considered conclusive for diagnosis of these diseases.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Testing of drugs in humans. Current responsibilities and problems].

Despite the large number of drugs available, the development of new substances is necessary in view of the unsolved therapeutic problems, for example AIDS, cancer, rheumatoid diseases and disorders of the central nervous system such as Alzheimer's disease. More than ever before, the highest demands have to be made on the efficacy and safety of a new drug. The prerequisites for starting clinical trials in man, and the course of the phases of clinical development are described. Biometry has helped to improve the quality and thus the usefulness of clinical studies. Only in this way has it become possible to establish the superiority of one treatment over another on the basis of objective facts. The results of biometrically planned high-standard studies provide the basis for efficient and ethically justified drug development. They thus also have a direct impact on the fate of the patient.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Analysis of the performance of several technicians in the echographic evaluation of the uterus].

The reproducibility degree in echographic biometry of uterus, studied by three diameters (longitudinal, transverse and antero-posterior), is mainly influenced by the anatomic characteristics of the structures. Starting from this observation a study about if and how much the understanding difficulties can influence differently the evaluation by four operators has been performed. Data, obtained from ten women, have been elaborated for appraising precision and accuracy of the four operators. Results show an almost univocal interpretation of the images and also that the data inhomogeneity in the less reproducible diameters valuation is caused by real difficulty in the interpretation of the pictures.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗

PubMed1989

[Evaluating the postoperative depth of the anterior chamber in primary extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation].

To evaluate the depth postoperatively of the anterior chamber, a second biometry by ultrasound was done in 100 eyes 6-12 months after cataract extraction and IOL implantation (sulcus fixation). The aim was to compare the depth of the anterior chamber preoperatively with that measured postoperatively. The measurement showed a middle anterior chamber depth of 3.42 mm preoperatively and 3.67 mm postoperatively. This means that there was a mean increase in the anterior chamber depth of 0.25 mm.

Anterior Chamber↗

PubMed1989

[Contraception and Gardnerella vaginalis. First study of the Italian population].

The association between contraception and Gardnerella vaginalis was studied in the population of L'Aquila. This research was conducted in the cytocolposcopic Center of the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinic, and the Department of Biotechnology and Biometry at L'Aquila University on 1212 females. Of the examined patients, 178 (14.7%) employed a prophylactic method and of these 104 (58.4%) used barrier-systems, while 74 (41.6%) used estroprogestins. Gardnerella vaginalis was isolated in 63 females (6.1%) that used no contraceptive and 19 (10.7%) that employed one.

Contraception↗

PubMed1988

Mental health services system research: the National Institute of Mental Health program.

There is a critical need for research to examine the changing mental health services system, to evaluate major innovations in the provision of mental health treatment, and to remove existing barriers to comprehensive and cost-effective care. To achieve these aims, collaboration is needed among government agencies, mental health services programs, academic institutions, and the private sector. The National Institute of Mental Health supports research and research training on the mental health services system primarily through the Division of Biometry and Applied Sciences. This article focuses on the division's three priority research areas of the mental health services system: the provision of mental health care in the primary care sector, the organization and delivery of care for the chronically mentally ill, and financing and reimbursement of care. The various mechanisms of research support are also highlighted.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed1988

Prenatal findings in a case of spondylocostal dysplasia type I (Jarcho-Levin syndrome).

We report the first prenatal identification using ultrasound of a fetus affected with spondylocostal dysplasia type I, or Jarcho-Levin syndrome, in a patient without a positive family history for this condition. The fetus was initially evaluated because of a low maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein determination. At 23 weeks, we visualized a shortened spine, disorganization of the vertebral bodies, posterior fusion of the ribs, and normal long-bone biometry. Termination of pregnancy was elected. All features identified with ultrasound were confirmed postnatally. The fetus was affected with Jarcho-Levin syndrome, a recessively inherited condition associated with a 25% recurrence rate.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Ultrasound assessment of fetal intestinal development in the evaluation of gestational age.

A prospective ultrasound study was conducted in 289 uncomplicated pregnancies with gestational ages ranging from 16-40 weeks. Biometric measurements obtained included biparietal diameter (BPD), head and abdominal circumferences, measurements of long bones, and maximal transverse colon diameter. The pattern of small intestinal peristalsis, presence of colonic haustra, and progressive changes in the colon's intraluminal echogenicity were also evaluated. A high degree of correlation was found between gestational age and transverse colon diameter (in millimeters) (R2 = 0.859; P less than .0001), increasing colonic intraluminal echogenicity (R2 = 0.741; P less than .0001), and the appearance and progressive increase in small intestinal peristalsis (R2 = 0.726; P less than .0001). Colonic haustra were visualized in 87.5% after 30 weeks (specificity 100%, sensitivity 77.4%). A high degree of correlation with gestational age was also found if echogenicity and peristalsis were combined (R2 = 0.873; P less than .0001), and proved superior to that found with measurement of BPD (R2 = 0.655; P less than .0001) or femur length (R2 = 0.805; P less than .0001) after 28 weeks. Observations of progressive changes in small intestinal peristalsis and colonic intraluminal echogenicity, together with the development of colonic haustra and progressive increase in transverse colon diameter, allow one to estimate gestational age independent of standard biometry. This approach has particular utility in the third trimester, when sonographic estimation of gestational age is least accurate.

