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PubMed1997

Age and Gender Related Trends in Body Composition, Lipids, and Exercise Capacity During Cardiac Rehabilitation.

Age (40s, 50s, 60s, and 70s) and gender (125 females; 456 males) related trends for peak exercise capacity VO2peak, body composition, and lipids were reviewed for 581 cardiac rehabilitation patients. Groups were equivalent with regard to diagnoses, medications, and risk factors. Peak exercise capacity decreased with increasing age but the percentage improvement attributable to cardiac rehabilitation was similar across each age group (mean of 28.0%). The 70s group had the lowest weights (73.4 kg), similar %fat (31.0%), and the lowest LBM (50.4 kg). They also had lower triglyceride values (191 mg/dL), but the greatest degree of improvement (-23.3%). The percentage improvement for body composition and lipids was similar for the 70s, 60s, and 50s while the 40s group showed no change in weight, %fat, or LBM. Women had lower peak exercise capacities than men but similar relative improvements (26.6% and 28.8%, respectively) as a result of cardiac rehabilitation. Men had greater body weights (85.5 vs. 73.5 kg) and LBM (59.9 vs. 46.9 kg) while women had greater %fat (35.4% vs. 29.3%). Women had a greater percentage weight loss (-1.2% vs. 0.5%) but men had a greater increase in LBM (0.7% vs. 0.4%). Females tended to have higher cholesterol (220 vs. 203 mg/dL) and lower triglycerides (196 vs. 223 mg/dL) but had greater relative improvements in both when compared to men (-4.8% vs. -1.6%; -12.9% vs. -8.2%, respectively). Cardiac rehabilitation has favorable outcomes with regard to peak exercise capacity, body composition, and lipids, across each age group regardless of gender. There is a need for greater emphasis on body composition improvement for females (particularly decreases in %fat and increases in LBM), and lipid reduction (particularly in the younger age groups).

Journal Article↗

PubMed1996

The effect of oral vanadyl sulfate on body composition and performance in weight-training athletes.

The effects of oral vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4) (0.5 mg/kg/day) on anthropometry, body composition, and performance were investigated in a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving weight-training volunteers. Performance was assessed in the treatment (VS) and placebo (P) groups using 1 and 10 repetitions maximum (RM) for the bench press and leg extension. Thirty-one subjects completed the trial, with 2 VS subjects withdrawing because of apparent side effects. There were no significant treatment effects for anthropometric parameters and body composition during the trial. Both groups had significant improvements in performance but the only significant effect of treatment was a Treatment x Time interaction in the 1 RM leg extension (p = .002), which could have arisen because the VS group had a lower performance at baseline in this test. It was concluded that oral vanadyl sulfate was ineffective in changing body composition in weight-training athletes, and any modest performance-enhancing effect requires further investigation.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1997

Interviewer variability in anthropometric measurements and estimates of body composition.

