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Sonority constraints on onset-rime cohesion: evidence from native and bilingual Filipino readers of English.

Research in English suggests that syllables can be analyzed in terms of two subunits-the onset (defined as the initial consonant or consonant cluster) and the rime (the unit formed by the vowel and following consonant/s). This study investigated whether nonnative readers of English, which in the case of the present study were native Filipino speakers, also make use of onset-rime units, particularly when some features of their native language (namely infixation and reduplication) appear to foster no awareness of such units. In two lexical decision experiments, monosyllabic English words were presented, divided in between their first and second consonants (e.g., B LIND), at their onset-rime boundary (e.g., BL IND), or at their antibody boundary (e.g., BLI ND). Results indicated that the processes of infixation and reduplication did not affect the English word processing of native Filipino speakers. Rather, results for both native Filipino and native English speakers suggest that onsets composed of an "s + consonant" sequence (e.g., STAMP) are less cohesive than onsets comprised of a stop-liquid sequence (e.g., BLIND). It was concluded that not only may sonority constraints underlie onset cohesiveness, but that such phonetic properties may also be involved in visual word recognition.

Humans↗

RESUME: a temporal-abstraction system for patient monitoring.

RESUME is a system that performs temporal abstraction of time-stamped data. The temporal-abstraction task is crucial for planning treatment, for executing treatment plans, for identifying clinical problems, and for revising treatment plans. The RESUME system is based on a model of three basic temporal-abstraction mechanisms: point temporal abstraction, a mechanism for abstracting the values of several parameters into a value of another parameter; temporal inference, a mechanism for inferring sound logical conclusions over a single interval or two meeting intervals; and temporal interpolation, a mechanism for bridging nonmeeting temporal intervals. Making explicit the knowledge required for temporal abstraction supports the acquisition and the sharing of that knowledge. We have implemented the RESUME system using the CLIPS knowledge-representation shell. The RESUME system emphasizes the need for explicit representation of temporal-abstraction knowledge, and the advantages of modular, task-specific but domain-independent architectures for building medical knowledge-based systems.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

Social and economic impact of neurotoxicity in hazardous waste workers in Lenoir, North Carolina.

A detailed study of workers at a hazardous waste incinerator in Lenoir, North Carolina, revealed significant financial losses resulting from health problems caused by the incinerator. The losses included approximately $3 million for 3 years of medical care for 28 workers employed at the incinerator. Future wage losses for exposed workers were projected to be from $14 million to $15 million. Loss of the incinerator as a viable employment base was a significant blow to the local economy. Third-party payers of medical costs, government and private, were also at risk of financial loss. Workers' compensation benefits ranging from $6500 to $274,000 per person were paid by insurance companies to some workers; however, these benefits did not always cover the medical expenses incurred. As a result of their illnesses, 11 of the 28 workers (39%) had to sell or give up their homes, 8 workers (36%) lost their vehicles, 19 workers (68%) began to receive Social Security Disability payments, and 11 workers (39%) obtained food stamps. One worker not included in these figures died 3 years after he settled with the state workers' compensation program. Five of the 28 interviewed workers continue to work in spite of continuing health problems. The 23 workers who cannot work will have estimated lifetime medical expenses of $25.4 million.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗

Monitoring of 1-min personal particulate matter exposures in relation to voice-recorded time-activity data.

