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Results for “Cognitive Reflection”

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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

Dietary antioxidants and cognitive function in a population-based sample of older persons. The Rotterdam Study.

Antioxidants have been implicated in processes related to atherosclerosis, aging, and selective neuronal damage, all of which may ultimately affect cognitive function. In a sample of older persons, the authors examined the cross-sectional relation between cognitive function and dietary intake of beta-carotene and vitamins C and E. The data were derived from 5,182 community participants aged 55-95 years in the population-based Rotterdam Study in the period 1990 to 1993. Dietary intake was estimated from a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and categorized into five levels of intake. Cognitive function was measured with the 30-point Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and characterized as unimpaired (> 25 points) or impaired (< or = 25 points). Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for cognitive impairment. After adjustment for age, education, sex, smoking, total caloric intake, and intake of other antioxidants, a lower intake of beta-carotene was associated with impaired cognitive function (< 0.9 mg vs. > or = 2.1 mg intake, OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.1; p for trend < 0.04). There was no association between cognitive function and intake of vitamins C and E. These cross-sectional observations are compatible with the view that beta-carotene-rich foods may protect against cognitive impairment in older people. The finding could also reflect unmeasured confounding, measurement error, or a change in food habits that resulted from rather than preceded the onset of cognitive impairment.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Determinants of cognitive change after coronary artery bypass surgery: a multifactorial problem.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have investigated predictors of cognitive decline after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), but there is little consensus as to which specific factors are predictive of poor cognitive outcomes. METHODS: We evaluated 127 patients undergoing CABG with standardized neuropsychological tests preoperatively, at 1 month and at 1 year. The outcome measure was a continuous variable reflecting change in z-scores for eight cognitive domains over time for individual patients. Univariate analyses were performed to evaluate the association between the demographic, operative, and postoperative factors and the cognitive outcome variables. Factors that were significant were included in a multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Among the medical history variables, diabetes was associated with change in executive functions and psychomotor speed. Some of the operative variables were associated with short-term changes, but none with the 1-year outcomes. For example, the surgeon's rating of degree of difficulty in selecting a cross-clamp site was associated with change in attention. Higher mean pump rate during the procedure was associated with improved performance on tests of language. The cognitive domains associated with medical variables were different from those associated with surgical variables, and the associations observed at 1-year were different from those seen at 1-month. CONCLUSIONS: Change in cognition after CABG is associated with both medical and surgical variables. The specifics of these associations depend on the choice of time points after surgery. This suggests that there are multiple etiologies for these changes, with nonspecific effects of anesthesia and prolonged surgery interacting with the more specific effects of the surgical procedure itself.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Stability of bimanual coordination in Parkinson's disease and cognitive modulation of intention.

The functional integrity of the bimanual neuro-motor system of Parkinson's disease (PD) subjects (stageII) compared to controls (2 x n = 16) was evaluated by measures of coordination stability of tapping in in-phase, anti-phase, and 90 degrees-phase. Recently, intentional influence was modeled as an additive attractor function on the intrinsic dynamics, resulting in predictions tested by Scholz and Kelso (1990). In this study, the intentional influence was modulated by attaching cognitive meaning to the rhythmical pattern, which was expected to enhance the stability of coordination and, if effective, might be profitable to PD patients. Half of the PD subjects significantly lacked stability. They were less stable than controls, lost coordination at lower frequencies, and needed more time to switch between phase patterns. The reduction of stability was reflected in the progression of the disease. Cognitive meaning reduced variability of the single-hands but not of relative phase, and no effect on switching time was found. The results suggest a weaker coupling strength between the limbs in PD patients lacking stability.

Attention↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Body weight, estrogen and cognitive functioning in Alzheimer's disease: an analysis of the Tacrine Study Group data.