OBJECTIVE: The extent of intra- and inter-interviewer variability both in anthropometric measurements and in estimates of body composition was assessed and the possibility of systematic variation due to interviewer differences investigated. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Seventeen interviewers trained in the anthropometric measurement technique and 10 healthy volunteers (4 men, 6 women) participated in the study on measurement variability. To ensure participation of all interviewers the study was carried out on three different days. On each of these days interviewers got randomly allocated to the subjects being present. Each interviewer took 12 measurements--body weight, body height, sitting height, circumferences of waist, hip, and midarm, skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac), chest breath and depth--per subject on two occasions. From these measurements, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, percentage of body fat, fat mass, fat free mass and metric index were determined. For all anthropometric variables variance components, reliability coefficients (R) and coefficients of variation (CV) were estimated and systematic differences of measurements between interviewers were assessed. RESULTS: Measurement reliability in basic anthropometric measures expressed as variance components, reliability coefficients and coefficients of variation was influenced to a greater extent by inter-interviewer variability (R: 0.858-0.999; CV: 0.1-20.9) than intra-interviewer variability (R: 0.979-0.999; CV: 0.0-6.4). The respective estimates of body composition exhibited comparatively higher reliability (Rinter: 0.975-0.999; Rintra: 0.995-0.999). Measurements more prone to subjectivity, e.g. skinfolds showed lower reliability (CVinter: 9.3-20.9; CVintra: 3.6-6.4). Although the absolute variation in measures due to interviewers was small, systematic differences among interviewers were clearly evident in all measurements and estimates except sitting height in this group of subjects. CONCLUSION: Anthropometric measures and estimates of body composition obtained in the current study show the feasibility of detailed anthropometric data collection by multiple interviewers in large-scale epidemiological studies.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Chromium picolinate effects on body composition and muscular performance in wrestlers.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of 14 wk of chromium picolinate supplementation during the final 16 wk of a preseason resistance and conditioning program on body composition and neuromuscular performance in NCAA Division I wrestlers. During this phase of training, wrestlers are primarily interested in trying to improve physical performance and wrestling technique and are not engaged in severe, acute weight loss practices commonly employed before competition. METHODS: This double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled study involved 20 wrestlers from the University of Oklahoma assigned to either a treatment group (Cr+3; N = 7; 20.4 yr +/- 0.1) receiving 200 micrograms chromium picolinate daily, a placebo group (P; N = 7; 19.9 yr +/- 0.2), or a control group (C; N = 6; 20.2 yr +/- 0.1) using a stratified random sampling technique based on weight classification. Body composition, neuromuscular performance, metabolic performance, and serum insulin and glucose were measured before and immediately following the supplementation and training period. RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA indicated no significant changes in body composition for any of the groups. Aerobic power increased significantly (P < 0.002) in all groups, independent of supplementation. There were significant trial and group x trial interactions for upper body endurance (P = 0.038) and relative bench press power (P = 0.050). Post-hoc analyses revealed that the C group increased upper body endurance (P = 0.006), but none of the pre- to post-test changes in bench press power were significant. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that chromium picolinate supplementation coupled with a typical preseason training program does not enhance body composition or performance variables beyond improvements seen with training alone.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Body composition and physical performance in children after renal transplantation.

Body composition using standard anthropometric methods and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was determined in a cross-sectional study among 26 pediatric renal transplant recipients. At the same time, spiroergometry exam, pulmonary function tests, dynamometry and tremometry exams were performed in all patients. Fat body mass obtained by DEXA correlated inversely with maximal physical load during spiroergometry exam (r2 = 0.51, p = 0.0001). The study demonstrates good tolerance of increased physical load in children after renal transplantation. An inverse relationship was found between fat body mass and physical performance. Exercise training programs for children after renal transplantation are therefore suggested.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1989

Assessment of body composition in 8-11 year old children by bioelectrical impedance.

In 64 prepubescent schoolchildren, 33 boys and 31 girls, aged 8-11 years, body composition was measured by means of anthropometry, densitometry and bioelectrical impedance. From body density the body fat percentage was calculated using age-specific density values for the fat-free mass. Boys and girls younger than 10 years did not differ in body composition. Older boys however had higher body weights, higher body densities and lower body impedance values. Fat-free mass as determined by densitometry could be predicted by body impedance and body weight with a prediction error of 1.31 kg. The prediction formula was sex-specific. Omitting the impedance in the prediction equation resulted in a 7 per cent lower explained variance and an only slightly higher prediction error of the FFM of 1.65 kg. The prediction formulas from the literature, developed in adult populations, grossly overestimated the fat-free mass in children, probably due to a different water distribution between the intra- and extra-cellular spaces.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1988

Body composition determination in children using bioelectrical impedance.

Estimation of body composition by measurement of tetrapolar bioelectrical resistive impedance (R) is a technique only recently validated in adults. To evaluate this technique in children, 16 girls aged 11.6 +/- 0.9 yr (mean +/- SD) and 14 boys aged 12.5 +/- 1.0 yr were assessed for fat free mass (FFM) by hydrostatic weighing, total body potassium (TBK) by whole body counting of 40K, and R by an electrical impedance plethysmograph. Significant relationships (P less than 0.001) were demonstrated between TBK and ht2/R (r = 0.92), and FFM and ht2/R (r = 0.83). The reliability coefficient for the impedance measurements was r = 0.97. The following equation describes FFM in the present group of children: FFM (kg) = 6.86 + 0.81 x (ht2/R), r = 0.83, P less than 0.001, SEE = 4.08. These data suggest that impedance measurements are valid and reliable predictors of FFM in pediatric populations.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1992

The effect of growth hormone administration in growth hormone deficient adults on bone, protein, carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis, as well as on body composition.

