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At least 1,153 records · Page 64Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Short-insert libraries as a method of problem solving in genome sequencing.

As the Human Genome Project moves into its sequencing phase, a serious problem has arisen. The same problem has been increasingly vexing in the closing phase of the Caenorhabditis elegans project. The difficulty lies in sequencing efficiently through certain regions in which the templates (DNA substrates for the sequencing process) form complex folded secondary structures that are inaccessible to the enzymes. The solution, however, is simply to break them up. Specifically, the offending fragments are sonicated heavily and recloned, as much smaller fragments, into pUC vector. The sequences obtained from the resulting library can subsequently be assembled, free from the effects of secondary structure, to produce high-quality, complete sequence. Because of the success and simplicity of this procedure, we have begun to use it for the sequencing of all regions in which standard primer walking has been at all difficult.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Overt vs covert problem solving, transfer effects, and programming sequence: I: Inverted triangles.

129 college students were individually requested to successively turn 2 of 3 upright triangles upside-down. Triangle consists of 3 rows of coins: 1 on top, 2 in the middle, and 3 at the bottom. Only 2 coins may be relocated. Triangle B has 4 rows with 4 coins at the bottom. Only 3 coins may be moved. Triangle C is arranged in 5 rows with 5 coins at the bottom. Only 5 coins are allowed to change places. Analysis shows (a) Problem A is the easiest, B in between, and C the hardest. (b) Overt manipulation is more efficient than a covert method. (c) Transfer in all cases is positive, the amount increasing with difficulty of the preceding problem. (d) From easy to difficult problems is more economical than the opposite sequence as measured by the total time required to solve both problems. The advantage is a little greater under the overt than the covert condition.

Attention↗
PubMed1964

VISUAL PROBLEM-SOLVING IN A BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN.

A captive 8-year-old dolphin, well adapted to contact with human beings, was tested by the discrimination method for underwater perception of visual forms or patterns. The animal successfully discriminated 21 of the 25 pairs of stimuli presented. After having learned a particular combination, the dolphin was immediately able to respond to different but related pairs which had been modified in various ways. The memory of the animal for discriminations previously made was excellent.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Leprosy: a problem solved by 2000?

It is now the year 2001, and in many endemic regions leprosy remains a public health problem by any definition. It is clear that defining leprosy purely by prevalence side-steps some of the real issues. There is still much to do to solve the problem of leprosy. Control programmes require better tests for early diagnosis if leprosy is to be reduced much further. Treatment of the infection and of reactions is still far from ideal, whilst an effective vaccine would be valuable in high-risk regions. Research into the true incidence in each endemic area is essential, and control programs of the future will need a more detailed understanding of the transmission of M. leprae to permit new logical interventions. Leprosy remains a devastating disease. Much of the damage that it inflicts is irreversible, and leads to disability and stigmatization. This is perhaps the greatest problem posed. It is easy to dwell on the successes of the elimination campaign, so diverting attention from those populations of 'cured' patients who still suffer from the consequences of infection. Leprosy should be regarded as a problem unsolved so long as patients continue to present with disabilities. WHO has carried out a highly successful campaign in reducing the prevalence of leprosy, and this needs to be acknowledged, but what is happening to the incidence in core endemic areas? Maintaining this success, however, may be an even greater struggle if funding is withdrawn and vertical programmes are absorbed into national health structures. We must take heed of the historian George Santayana, 'those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it'. We should take the example of tuberculosis as a warning of the dangers of ignoring a disease before it has been fully controlled, and strive to continue the leprosy elimination programmes until there are no new cases presenting with disability. The World Health Organisation has shown that leprosy is an eminently treatable disease, and has prepared the ground. The leprosy elimination campaigns truly are 'at a height... ready to decline'. Can it be that this is the chance to take leprosy 'at the flood'? If so, perhaps an extension of the elimination programs beyond the year 2001 would indeed 'lead to fortune'.

Global Health↗
PubMed1980

Memory and problem-solving in aphasia.

In a series of experiments, aphasic adults and normal control subjects were presented with problems involving the principle of transitive inference. The design of the problems permitted selective consideration of the subject's logical, as opposed to grammatical, ability and further permitted separate consideration of logical ability and memory. The results of this experimental series showed that, in general, these aphasic patients were capable of successful inferential behavior. In conclusion, the data are interpreted to suggest that certain constraints on intelligence in aphasia occur as a result of defective memory, not defective logical ability.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Characterizing the intuitive representation in problem solving: evidence from evaluating mathematical strategies.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the nature of the intuitive problem representation used in evaluating mathematical strategies. The first experiment tested between two representations: a representation composed of principles and an integrated representation. Subjects judged the correctness of unseen math strategies based only on the answers they produced for a set of temperature mixture problems. The distance of the given answers from the correct answers and whether the answers violated one of the principles of temperature mixture were manipulated. The results supported the principle representation hypothesis. In the second experiment we manipulated subjects' understanding of an acid mixture task with a brief paragraph of instruction on one of the principles. Subjects then completed an estimation task intended to measure their understanding of the problem domain. The evaluation task from the first experiment was then presented, but with acid mixture instead of temperature mixture. The results showed that intuitive understanding of the domain mediates the effect of instruction on evaluating problems. Additionally, the results supported the hypothesis that subjects perform a mapping process between their intuitive understanding and math strategies.

Analysis of Variance↗