We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinically ascertained Alzheimer's disease subjects, hypothesizing that weight, given its positive relationship to endogenous estrogen levels, would correlate with better cognitive performance among women, but not necessarily men, with this disorder. Baseline (pretreatment) data, collected by the Tacrine Study Group were available from 347 women and 316 men. After controlling for age, duration of dementia, height, and education, we found weight to have a significant, positive relationship with two measures of global cognitive functioning among women. For men, this relationship was smaller and did not reach statistical significance. Post hoc analyses among women found the effect of weight to be independent of concurrent use of estrogen replacement medication. The use of estrogen replacement was independently related to better cognitive performance. Results support the contention that higher body weight - putatively as a reflection of higher levels of endogenous estrogens - has a positive effect on cognitive performance among women with Alzheimer's disease.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Effect of risperidone on behavioral and psychological symptoms and cognitive function in dementia.

AIMS: This open-label study examined the efficacy and tolerability of risperidone in the treatment of aggression, agitation, and psychotic symptoms in dementia. The influence of risperidone on cognitive function was also assessed under conditions reflecting normal, daily clinical care. METHOD: A total of 34 hospital inpatients and outpatients (mean age = 76 years) with DSM-IV dementia disorders were treated with flexible doses of risperidone (0.5-2 mg/day) for 8 weeks. Assessments, conducted at baseline and after weeks 4 and 8, included the Clinical Global Impressions scale (CGI) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) ratings. Cognitive function assessments included the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and specific measures of cognition (Age Concentration Test [AKT] and Brief Syndrome Test [SKT]). Frequency of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) was measured according to the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS). RESULTS: At the end of the study, 50% of patients (N = 17) were receiving risperidone, 1 mg/day. 18% (N = 6) were receiving 0.5 mg/day, and 32% (N = 11) received > 1 mg/day (mean dose at endpoint = 1.1 mg/day). An improvement in symptoms, as measured by the CGI-Global Impression of Change scale, was reported for 82% of patients (N = 28) (59% [N = 20] much or very much improved). The frequency and severity of delusions, hallucinations, agitation/aggression, and irritability decreased as measured by the NPI. Multiplication of frequency and severity scores revealed a significant decline during the course of treatment (p < .001, end of study vs. baseline). Caregiver responses on the NPI also showed an improvement, with the mean +/- SD total score decreasing from 24.2 +/- 7.3 at baseline to 21.2 +/- 6.3 at study end (p = .002). MMSE, AKT, and SKT results indicated that there was no decrease in cognitive function during the study. Risperidone treatment was well tolerated, and no clinically relevant changes in EPS. vital signs, or weight were detected. CONCLUSION: During treatment with low-dose risperidone, behavioral and psychological symptoms improved overall in 34 patients with dementia, and cognitive function was maintained throughout the treatment period.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Anticipatory Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ). Presentation and validation].

The capacity of anticipation is fundamentally disturbed in depressed patients. These patients make negative predictions. Anticipation disturbances are reflected in different symptoms but also in the patient's cognitions. The cognitive approach is an operational way to deal with the concept of anticipation. The cognitive model of depression has been extensively studied and cognitive therapies have been validated as effective treatments of depression. A self-questionnaire has been elaborated, taking into account the different cognitive mechanisms disturbed in depressed patients. The "Anticipatory Cognitions Questionnaire" (ACQ) explores patient's cognitions in concrete daily life situations that require anticipation. The first version of this questionnaire contained 18 items. A previous study had led to reduce the number of items and to modify the form of the questionnaire. In its final version, the ACQ has 8 items. Each of them refers to a concrete situation (i.e. "I have no news from a loved one") and the patient is asked to say how a proposed cognition (i.e. "I will call him to get in touch") applies to him, choosing one of the four answers "true", "rather true", "rather wrong" and "wrong". The validation of this questionnaire has been carried out, in comparison with the MADRS and Pichot's QD2A. 151 subjects were included in this validation study, 72% of them meeting with the DSM III-R diagnostic criteria of clinical depression and 28% not having any psychiatric disorder. Statistical analysis shows that the ACQ is more sensible than the QD2A but less than the MADRS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Menstrual symptoms: a social cognition analysis.