Recent studies on the association between exposures to airborne particulate matter (PM) and disease have identified short-term peaks in PM exposures as posing especial health threats. Lightweight personal instruments are needed to characterize short-term exposures to PM and to identify the most important sources of high PM excursions. In this study, we measured exposure to fine PM using a small personal nephelometer (pDR; MIE, Inc) to investigate the utility of this instrument in identifying activities and microenvironments most associated with high PM exposures and the magnitude and duration of peaks in PM exposures. Ten adult volunteers wore a pDR recording PM concentrations at 1-min time intervals for 1 week each. PM concentrations were measured by the pDR in units of microg/m(3) based on light scatter. The use of a time-stamped voice recorder enabled activity and location to be continuously documented in real time. In addition, a small, inexpensive light intensity logger was affixed to the pDR to evaluate the potential of this instrument to assist in verifying wearer- recorded data. For each person, patterns of PM exposure were remarkably consistent over daily activities and showed large excursions associated with specific indoor and outdoor microenvironments and activities, such as cooking. When the magnitude and duration of excursions in PM were analyzed, we found that high PM levels occurred in relatively few of the minutes measured but comprised a substantial fraction of the total exposure to PM. Fifteen-minute averaged PM levels were found to be as much as 10 times the daily average. When the data were analyzed with a generalized estimating equation model to account for effects of autocorrelation and clustering, PM exposure was significantly higher during subject-reported events including barbeque, yard work, being near pets or construction activities, cooking, and environmental tobacco smoke exposure, as compared with periods with no pollution events. When light intensity data were explored to determine whether these loggers could be of potential use in establishing or verifying indoor vs outdoor location for future PM studies, we found that personal light intensity measurements differed among indoor, outdoor, and in-car environments (P<0.001). Overlap between measured values implies that light intensity cannot be used to absolutely predict location; however, a sudden increase or decrease in light intensity was highly associated with participant report of location change between indoors and outdoors. This study demonstrates the utility of the pDR in identifying patterns of personal exposures to particulate matter and especially in registering the magnitude and duration of excursions in PM in relation to location and activity.

Activities of Daily Living↗

Using microcontact printing to pattern the attachment of mammalian cells to self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on transparent films of gold and silver.

This paper describes a convenient methodology for patterning substrates for cell culture that allows the positions and dimensions of attached cells to be controlled. The method uses self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of terminally substituted alkanethiolates (R(CH2)11-15S-) adsorbed on optically transparent films of gold or silver to control the properties of the substrates. SAMs terminated in methyl groups adsorb protein and SAMs terminated in oligo(ethylene glycol) groups resist entirely the adsorption of protein. This methodology uses microcontact printing (microCP)-an experimentally simple, nonphotolithographic process-to pattern the formation of SAMs at the micrometer scale; microCP uses an elastomeric stamp having at its surface a pattern in relief to transfer an alkanethiol to a surface of gold or silver in the same pattern. Patterned SAMs having hydrophobic, methyl-terminated lines 10, 30, 60, and 90 microm in width and separated by protein-resistant regions 120 microm in width were prepared and coated with fibronectin; the protein adsorbed only to the methyl-terminated regions. Bovine capillary endothelial cells attached only to the fibronectin-coated, methyl-terminated regions of the patterned SAMs. The cells remained attached to the SAMs and confined to the pattern of underlying SAMs for at least 5-7 days. Because the substrates are optically transparent, cells could be visualized by inverted microscopy and by fluorescence microscopy after fixing and staining with fluorescein-labeled phalloidin.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗

Developmental changes in the inhibition of previously relevant information.

This study examined whether developmental differences exist in the ability to suppress irrelevant information that has entered working memory. Second graders, sixth graders, and young adults (M ages = 7. 5, 11.7, and 22.4 years, respectively) were asked to provide the ending for a series of sentences that highly constrained a terminal noun (e.g., "He mailed the letters without any stamps."). Responses to filler sentences were confirmed with the anticipated ending, whereas responses to critical sentences were disconfirmed with an unexpected ending (e.g., help). In either case, participants were instructed to remember the terminal noun (target) that was presented to them. Using another sentence-completion task, memory for both disconfirmed and target nouns was measured implicitly in terms of priming effects. Children, particularly second graders, showed priming effects with disconfirmed nouns, whereas young adults exhibited priming effects only with the target nouns. These results are consistent with the view that there are developmental differences in the ability to inhibit irrelevant information (Bjorklund & Harnishfeger, 1990; Hasher & Zacks, 1988).

Adolescent↗

Evolution of the archaeal rhodopsins: evolution rate changes by gene duplication and functional differentiation.