OBJECTIVE: The effect on bone, protein, carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis as well as body composition of the administration of growth hormone to adult patients with growth hormone deficiency was studied. DESIGN: Growth hormone was administered at a dose of 25 micrograms/kg/day with a maximum of 1.48 mg (4 IU) a day, for 6 months in eight adults. Studies were done before the start and at 1, 3 and 6 months during therapy, as well as 3 months after treatment had been stopped. RESULTS: Subjective well-being as assessed by a short psychological tests showed an improvement in six and no change in two patients. Body composition, as assessed by body impedance assessment and D2O dilution, both showed an increase in lean body mass of 4 kg (5% of body weight), accompanied by a decrease in mean fat mass of 3 kg. Nitrogen turnover studies showed a transient increase in fed state nitrogen balance due to an increase in the rate of protein synthesis, which exceeded a smaller increase in the protein degradation rate. Growth hormone treatment did not affect the circulating levels of 25(OH)-vitD or PTH 1-84, while 1,25(OH)2-vitD had significantly increased after 6 months, as well as 3 months after treatment ended. Osteocalcin, procollagen I levels, as well as 24-hour urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and calcium rose during growth hormone administration but subsequently decreased rapidly after administration had been stopped, while the increase in alkaline phosphatase persisted. This increase in markers of both bone resorption and bone formation indicates an activation of bone remodelling, but this was not reflected by an increase in bone density. Glucose levels, measured before and during a normal breakfast, increased during growth hormone treatment, but serum insulin levels did not. Total cholesterol levels decreased by 0.5 mmol/l. Levels of T4 and free T4 as well as rT3 decreased, while T3 increased during growth hormone treatment. CONCLUSION: Therapy with growth hormone for 6 months in a dose varying between 6 and 25 micrograms/kg/day increased lean body mass and decreased fat mass. The sense of general well-being improved in most patients. Furthermore, growth hormone treatment increased bone turnover without a measurable increase in bone density, caused some minor changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and increased the metabolism of thyroxine to T3.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Aortic stiffness is associated with visceral adiposity in older adults enrolled in the study of health, aging, and body composition.

The central arteries stiffen with age, causing hemodynamic alterations that have been associated with cardiovascular events. Changes in body fat with age may be related to aortic stiffening. The association between vascular stiffness and body fat was evaluated in 2488 older adults (mean age, 74 years; 52% female; 40% black) enrolled in the Study of Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC), a prospective study of changes in weight and body composition. Clinical sites were located in Pittsburgh, Pa, and Memphis, Tenn. Aortic pulse wave velocity was used as an indirect measure of aortic stiffness. A faster pulse wave velocity indicates a stiffer aorta. Body fat measures were evaluated with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography. Independent of age and blood pressure, pulse wave velocity was positively associated with weight, abdominal circumference, abdominal subcutaneous fat, abdominal visceral fat, thigh fat area, and total fat (P<0.001 for all). The strongest association was with abdominal visceral fat. Elevated pulse wave velocity was also positively associated with history of diabetes and higher levels of glucose, insulin, and hemoglobin A1c (P<0.001 for all). In multivariate analysis, independent positive associations with pulse wave velocity were found for age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, abdominal visceral fat, smoking, hemoglobin A1c, and history of hypertension. The association between pulse wave velocity and abdominal visceral fat was consistent across tertiles of body weight. Among older adults, higher levels of visceral fat are associated with greater aortic stiffness as measured by pulse wave velocity.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2006

Exemestane after tamoxifen as adjuvant hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: effects on body composition and lipids.

Recent studies have shown that administering the aromatase inhibitor exemestane after 2-3 years of tamoxifen therapy significantly improves disease-free survival in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer in comparison with standard 5-year tamoxifen treatment. Although many of the adverse effects associated with exemestane and tamoxifen have been analysed, there are no comparative data concerning body weight and body composition. The aim of this randomised study was to evaluate the longitudinal changes in body composition and lipid profiles in postmenopausal women switched from tamoxifen to exemestane. In total, 60 overweight or obese postmenopausal patients were enrolled. Their anthropometric data, body composition, including fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM), and lipid profiles, caloric intake and physical activity were assessed 1 week before randomisation, and 6 and 12 months later. In all, 55 patients (27 on tamoxifen and 28 on exemestane) completed the 1-year study period. Fat mass had significantly decreased by month 12 in the exemestane, but not in the tamoxifen group; the between-group difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). The FFM/FM ratio had significantly increased in the exemestane group, but not the tamoxifen group; the between-group difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased (P<0.01; P<0.05), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly increased (P<0.01) in the exemestane group at the end of the 1-year study period. Our findings suggest that switching patients to adjuvant exemestane treatment after at least 2 years of tamoxifen therapy may be associated with an advantage over continuing adjuvant tamoxifen treatment in terms of body composition.