Research on menstrual-related cyclicity often reflects assumptions concerning the generality, severity, and physiological basis of symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle. According to arguments presented in recent articles, these assumptions are not fully justified by the empirical data. In addition, there is evidence that symptom associations may be viewed a reflecting, in part, a set of beliefs. In the present article evidence is reviewed which suggests that symptom associations may originate and be maintained by means of biases in the processing of information about cyclicity. Specifically, the origins of biased beliefs may arise from the connotative meaning of, the salience of, and selectivity in processing the information forming the association. In addition, mechanisms which have been tribute to the maintenance of biased perceptions, once associations have been formed, include distortion, autonomy, and category accessibility of the evidence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Temporal and kinematic properties of motor behavior reflected in mentally simulated action.

Related perceptual, motor, and cognitive performances were examined to reveal the accuracy of the properties of action spontaneously represented when mentally simulating moving one's hand. The kinematic configuration of the body represented and transformed in mental simulations was not fixed or canonical but corresponded to one's current configuration. Mental simulation time mimicked movement time for natural efficient movement from a posture midway between each of the hand's joint limits into many other postures. Equal time was required for simulated and real movements into more common, comfortable postures; shorter but proportional time was required for simulated movement than real movement into less common postures that involved longer trajectories, coordinated activity at more joints, motion near extremes of joint limits, and uncomfortable kinesthetic sensations. The findings suggest that sensorimotor structures support mental simulations of actions.

Functional Laterality↗

PubMed1989

Social relationships reflected by depressive inpatients.

In a study of 100 inpatients suffering from depressive symptoms, the influence of cognitive characteristics (negative automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes) and of the severity of depression on the emotional reflections of social relationships were investigated at admission, discharge and 3 months follow-up. The reflections of strained relation and rejection in the family or partnership were significantly determined by negative cognitive patterns and severity of depression. The prognostic aspects of the assessed psychological characteristics and the psychotherapeutic implications of the results are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Schizotypy facets, cognitive control, and emotion.

This research examined whether facets of schizotypy were differentially related to cognitive control and emotion-processing traits. In a confirmatory factor analysis (N = 261), a 3-factor model of schizotypy exhibited good fit and fit significantly better than a 2-factor model. In addition, only disorganized schizotypy was associated with poor cognitive control (specifically, prepotent inhibition). Moreover, disorganized but not positive schizotypy was associated with increased emotional confusion and increased emotionality. In contrast, negative schizotypy was associated with increased emotional confusion but decreased emotionality. These results suggest that disorganized schizotypy is related to dysregulation of both cognition and emotion and that negative schizotypy might reflect deficits in the experience and processing of emotion and not just in emotional expression.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Cognitive tests: interpretation for neurotoxicity? (Workshop summary).

The appropriate use and interpretation of cognitive tests presents important challenges to the toxicologist and to the risk assessor. For example, intelligence cannot be measured directly; rather intelligence is quantified indirectly by scoring responses (i.e., behaviors) to specific situations (problems). This workshop, "Cognitive Tests: Interpretation for Neurotoxicity?" provided an overview on the types of cognitive tests available and described approaches by which the validity of such tests can be assessed. Unlike many tools available to the toxicologist, cognitive tests have a particular advantage. Being noninvasive and species-neutral, the same test can be performed in different mammalian species. This enhances one's ability to assess the validity of test results. Criteria for test validity include comparable responses across species as well as similar disruption by the same neurotoxicant across species. Test batteries, such as the Operant Test Battery, have indicated remarkable similarity between monkeys and children with respect to performance of certain tasks involving, for example, short-term memory. Still, there is a need for caution in interpretation of such tests. In particular, cognitive tests, especially when performed in humans, are subject to confounding by a range of factors, including age, gender, and, in particular, education. Moreover, the ability of such tests to reflect intelligence must be considered. Certain aspects of intelligence, such as the ability to plan or carry out specific tasks, are not well reflected by many of the standard tests of cognition. Nonetheless, although still under development, cognitive tests do hold promise for reliably predicting neurotoxicity in humans.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Visual perceptual impairment in children at 5 years of age with perinatal haemorrhagic or ischaemic brain damage in relation to cerebral magnetic resonance imaging.