Colon↗

PubMed1987

[Topography and parameters of the intertrabecular spaces of the heart ventricles in man and laboratory animals].

The heart of the man, dog, cat and rabbit have been investigated using biometry and corrosive methods. In the horizontal sections the volume of the intertrabecular spaces (IS) of the ventricles has been estimated and the "coefficient of the myocardial sponginess" has been calculated as the ratio of the cavities volume to the myocardial volume. In the corrosive casts of the ventricular cavities the deviation angles of the IS casts from the axial line along the afferent and deferent tracts have been measured. Differences in manifestation of the IS in the hearts of the mammals studied have been revealed. The IS are best pronounced in the human heart, less in the dog heart and still less in the cat and rabbit hearts. For all the hearts studied predominance of the volume of the IS in the right ventricle is specific. The deviation angle of the IS casts from the axial line along the afferent tract increases from the cardiac basis towards its apex, while the deviation angle of the IS along the deferent tract decreases from the apex towards the basis. The functional predisposition of the IS is supposed to consist in providing systolic reserves of the cardiac ventricular cavities. The results of the mathematical analysis of the changes in the cast deviation angles of the IS along the afferent and deferent tracts demonstrate their role in twisting and acceleration of the blood stream in the systolic phase and slowing down of the blood stream in the diastolic phase.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Synchondroseal growth in the first cervical vertebra of the rat.

Growth and remodelling of the first cervical vertebra were studied in the rat by means of biometry, vital staining (alizarin red S and oxytetracycline), and histology. The measurements showed a change in the ratio of the dorso-ventral to the transversal diameter in the lumen after obliteration of the dorsal synchondrosis. The pattern of labelling between the three segments of the vertebrae joined by synchondroses in the young animals indicated that expansion of the vertebral lumen took the form of a displacement of all three parts making up the bony ring. After closure of the dorsal synchondrosis the two ventral ones were still active and the lumen size increased more in the dorso-ventral direction than transversally. Alizarin red S and oxytetracycline tended to persist in the ventral part of the vertebra, while the staining almost disappeared from the dorso-lateral segment. Resting lines were found laterally to the ventral synchondroses in haematoxylin and eosin stained sections, but not in the ventral segment between the cartilages. The growth of the rat atlas is the result of an early rapid cartilage-mediated expansion of the vertebral lumen in conjunction with the growth of the spinal cord and, at a later age, mainly of a displacement of the ventral vertebral segment, leading to the final form of the vertebra and its lumen.

Aging↗

PubMed1986

Routine ultrasound screening for antenatal detection of intrauterine growth retardation.

This prospective screening program of a large obstetric population was designed to determine the effectiveness of ultrasonic biometry to diagnose intrauterine growth retardation. The results of 3616 pregnancies were analyzed. All pregnancies were dated before the 24th week by ultrasonic measurements. The study compared the effectiveness of three ultrasonic growth parameters: biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference, and abdominal circumference, to detect intrauterine growth retardation and to determine the optimal gestational age to perform the scan for this purpose. To maintain a high sensitivity required in a screening program, all ultrasonic measurements below the 25th percentile for gestational age were considered abnormal. The predictive value of a positive test in this situation ranged from 0.25 to 0.55, depending on the week of gestation in which the scan was performed. Accuracy of predictions improved greatly when the scans were performed within two weeks of delivery. Abdominal circumference measurements were more predictive of intrauterine growth retardation than either head circumference or BPD measurements or the combination of these parameters. In view of the sensitivity of the test and the prevalence of the disorder, it is concluded that 34 +/- 1 weeks of gestation is the optimal time to screen patients ultrasonically for intrauterine growth retardation.

Abdomen↗

PubMed1986

[Bacterial and abacterial inflammatory kidney diseases. Diagnostic value of the sonographic determination of kidney volume].

The diagnostic value of ultrasound kidney biometry in the diagnosis of parenchymatous kidney disease was evaluated in 277 children. Kidney enlargement of more than 140% of normal volume proved to be a sensitive criterion for differentiation of acute bacterial interstitial nephritis (pyelonephritis) and isolated lower urinary tract infection. Mean kidney volume in acute pyelonephritis was 175%. Normalization of kidney volume under antibiotic treatment required 4-6 days. Kidneys with non-bacterial nephritis and glomerulonephritis showed a 63% pathological size increase at biopsy; the kinetics of kidney volume in the acute phase of the disease paralleled the clinical course.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Ocular axial length in unilateral congenital cataracts and blepharoptosis.

Biometry performed in patients with unilateral dense congenital cataracts and unilateral complete blepharoptosis did not show a consistent elongation of the involved eye. The antero-posterior axis of the visually deprived eye was longer than that in the normal fellow eye in some but shorter or unchanged in other patients. These findings are in accord with the hypothesis gained from monkey experiments that visual deprivation during infancy may deregulate axial growth of the eye. However, unlike in monkeys where axial elongation usually prevails, this effect of visual deprivation is less predictable in humans.

Adolescent↗