Androstadienes↗

PubMed2002

Body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness indicators in prepubescent boys and girls.

Abstract. Relations between frequently used indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness, sex and body composition were studied in a birth-cohort based sample of young prepubescent children (age range: 6.8 - 8.2 years). The Bruce treadmill test was used to assess submaximal heart rate, endurance time (ET), calculated total work (W(total)) and maximal power output (P(max)) in 100 children (50 boys, 50 girls). Body composition was determined by skinfold measurements. In 17 children, maximal oxygen consumption was measured. Percent body fat was negatively associated with ET and relative oxygen uptake (ml x min(-1) x kg(-1)) and was positively related to submaximal heart rate at 6 minutes exercise (HR6). Fat-free mass was positively related to W(total), P(max) and absolute oxygen uptake (ml x min(-1)). Relative oxygen uptake (ml x min(-1) x kg(-1)) was related to ET. Absolute oxygen uptake (ml x min(-1)) was related to W(total) and P(max). The observed differences in indicators of cardiorespiratory fitness between boys and girls were largely attributable to a difference in body composition. The results further demonstrate that when oxygen uptake measurement is not feasible, W(total) or P(max) (expressed per kilogram fat-free mass) seem to provide better indicators of aerobic power than endurance time.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed2003

Use of anthropometric variables to predict relative body fat determined by a four-compartment body composition model.

OBJECTIVE: To generate equations for the prediction of percent body fat (% BF) via a four-compartment criterion body composition model from anthropometric variables and age. DESIGN: Multiple regression analyses were used to predict % BF from the best-weighted combinations of independent variables. SUBJECTS: In all 79 healthy males (X+/-s.d.: 35.0+/-12.2 y; 84.24+/-12.53 kg; 179.8+/-6.8 cm) aged 19-59 y were recruited from advertisements placed in a university newsletter and on community centres' noticeboards. INTERVENTIONS: The following measurements were conducted: % BF using a four-compartment (water, bone mineral mass, fat and residual) model and a restricted anthropometric profile (nine skinfolds, five girths and two bone breadths). RESULTS: Stepwise multiple regression selected six (subscapular, biceps, abdominal, thigh, calf and mid-axilla) of the nine skinfold measurements to predict % BF and using the sum of these six produced a quadratic equation with a standard error of estimate (SEE) and R(2) of 2.5% BF and 0.89, respectively. The inclusion of age as a predictor further improved the equation (% BF=-0.00057 x ( summation operator 6SF)(2)+0.298 x summation operator 6SF+0.078 x age - 1.13; SEE=2.2% BF, R(2)=0.91). However, the best equation used only the sum of three skinfold thicknesses (mid-axilla, calf and thigh) and age but also included waist girth and biepicondylar femur breadth as predictors (% BF=-0.00258 x ( summation operator 3SF)(2)+0.558 x summation operator 3SF+0.118 x age+0.282 x waist girth - 2.100 x femur breadth - 2.34; SEE=1.8% BF, R(2)=0.94). Analyses of two age groups, <30 and >/=30 y, demonstrated that for the same % BF, the former exhibited a higher sum of skinfold thicknesses. CONCLUSIONS: Equations were generated for the prediction of % BF via the four-compartment criterion body composition model from anthropometric variables and age. Agewise differences for the sum of skinfold thicknesses may be related to an increase in internal fat for the older subjects.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1993