Children with perinatally acquired parenchymal haemorrhage are thought to have better visual perceptual skills than those with leukomalacia. We examined seven prematurely born children with parenchymal haemorrhage and 14 with grades 2-4 leukomalacia, at the age of 5 years. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging parameters were related to visual perceptual performance assessed with the L94, using performance age. Belonging to the leukomalacia group, the inability to walk, a diminished peritrigonal white matter, a high degree of gliosis and cortical damage were associated with poorer visuo-perceptual skills. Enlarged lateral ventricles, confirming the findings of Melhelm (Radiology 214 (2000) 199), were associated with both cognitive, perceptual and motor problems and probably reflect the considerable extent of the brain damage. Specific factors protecting against visual perceptual impairment were a preserved volume of the right optical radiation and of the splenium of the corpus callosum. Children with leukomalacia are at considerable risk of visual perceptual impairment. Children with right-sided parenchymal haemorrhages also appear to be at risk although they function much better due to better motor and cognitive skills.

Birth Injuries↗

PubMed2006

Diabetes mellitus increases adverse neurocognitive outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive dysfunction is a well known problem in the postoperative period in cardiac surgery. We hypothesised that the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus is higher than in the nondiabetic patient. METHODS: Thirty-four patients (11 females, 23 males) with a mean age of 62.44 +/- 7.52 undergoing on-pump CABG surgery were studied in a prospective manner. Fourteen patients had treated diabetes mellitus (Group I) and 20 were nondiabetic (Group II). All patients were operated upon by the same surgeon under standardised intra- and perioperative conditions. Patients with preoperative dementia (MMSE < 24) or advanced cerebrovascular disease were excluded. An extensive set of tests examining emotional and cognitive state, stress-coping and quality of life were performed preoperatively. Emotional and cognitive variables were assessed daily from day two to five postoperatively. RESULTS: All tests showed comparable results between the groups preoperatively. The perfusion lasted considerably longer in Group I (102.5 +/- 16.61 vs. 83.9 +/- 14.1 min) as did the cross clamping (64.21 +/- 18.31 vs. 51.75 +/- 10.88 min). Postoperative cognitive outcome was significantly worse in Group I with regard to the Stroop Test (29.46 +/- 8.6 vs. 24.01 +/- 6.23, P = 0.02), the Abbreviated Mental Test (8.04 +/- 0.71 vs. 8.68 +/- 0.78, P = 0.02) and the Trial Making Test (35.72 +/- 11.38 vs. 29.3 +/- 7.77 P = 0.04). These differences persisted even after adjustment for perfusion- and cross-clamping time. CONCLUSION: The cognitive outcome in the early postoperative period is worse in diabetic patients compared to nondiabetics. Speed-related cognitive functions are mainly affected. Probably, this reflects a different physiology of cerebral perfusion during extracorporeal circulation. Optimising perfusion strategies to improve the outcome of diabetic patients should be the next topic of study.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Deficits in controlled processing may predict dementia: a twin study.

This study tested for differential patterns of cognitive decline in 33 twin pairs for which both were nondemented, but 1 member of the pair went on to develop dementia. Compared with their nondemented twin partners, twins who later developed dementia already showed poorer performance on tests of memory and attention, visuospatial-reasoning skills, and perceptual speed and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The authors suggest that this cluster of tests reflects deficits in controlled rather than automatic cognitive processes. Nondemented twin partners of the twins who became demented were also compared with 33 matched controls selected from pairs in which both members remained nondemented. Nondemented twin partners scored lower than matched controls on tests of verbal ability, memory and attention, and perceptual speed and the MMSE. This finding indicates that nondemented twin partners of demented twins are at elevated risk themselves for becoming demented, and further suggests that certain areas of cognition are compromised prior to diagnosis of dementia.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Angiotensin II inhibits cortical cholinergic function: implications for cognition.

