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PubMed2000

Composition and structure of apatite formed on organic polymer in simulated body fluid with a high content of carbonate ion.

Apatite layer was formed on polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) substrate by the following biomimetic process. The PET substrate was placed on granular particles of a CaO, SiO2-based glass in simulated body fluid (SBF) with ion concentrations nearly equal to those of human blood plasma to form apatite nuclei on their surfaces. The apatite nuclei was then grown into a continuous layer by subsequently soaking the substrate in SBF under air or CO2 atmosphere in which CO2 partial pressure in the ambient was adjusted to 14.8 kPa to increase the content of carbonate ion to a level nearly equal to that of blood plasma. The increase in the content of carbonate ions in SBF changed the Ca/P atomic ratio of the apatite from 1.51 to 1.63, content of CO(3)2- ions from 2.64 to 4.56 wt %, and lattice constants a from 94.32 to 94.23 nm and c from 68.70 to 68.83 nm, respectively. The Ca/P ratio and lattice constants of the apatite formed in SBF under CO2 atmosphere were approximately identical to those of bone apatite, i.e. Ca/P atomic ratio 1.65, content of CO(3)2- ion 5.80 wt % and lattice constants a 94.20 and c 68.80 nm. This indicates that an apatite with composition and structure nearly identical to those of bone apatite can be produced in SBF by adjusting its ion concentrations including the content of carbonate ions to be equal to those of blood plasma.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Distribution of morphine in body fluids and tissues in fatal overdose.

Two cases of fatal overdose with morphine are presented. Large amounts of the drug were involved in both cases, one by oral ingestion, the other by intravenous injection. Morphine concentrations in various body fluids and tissues are compared to those in the literature.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1976

Effects of DOCA on circulation, renal functions, body fluids and tissue electrolytes.

Desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) was administered subcutaneously to 11 normal dogs (2 mg/kg/day) for 4 days. Few changes were observed in cardiovascular and renal functions except that the glomerular filtration rate was significantly increased. Total body water and plasma volume increased with a reduction of red blood cell volume. Hematocrit, plasma osmolality and total protein concentrations were decreased. The plasma K+ levels were lowered despite unchanged plasma concentrations of Na+, Ca++, Mg++, Cl- and phosphorus. The heart showed an increase in Na+ content and a decrease in K+, Ca++, phosphorus and total lipids. The skeletal muscle showed a decrease in Ca++ and an increase in Cl- and water content. The skin revealed a reduction of K+ and an elevation of Cl-. This study showed that a DOCA-induced depletion of K+ from skeletal muscle did not occur in normally fed dogs that did not receive a large sodium load.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Time and temperature effects on body fluid loss during dives with the open hot-water suit.

BACKGROUND: Bodyweight (BW) losses up to 5 kg have been observed during diving with the open hot-water suit (HWS). The objective of these dives was to study the hormonal, hematological, and renal effects of dehydration during shallow HWS diving. METHODS: In series 1, four divers dove for 3.5 h each day for 7 d. In series 2, 12 divers dove to 6-8 msw for 1, 2, and 4 h. Blood and urine samples, BW measurements, oral temperature, and thermal stress indices were collected. RESULTS: Average deltaBW (+/- SD) for the 28 dives in series 1 was 1.5 +/- 0.8 kg, and the largest BW reductions were 3.2 and 3.0 kg, corresponding to 3.7 and 4.7% of BW. Changes in thermal stress, hemoglobin, hematocrit, aldosterone, and electrolyte excretion correlated with BW reduction. In series 2, average BW reductions were 0.46 +/- 0.27, 0.96 +/- 0.38, and 1.55 +/- 0.59 kg during 1-, 2-, and 4-h dives. BW reduction correlated significantly with thermal stress (p < 0.01). Aldosterone increased after 1 and 2 h and plasma renin activity was unchanged. Atrial natriuretic peptide increased in all dives (p < 0.01) and arginine vasopressin increased in the 4-h dives (p < 0.05). The 7.2% decrease in plasma volume, the increases in hemoglobin, hematocrit and serum proteins, and an unchanged plasma osmolality indicate an isotonic dehydration after the 4-h dives. CONCLUSIONS: BW loss during HWS diving is mainly caused by sweating. Dives of 4 h produce an isotonic dehydration and a break for fluid intake is, therefore, recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Body fluid regulation in a simulated disabled submarine: effects of cold, reduced O2, and elevated CO2.