The amino acid sequences of 25 archaeal retinal proteins from 13 different strains of extreme halophiles were analyzed to establish their molecular phylogenetic relationship. On the basis of amino acid sequence similarity, these proteins apparently formed a distinct family designated as the archaeal rhodopsin family (ARF), which was not related to other known proteins, including G protein-coupled receptors. The archaeal rhodopsin family was further divided into four clusters with different functions; H+ pump (bacteriorhodopsin), Cl- pump (halorhodopsin), and two kinds of sensor (sensory rhodopsin and phoborhodopsin). These four rhodopsin clusters seemed to have occurred by gene duplication(s) before the generic speciation of halophilic archaea, based on phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, the degrees of differences in amino acid sequences within each cluster simply reflected the divergent evolution of halophilic archaea. By comparing the branch lengths after speciation points of the reconstituted tree, we calculated the relative evolution rates of the four archaeal rhodopsins bacteriorhodopsin:halorhodopsin:sensory rhodopsin: phoborhodopsin to be 5:4:3:10. From these values, the degrees of functional and structural restriction of each protein can be inferred. The branching topology of four clusters grouped bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin versus sensory rhodopsin and phoborhodopsin by likelihood mapping. Using bacteriorhodopsin (and halorhodopsin) as an outgroup, the gene duplication point of sensory rhodopsin/phoborhodopsin was determined. By calculating the branch lengths between the gene duplication point and each halophilic archaea speciation point, we could speculate upon the relative evolution rate of pre-sensory rhodopsin and pre-phoborhodopsin. The evolution rate of pre-sensory rhodopsin was fivefold faster than that of pre-phoborhodopsin, which suggests that the original function of the ancestral sensor was similar to that of phoborhodopsin, and that sensory rhodopsin evolved from pre-sensory rhodopsin by the accumulation of mutations. The changes in evolution rate by gene duplication and functional differentiation were demonstrated in the archaeal rhodopsin family using the gene duplication date and halobacterial speciation date as common time stamps.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Provider feedback improves adherence with AHCPR Smoking Cessation Guideline.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effect of primary care providers' adherence with the AHCPR Smoking Cessation Guideline after receiving a multicomponent intervention. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study with one intervention and one control team was conducted in a southeastern Veterans Affairs Medical Center primary care setting. During phase I, chart reviews were conducted to measure baseline provider adherence and documentation of the four A's (ask, advise, assist, arrange). In phase II, the intervention team received a single educational session on the AHCPR Guideline, four A's, and tobacco dependence treatment. This was followed by chart reviews of patients seen 4 to 8 weeks after the educational intervention to measure provider adherence and documentation of the four A's. During phase III, the intervention team received individual and team feedback from the chart reviews in phases I and II and booster education on the AHCPR Guideline. Chart reviews were conducted from patient visits 4 to 8 weeks after the feedback and booster education to determine provider adherence and documentation of the four A's. RESULTS: A nested repeated measures two-factor analysis of variance was performed for each of the following outcomes: ask, advise, assist, and arrange. Data analyses revealed that both the control and the intervention teams had 100% compliance in asking the patient about smoking status. There was a prestudy implementation of the vital sign stamp that included smoking status in this setting. Education on tobacco dependence and the AHCPR Guideline had no significant impact on provider performance with the advisement, assistance, and arrangement of follow-up. However, significant improvements occurred in the intervention team in the advisement (P = 0.05), assistance (P = 0.001), and arrangement of follow-up (P = 0.001) phase after individual and team feedback was provided. This research supports the fact that feedback impacts individuals and team performances and facilitated positive system changes to improve provider adherence with the AHCPR recommendations in treating tobacco dependence.

Feedback↗

Tissue oxygenation after prolonged ischemia in skeletal muscle: therapeutic effect of prophylactic isovolemic hemodilution.

Prolonged ischemia is known to cause severe damage in skeletal muscle and skin as a result of reperfusion failure. Isovolemic hemodilution has been suggested as a modality to reverse microcirculatory disorders by improving flow properties and flow conditions of the blood. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether prophylactic isovolemic hemodilution could improve tissue oxygenation after 4h of pressure induced ischemia in skeletal muscle. In 17 Syrian golden hamsters a dorsal skin fold chamber and two permanent arterial and venous catheters were implanted. Following a recovery period of 48h ischemia was induced for 4h by means of a transparent stamp compressing the tissue within the chamber. In 9 animals (control, hct 43%) measurements of tissue PO2 (platinum multiwire electrode) were performed prior to and 15 min, 2h and 24h after release of ischemia. In 8 animals isovolemic hemodilution with Dextran 60 (hct 29%) was carried out prior to ischemia and measurements of local tissue PO2 were performed as reported for the control group with an additional measurement 30 min after hemodilution. In control animals tissue PO2 decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) from 20.7 +/- 2.4 mmHg prior to ischemia to 8.8 +/- 3.1 mmHg after 15 min of reperfusion; after 24h tissue PO2 was 15.6 +/- 6.1 mmHg. In hemodiluted animals tissue PO2 increased due to hemodilution from 20.9 +/- 1.6 mmHg to 23.5 +/- 2.5 mmHg (p less than 0.05); after 15 min of reperfusion tissue PO2 was 19.8 +/- 6.8 mmHg and remained unchanged for 24h (20.0 +/- 2.5 mmHg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