In the present studies we have shown that angiotensin II (AT II), in a concentration-dependent manner in rat tissue (10(-9)-10(-5) M) or at a single concentration in human tissue (10(-6) M), can inhibit potassium-stimulated release of [3H]acetylcholine ( [3H]Ach) from slices of rat entorhinal cortex and human temporal cortex preloaded with [3H]choline for the biochemical analyses. The inhibitory effects of AT II (10(-6) M) were antagonised by the specific AT II receptor antagonist [1-sarcosine, 8-threonine]AT II in a concentration-dependent manner in rat tissue (10(-11)-10(-8) M) and at the single concentration employed in the human studies (10(-7) M). Also demonstrated were other components of the angiotensin system in the human temporal cortex; ACE activity was present (1.03 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein), as were AT II recognition sites (Bmax = 8.6 fmol mg-1 protein). It is hypothesised that the potential cognitive enhancing properties of ACE inhibitors may reflect their action to prevent the formation of AT II and so remove an inhibitory modulator of cholinergic function.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed2006

Prospective memory in HIV-1 infection.

The cognitive deficits associated with HIV-1 infection are thought to primarily reflect neuropathophysiology within the fronto-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits. Prospective memory (ProM) is a cognitive function that is largely dependent on prefronto-striatal circuits, but has not previously been examined in an HIV-1 sample. A form of episodic memory, ProM involves the complex processes of forming, monitoring, and executing future intentions vis-à-vis ongoing distractions. The current study examined ProM in 42 participants with HIV-1 infection and 29 demographically similar seronegative healthy comparison (HC) subjects. The HIV-1 sample demonstrated deficits in time- and event-based ProM, as well as more frequent 24-hour delay ProM failures and task substitution errors relative to the HC group. In contrast, there were no significant differences in recognition performance, indicating that the HIV-1 group was able to accurately retain and recognize the ProM intention when retrieval demands were minimized. Secondary analyses revealed that ProM performance correlated with validated clinical measures of executive functions, episodic memory (free recall), and verbal working memory, but not with tests of semantic memory, retention, or recognition discrimination. Taken together, these findings indicate that HIV-1 infection is associated with ProM impairment that is primarily driven by a breakdown in the strategic (i.e., executive) aspects of retrieving future intentions, which is consistent with a prefronto-striatal circuit neuropathogenesis.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Task-independent and task-specific age effects on brain activity during working memory, visual attention and episodic retrieval.

It is controversial whether the effects of aging on various cognitive functions have the same common cause or several different causes. To investigate this issue, we scanned younger and older adults with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing three different tasks: working memory, visual attention and episodic retrieval. There were three main results. First, in all three tasks, older adults showed weaker occipital activity and stronger prefrontal and parietal activity than younger adults. The occipital reduction is consistent with the view that sensory processing decline is a common cause in cognitive aging, and the prefrontal increase may reflect functional compensation. Secondly, older adults showed more bilateral patterns of prefrontal activity than younger adults during working memory and visual attention tasks. These findings are consistent with the Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults (HAROLD) model. Finally, compared to younger adults, older adults showed weaker hippocampal formation activity in all three tasks but stronger parahippocampal activity in the episodic retrieval task. The former finding suggests that age-related hippocampal deficits may have a global effect in cognition, and the latter is consistent with an age-related increase in familiarity-based recognition. Taken together, the results indicate that both common and specific factors play an important role in cognitive aging.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Do traumatic events influence cognitive schemata?

Within the field of crisis psychology empirical research on the subject whether cognitive schemata are influenced by victimization, and whether possible changes in cognitive schemata are related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is somewhat sparse. In the present study cognitive processing of 602 parents, who had lost an infant, were examined. Among other things results showed a significant relationship between level of cognitive processing and symptoms of PTSD. When items selected to reflect fundamental assumptions about the self and the world were assessed, there were only few differences between parents who had lost an infant, and the control group. Furthermore, there were numerous significant relations between items selected to reflect fundamental assumptions and symptoms of PTSD. The results are discussed in relation to central theories within the cognitive area of crisis psychology and recommendations for future research are offered.

Abortion, Induced↗