INTRODUCTION: Survivors awaiting rescue aboard a disabled submarine (DISSUB) lacking power and/or environmental control would potentially be exposed to cold and reduced O2 and elevated CO2 levels. We hypothesized that elevated CO2 levels would lead to hormone changes that would mitigate cold and hypoxia-induced body fluid losses. METHODS: Blood was drawn from seven men on three mornings: baseline (21% O2, 0.05% CO2), after 4 d of low O2, cold, and high CO2 (T101; 4 degrees C, 16.75% O2, 2.5% CO2), and following acute withdrawal of cold and high CO2 (T173, 16.75% O2, 0.05% CO2). Total body water (TBW) was measured using deuterium oxide dilution at baseline and at T148. Hormone analyses included atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), aldosterone (ALDO), and plasma renin activity (PRA). RESULTS: TBW decreased by 0.4 +/- 0.4 L. Water turnover was 3.0 +/- 0.5 L x d(-1). ANP (pg x ml(-1)) was lower (p < 0.05) at T101 (3.46 +/- 1.17) and T173 (4.97 +/- 2.28) vs. baseline (8.19 +/- 3.40). PRA (pg x ml(-1)) was higher (p < 0.05) at T101 (10.43 +/- 4.90) and T173 (14.23 +/- 4.48) vs. baseline (6.81 +/- 3.43). ALDO, serum osmolality, and electrolytes were not different across time. Urine flow was lower at T101 and T173 vs. baseline, and urine osmotic clearance was lower at T173 vs. baseline. Free water clearance did not change across time. DISCUSSION: These data indicate that the combination of cold, low O2, and high CO2 for 5-7 d did not change total body water and hormone changes and urinary measures across the DISSUB were consistent with fluid retention.

Accidents↗
PubMed1982

Body fluid concentrations of ampicillin trihydrate in 6 horses after a single intramuscular dose.

Six adult mares were given a single dose of ampicillin trihydrate (250 mg/ml) intramuscularly at a dosage of 20 mg/kg body weight. Serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid and urine ampicillin concentrations were measured serially over a 48 h period. The mean peak serum ampicillin concentration was 2.49 micrograms/ml at 6 h. Ampicillin was found in synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid, which obtained mean peak ampicillin concentrations of 1.65 micrograms/ml and 1.81 micrograms/ml at 6 h and 4 h respectively. These concentrations declined in parallel with serum concentrations and were still detectable at 48 h. Urine concentration of ampicillin was relatively high, with a mean peak concentration of 1364.9 micrograms/ml at 4 h.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1999

Improved extraction of thinner components from human body fluids by headspace solid-phase microextraction with a Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane-coated fiber.

An improved method for extraction of thinner components in human whole blood and urine samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with a Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane-coated fiber is presented. The body fluid samples, containing ethyl acetate, benzene, 1-butanol, toluene, butyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and ethylbenzene as internal standard (IS), were heated at 70 degrees C in a silicone-rubber septum-capped vial in the presence of distilled water plus NaCl; a Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane-coated SPME fiber was then exposed to the headspace of the vial to allow adsorption of the compounds before capillary gas chromatography (GC) with flame-ionization detection. For whole blood, extraction efficiencies of 1-butanol, ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate were 8.72-31.1%, and those of IS, butyl acetate, toluene and benzene were 42.9-74.1%. For urine, those of all compounds were 10.7-75.4%. The regression equations for six thinner components extracted from whole blood and urine were linear in the range of 3-500 ng/0.5 ml for ethyl acetate and 1-butanol, and 0.5-500 ng/0.5 ml for benzene, toluene, butyl acetate and isoamyl acetate. The detection limits for each of the components were 0.25-1.5 ng/0.5 ml for both samples. The coefficients of within-day and day-to-day variation for all components were satisfactory and not greater than 11 and 13%, respectively. The data obtained from actual determination of ethyl acetate, benzene and toluene in rat whole blood and urine after inhalation of the compounds were also presented.

Journal Article↗