[Determination of the factors Gm(1,2,4,5,21) and Inv(1) in human secretions: saliva, sweat, nasal secretion and semen (author's transl)].

If there is enough stain material available Gm and InV factors can be proved to be present in semen. Contamination by nasal or vaginal secretions should be taken into account. Sweat, however, does not interfere with the determination. In saliva, InV but no Gm properties were demonstrable. Stamp glue reacts unspecifically with InV antiserum and could therefore be a source of error. The conclusive value of Gm and InV findings as evidence in court was derived from the phenotype frequencies obtained in blood samples of 400 unrelated persons.

Antibody Formation↗

Retrospective study regarding absenteeism among shiftworkers.

A retrospective study on absenteeism was conducted over 24 months among 1354 shiftworkers in the heavy sheet stamping sections of three automative plants located in the Greater São Paulo area. The schedule of the shifts was organised on a semi-continuous basis as follows: 3-fixed shifts, 3-fortnightly rotating shifts, 1 evening-night and 2 months rotating shifts. During the period of the study, 29 and 58% of the workers were on the job for less than 1 and 2 years respectively). On two shift schedules (1 evening-night shift and 2 monthly rotating shifts) the time on the job appeared as an important variable inversely proportional to the frequency of the unjustified absences. Age was also related inversely with sickness and unjustified absences on two others shift schedules: 3 fixed and 3 fortnightly shifts. The 3 fixed shift schedule had the highest sickness ratio frequency compared with the other three systems. On the 1 evening-night shift the unjustified absence frequency rate was higher than on 3 fixed shifts and fortnightly rotating shifts. The analysis of all data considering only the work periods showed that unjustified absence rates were higher in the evening than in the afternoon and night. The morning and afternoon work periods showed higher sickness absence rates than evening and night. Unjustified absences (3031 spells) represented more serious problems than sickness absences (1601 spells) at the plants studied, although the number of days lost per sickness (7505) were higher than unjustified absences (4702).

Absenteeism↗

Effect of furosemide (lasix) on acute severe experimental cerebral edema.

The effect of furosemide (Lasix) therapy on a standardized experimental cerebral edema, induced in rats by applying a cooling stamp to the right side of the skull over the right coronal suture by means of a stereotactic instrument, was examined. The hemispherically separated water and electrolyte contents of the brain were analyzed after 24 h. Following furosemide therapy, the behavior of these edema parameters was compared statistically with dexamethasone, glycerol and albumin. An increase of the water and sodium content, and a decrease of potassium was observed 24 h after the trauma, especially in the right hemisphere. Furosemide did not improve either the water content or the electrolyte balance. By contrast, the administration of dexamethasone, glycerol and albumin was followed by a significant improvement of the edema. In experiments with cats, the course of the edema and the effect of furosemide on the cold brain injury of the right hemisphere were observed by measuring the intracranial pressure (ICP) values, and by continuous monitoring of the EEG. The ventricular CSF pressure and epidural pressures were also recorded. The electrical brain activity was continuously compared with the course of the ICP by means of computer analysis. In addition, the blood osmolality and diuresis were monitored. The ICP increased rapidly after the trauma, establishing considerable pressure gradients, and the EEG power intensities decreased markedly on the right side. Histologically, there was an extended edema of the white matter of both hemispheres. The ICP was not lowered by single injections or high dose infusions of furosemide, and the EEG power intensities also did not improve. Infusions of large volumes of furosemide even resulted in an increase of ICP, but infusion of 40% sorbitol effected a rapid decrease of ICP and EEG recovery over the left hemisphere. Sorbitol infusion also caused a marked rise in the blood osmolality, whereas furosemide had no such effect. The results raise considerable doubts as to the propriety of the exclusive use of furosemide for cases of acute cerebral edema with raised ICP. The diuretic effect is insufficient to establish an osmotic gradient, and its general dehydrating effect does not acutely influence the ICP. The absence of effect on the experimental tissue edema would not appear to commend furosemide as basic therapy for cases of traumatic cerebral edema.