The effect of clenbuterol on body composition in spontaneously eating tumour-bearing mice.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selective beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist, clenbuterol, on body composition in tumour-bearing adult and growing mice. Therefore, adult female C57/BL6 mice (n = 20) were inoculated subcutaneously with a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma and divided into two identical groups. One group received injections twice a day of clenbuterol corresponding to 1 mg/kg body weight, the other group received sham injections. Growing mice (n = 20) were similarly divided after tumour inoculation into one study group with clenbuterol injections and one control group. The growing animals were sacrificed on day 11 after commencement of treatment, the adult mice on day 16. Clenbuterol treatment had no statistically significant effect on accumulated food intake or body composition in the adult mice. However, food intake in these animals increased numerically compared to control animals after day 11 of the study. Tumour growth was also unaffected. The growing animals displayed an increased carcass dry weight with borderline significance (p = 0.06) and an increased quadriceps muscle fat free dry weight after clenbuterol treatment. Tumour growth was not affected. Food intake measured on a daily basis was significantly increased in the growing clenbuterol treated animals and accumulated food intake was increased with a trend towards statistical significance (p = 0.06). The results support the suggestion that treatment with a selective beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist does not improve body composition in tumour-bearing adult mice relying on spontaneous food intake while growing animals may benefit from such treatment.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Effect of creatine supplementation on body composition and performance: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Creatine supplementation (CS) has been reported to increase body mass and improve performance in high-intensity, short-duration exercise tasks. Research on CS, most of which has come into existence since 1994, has been the focus of several qualitative reviews, but only one meta-analysis, which was conducted with a limited number of studies. PURPOSE: This study compared the effects of CS on effect size (ES) for body composition (BC) variables (mass and lean body mass), duration and intensity (< or = 30 s, [ATP-PCr = A]; 30-150 s [glycolysis = G]; >150 s, [oxidative phosphorylation = O]) of the exercise task, type of exercise task (single, repetitive, laboratory, field, upper-body, lower-body), CS duration (loading, maintenance), and subject characteristics (gender, training status). METHODS: A search of MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus using the phrase "creatine supplementation" revealed 96 English-language, peer-reviewed papers (100 studies), which included randomized group formation, a placebo control, and human subjects who were blinded to treatments. ES was calculated for each body composition and performance variable. RESULTS: Small, but significant (ES > 0, p < or = .05) ES were reported for BC (n=163, mean +/- SE=0.17 +/- 0.03), ATP-PCr (n=17, 0.24 +/- 0.02), G (n=135, 0.19 +/- 0.05), and O (n=69, 0.20 +/- 0.07). ES was greater for change in BC following a loading-only CS regimen (0.26 +/- 0.03, p=.0003) compared to a maintenance regimen (0.04 +/- 0.05), for repetitive-bout (0.25 +/- 0.03,p=.028) compared to single-bout (0.18 +/- 0.02) exercise, and for upper-body exercise (0.42 +/- 0.07, p<.0001) compared to lower (0.21 +/- 0.02) and total body (0.13 +/- 0.04) exercise. ES for laboratory-based tasks (e.g., isometric/isotonic/isokinetic exercise, 0.25 +/- 0.02) were greater (p=.014) than those observed for field-based tasks (e.g., running, swimming, 0.14 +/- 0.04). There were no differences in BC or performance ES between males and females or between trained and untrained subjects. CONCLUSION: ES was greater for changes in lean body mass following short-term CS, repetitive-bout laboratory-based exercise tasks < or = 30 s (e.g., isometric, isokinetic, and isotonic resistance exercise), and upper-body exercise. CS does not appear to be effective in improving running and swimming performance. There is no evidence in the literature of an effect of gender or training status on ES following CS.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and body composition in healthy, nonobese, older men and women.

BACKGROUND: Chromium is an essential nutrient required for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Chromium supplementation in humans has been reported to improve glucose metabolism and improve serum lipid parameters and to reduce body fat; parameters that worsen with aging. As a result, chromium picolinate has been widely promoted as a health aid for the general population. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of chromium supplementation on insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and body composition in nonobese, healthy men and women of advanced age. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 19 subjects (9 men and 10 women), aged 63-77, were given either chromium picolinate, 1,000 microg/d, or a placebo for 8 weeks. Serum lipids were measured at baseline and 8 weeks. Insulin sensitivity and body composition were measured with the minimal-model intravenous glucose tolerance test and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, respectively, at baseline and after 8 weeks of chromium or placebo supplementation. RESULTS: No significant change in serum lipids, insulin sensitivity, or body composition was observed in the chromium group compared with the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Chromium picolinate supplementation alone does not appear to improve insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, or change body composition in nonobese, healthy men and women of advanced age.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2006