Albumins↗

The relationship of personal financial status to the utilization of community mental health centers in rural Appalachia.

As a follow-up to an aggregate study of the relationship of economic factors to the utilization of mental health facilities, this study, using individual data, attempted to determine the associative strengths of income factors--welfare and unemployment--for utilization of community mental health centers (CMHCs) in rural Appalachia. On the basis of the earlier study and of previous studies of social class and utilization of CMHCs it was hypothesized that for this sample of 151 clients of eight CMHCs in Ohio and West Virginia, unemployment and welfare factors would be most strongly associated with utilization. A multiple regression analysis indicated that when compared to other independent variables, such as life satisfaction, demographic, and personal factors, receipt of food stamps was the most important factor in relating to utilization; this relationship was considerably stronger when the more rural areas were separated for analysis. Some relationship between employment status and utilization was also found. The results are discussed in terms of unique patterns of social service dependency in more rural Appalachia.

Adjustment Disorders↗

The collective past, group psychology and personal narrative: shaping Jewish identity by memoirs of the Holocaust.

Through honing its collective memory, especially after the Holocaust, the Jewish community has attempted to sustain its culture, bolster the Jewish identity of its members, and regain a resolute sense that its narrative is again proceeding. To some degree, all these aims are realized by instilling in its members the Jewish modal character structure: a psychological configuration with two contrastable entities. One chronically discomposed self-structure, defining itself as polluted and helpless, trembles with the appalling imagery of historical and imminent community disasters. The other entity believes in its unmatched capacity for reparative, socially beneficial actions. The paradigm of this psychological organization is found in many children of survivors. The memory of a tragic history abides alongside the community's hopes in the Jewish modal personality. The need to set forth and accommodate these two motifs imprints upon the Jewish "national" character many of its distinctive qualities. The designs of the Jewish community for this particularly Jewish twofold personality formation are augmented by the personal revelations of survivors. Therefore, Holocaustic testimonies are invested with a sacred aura. In measure, these recitals of the disaster with their stark images, plus the clashing affects aroused in the reader toward main characters of the narrative, dictate the way Jews define themselves in the world and the way they live. A confluence of being covertly commissioned by the Jewish community joins with the narrators' more idiosyncratic longings. Together they generate a steady stream of Holocaustic accounts. Complementary vectors drive the reader to peruse these records. The results therefrom, intimate knowledge of the disaster, plus the twofold personality motifs stamp many Jews as scions of the Holocaust.

Adult↗

Field sampling of unfed adults of Amblyomma hebraeum Koch.

No methods have previously been available for the field sampling of unfed adults of Amblyomma hebraeum. We released 2000 unfed adults into a 5-m2 area in mopane woodland in southeastern Zimbabwe. The ticks sought shelter beneath the debris on the soil surface but emerged and became active in host seeking when stimulated. Effective stimuli were the odours of cattle and sheep and high concentrations of carbon dioxide from dry ice. The ticks did not respond to low concentrations of carbon dioxide, vibrations generated by stamping the ground with poles, or two volatile components of ox breath known to attract tsetse flies. The presence of humans in the release area also had little or no effect in stimulating the ticks. As adults of A. hebraeum are large and conspicuous they can easily be collected from the soil surface, either manually or using a vacuum device, after stimulation by cattle or the release of high concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Animals↗

An audio-video system for automated data acquisition in the clinical environment. LOTAS Group.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to develop an audiovideo data acquisition system that facilitates studying the activities of anesthesia care providers in the clinical environment. METHOD: Ceiling-mounted miniature video cameras, vital sign monitors, and videocassette recorders (VCRs) were interfaced to digital computers in two patient admitting areas and two operating rooms of a trauma center. This video data acquisition system network (VASNET) is simple to operate. Insertion of a videotape activates the system and begins video overlay of updated vital signs onto the video image every 5 sec. Recorded data is passed via a local area network, allowing remote monitoring of the data acquisition process. To facilitate analysis of the video at a later time, the image, soundtrack, and vital signs data are stamped with the same time code. Each tape is initialized by recording the data file name and wall clock time for 30 sec at the start of taping. This initialization enables comparison of the video recordings with anesthesia, surgical, and nursing records. RESULTS: During 2 years of operation, VASNET was used to record over 100 cases of acute trauma management. Vital signs overlaid onto the video image identified when patient monitors were in use and providing data. Participants found videotape review useful in assessing their own performance. VASNET was nonintrusive and acquired data with minimum user interaction. In one operating room, separate from the trauma center, VASNET was installed to function as a remote monitor, with the option of videotaping. Although users were aware of when videotaping occurred, once patient management was underway, the activities of the anesthesia care providers did not appear to be influenced by the videocassette recording. Equipment maintenance was not excessive. The most frequent problems were changes to the VCR control settings and disconnection of the power supply or interface connections. CONCLUSIONS: Videotapes of the process of anesthetizing and resuscitating trauma patients provided a record of the activities of anesthesia care providers. Video vignettes may be useful training tools. Excerpts from real scenarios can be incorporated into anesthesia stimulators. The soundtrack and timing of real events from such video acquisition may be useful in the development of multimedia simulations of trauma patient resuscitation. The data collection may be useful for research into human performance, ergonomics, training techniques, quality assurance, and certification of anesthesia care providers in trauma patient management. Potential additional applications of VASNET include remote monitoring of patients in the operating room, in the intensive care unit, during transportation, in hazardous environments, and in the field. Such VASNET telemetry may facilitate the availability of expert opinions during medical and other consultations.

Anesthesia↗

Quantitative analysis of microcirculatory disorders after prolonged ischemia in skeletal muscle. Therapeutic effects of prophylactic isovolemic hemodilution.

Reperfusion injury following prolonged ischemia is thought to be caused primarily by microvascular failure. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether prophylactic isovolemic hemodilution with Dextran 60 (hct 30%) could improve microvascular perfusion after 4 h of pressure-induced ischemia in skeletal muscle. In 28 Syrian golden hamsters (6-8 weeks/60-80 g b. wt.) a dorsal skinfold chamber and permanent arterial and venous catheters were implanted under Nembutal anesthesia (50 mg/kg b. wt.). Following a recovery period of 48 h pressure-induced ischemia was applied to the skeletal muscle within the skinfold chamber by means of a transparent stamp. Quantitative analyses of microhemodynamics were performed in the awake animal prior to and 15 min, 1, 2, 4 and 24 h after ischemia using vital fluorescence microscopy. In non-treated animals, functional capillary density decreased after 4 h of ischemia to 30% of the initial values (P less than 0.001); after 24-h reperfusion only 50% of the initially perfused capillaries were reperfused (P less than 0.001). The heterogeneity of functional capillary density increased after ischemia to a maximum of 2.19 +/- 0.94 as compared to 0.48 +/- 0.11 prior to ischemia. Capillary RBC-velocity suffered a marked reduction in the early reperfusion phase and did not recover up to the 24-h observation time. In contrast, prophylactic isovolemic hemodilution was associated with only a small and reversible reduction of functional capillary density after 4-h ischemia. At 24-h reperfusion 90% of the initially perfused capillaries were reperfused. Capillary RBC-velocity was reduced in the early reperfusion phase, but returned to normal values within 24 h. Thus, prophylactic isovolemic hemodilution resulted in a marked reduction of microvascular reperfusion failure in skeletal muscle. A hematocrit lower than normal prior to ischemia provides better conditions for capillary reperfusion after prolonged ischemia.

Animals↗

A recent outbreak of rinderpest in East Africa.

Rinderpest was brought under control in Kenya in 1976 but in April 1986 an outbreak of the disease occurred in cattle in Western Kenya, five kilometres from the Kenya-Uganda border. This was the first confirmed field outbreak of the disease in Kenya after a lull of over 10 years. Clinical disease was confined to unvaccinated zebu calves aged six to eight months from which rinderpest virus was isolated. High titres of antibodies to rinderpest virus were demonstrated in sera collected from sheep and goats that were grazing together with the affected cattle herds; there was, however, no evidence of clinical disease in these small ruminants and wildlife species in the affected area. The disease outbreak was rapidly stamped out by quarantine and vaccination.

Africa, Eastern↗