Body composition and echocardiographic abnormalities associated to anemia and volume overload in heart failure patients.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) patients with hemodilutional anemia had a worse prognosis than those with true anemia. Volume overload (VO) in anemic patients must be identified in order to select the best treatment. METHOD: We assessed the prevalence of anemia and VO in systolic and diastolic HF patients, and its effects on clinical status, body composition, and quality of life (QOL). Anemia was defined according to the OMS criteria and VO was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Echocardiography variables were also obtained. RESULTS: We studied 132 HF patients, 59.1% with systolic and 40.9% with diastolic HF. Anemia was present in 29.5% patients with systolic and 24.1% with diastolic HF (P=0.7). Anemic patients in the systolic HF group tend to be worse functional class than the non-anemic subjects; moreover, in both groups of cardiac dysfunction, the anemic patients had less grip strength, lower body mass index (BMI) and waist and hip circumferences, and a higher percentage of extracellular water (ECW), a higher proportion of patients with total serum cholesterol concentration below the 25th percentile, and a lower serum albumin. When patients were divided in 4 subgroups according to the presence of anemia and/or VO, we observed that VO affected the body composition not only through lower BMI, and waist and hip circumferences but also through a lower phase angle. Systolic HF patients with anemia and VO had the highest dimension of left atrium and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) levels. CONCLUSION: Anemia is common in HF and its prevalence is similar in systolic and diastolic HF patients. Anemia was associated to VO, less grip strength and body composition abnormalities; however, VO was related to more severe body composition and echocardiographic abnormalities, as well as to an impairment of QOL. So that, it is important to differentiate between those who have anemia associated to VO and those who have true anemia.

Anemia↗

PubMed1997

Influence of respiratory distress syndrome on body composition after preterm birth.

AIM: To observe changes in body composition during the first week after birth, in preterm neonates with and without respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), so as to be able to provide optimal fluid and energy intake. METHODS: Twenty four babies with RDS and 19 healthy preterm babies, with gestational ages ranging from 26-36 weeks, were studied daily for the first week after birth. Total body water (TBW) was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. The babies were weighed daily and a record made of fluid and energy intake. Body solids were calculated as the difference between body weight and TBW. RESULTS: There was a highly significant reduction in body weight by the end of the week, with the RDS babies losing more than the healthy babies (RDS 7.6%; non-RDS 3.7%). There was no significant difference in the amount of TBW at birth in the babies with and without RDS (RDS 85.1%; non-RDS 85.5%) and both groups lost the same amount of body water (RDS 10.9%; non-RDS 9.9%) by the end of the first week. The amount of total body water lost was unrelated to the volume of fluid administered. There was a loss of body solids during the first day in the RDS group, but, overall, there was a highly significant increase in both groups between birth and day 7, which was greater in the healthy babies (RDS 13.0%; non-RDS 42.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Loss of body water after birth occurs to the same extent in healthy preterm neonates and in babies with RDS and is unrelated to the volume of fluid administered. Given adequate nutritional support, an increase in body solids can accompany early postnatal weight loss and begins almost immediately after birth, in both healthy preterm babies and babies with RDS.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

Anthropometric, body composition and somatotype differences of Greek elite female basketball, volleyball and handball players.

AIM: The aims of the present study were: a) to determine the anthropometric profile, body composition and somatotype of elite Greek female basketball (B), volleyball (V) and handball (H) players, b) to compare the mean scores among sports and c) to detect possible differences in relation to competition level. METHODS: A total of 518 female athletes, all members of the Greek first National League (A1 and A2 division) in B, V and H sport teams participated in the present study. Twelve anthropometric measures required for the calculation of body composition indexes and somatotype components were obtained according to the established literature. RESULTS: V athletes were the tallest (P<0.001) among the three groups of athletes, had the lowest values of body fat (P<0.001) and their somatotype was characterized as balanced endomorph (3.4-2.7-2.9). B athletes were taller (P<0.01) and leaner (P<0.001) than H players, with a somatotype characterized as mesomorph-endomorph (3.7-3.2-2.4). H athletes were the shortest of all (P<0.01), had the highest percentage of body fat (P<0.001) and their somatotype was mesomorph-endomorph (4.2-4.7-1.8). In comparison with their A2 counterparts the A1 division players were taller (P<0.001) and heavier (P<0.01), but at the same time leaner (P<0.001), and exhibited higher homogeneity in somatotype characteristics (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometric, body composition and somatotype variables of Greek female elite teamball players varied among sports; selection criteria, hours of training and sport-specific physiological demands during the game could explain the observed differences. More data are certainly needed to define the anthropometric profile of B, V and H female athletes internationally.

Adipose Tissue↗