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PubMed1995

Recent acquisitions on tick and tick-borne disease resistance in N'dama (Bos taurus) and Gobra zebu (Bos indicus) cattle.

The use of disease resistant breeds is recognised as an economically realistic alternative to acaricide application and drug administration in tick and tick-borne disease control schemes. Although resistance is mainly associated with zebu (Bos indicus) breeds, studies carried out in The Gambia show a higher resistance to ticks and tick-borne diseases in N'dama (Bos taurus) than in Gobra (B. indicus) cattle. Tick resistance in N'dama breed appears to be effective against those species with long hypostome, such as Amblyomma variegatum and Hyalomma spp. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed. Further investigations are identified to assess the economic value of tick and tick-borne disease resistance in the N'dama breed.

Africa, Western↗

PubMed1991

The effect of cattle breed and muscle type on discoloration and various biochemical parameters in fresh beef.

The levels of nonprotein sulfhydryls (NPSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), hypoxanthine (Hx), xanthine (X) and the extent of lipid (TBA) and pigment oxidation (%MetMb) were determined in longissimus and gluteus medius muscles during storage at 4 degrees C. Muscles were obtained from Holstein and crossbred beef steers. Holstein beef displayed higher values for %MetMb, NAD and TBA and lower values for GSSG and Hx than crossbred beef (P less than .05). These two breed groups did not differ (P greater than .05) in X and NPSH. During storage, GSSG, Hx, X, %MetMb, GSSG/NPSH ratio and TBA value all increased, whereas NAD and NPSH decreased. Compared to the longissimus, the gluteus medius had greater %MetMb, TBA value, GSSG/NPSH ratio and Hx but lower (P less than .05) NAD and NPSH. Differences between Holstein and crossbred animals and between gluteus medius and longissimus muscles in meat color stability may be dependent on inherent metabolic differences.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Analysis of retinol concentrations in bovine liver and its habitual consumption by pregnant women.

AIMS: The objectives of this study were to analyze retinol concentrations in two groups of bovine liver, to estimate the habitual consumption of bovine liver among pregnant women, and, based on these data, to evaluate the women's ingestion of vitamin A. METHOD: 60 samples of bovine liver, 30 of the Nelore breed and 30 of undefined breed (UB), were analyzed using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for retinol dosage. 100 women under care at the University Maternity Hospital Januário Cicco, UFRN, in Natal, RN, Brazil, completed the Frequency of Nourishment Questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD values for the retinol concentrations in the liver samples of the Nelore breed and the UB groups were 16,947.8 +/- 6,866.9 and 5,213.1 +/- 2,517.2 microg of retinol/100 g, respectively. A high number of women consumed liver (73%) and in 71% of the cases the advice for the consumption of this food was provided by qualified professionals. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the daily consumption of the bovine liver is not recommended for pregnant women, regardless of the genetic origin of the animal. The study alert health professionals of the danger of recommending the ingestion of bovine liver during pregnancy.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Economic evaluation of alternative crossbreeding systems involving four breeds of swine. II. System efficiency.

A static, deterministic computer model was used to calculate production efficiency (cost per kg of product) for four purebred and 69 alternative crossbreeding systems involving the Duroc, Yorkshire, Landrace and Spotted breeds of swine. Crossbreeding systems were defined as including all purebred, crossbred and commercial matings necessary to maintain a total of 10,000 farrowings. Driving variables for the model were predicted mean conception rates, litter size born, preweaning survival rate, postweaning average daily gain, feed-to-gain ratio and carcass backfat. Predictions were computed using breed effect and heterosis estimates obtained from experimental data involving the four breeds collected at the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station between 1976 and 1979. The most efficient breed combinations for each of the nine types of crossbreeding systems evaluated were predicted to reduce cost per kg of product by 6.7 to 10.5%, relative to the most efficient purebred (Duroc). The Duroc X (Yorkshire, Landrace, Spotted) four-breed rotaterminal was predicted to be the most efficient system, followed by the Duroc X (Yorkshire, Landrace) rotaterminal. Duroc X (Spotted X Landrace) and Duroc X (Spotted X Yorkshire) static systems ranked third and fourth overall, respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicated that ranking of systems predicted to be most efficient under the default model was reasonably robust to varying input economic, genetic and management parameter values. Results of this study suggested that three- or four-breed rotaterminal or static systems should maximize effective use of heterosis and breed complementarity in swine production systems.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed2000

Genetic structure of the Iberian pig breed using microsatellites.

An analysis of 25 microsatellite loci in 210 animals has been used to define the genetic structure of the Iberian pig, traditionally classified into several varieties. In addition, a sample of 20 Duroc pigs was used as an outgroup for topology trees. Inter-variety genetic variation was estimated by unbiased average heterozygosity and the number of alleles observed. Significant deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were shown for 19 loci across the whole population. By contrast, equilibrium deviation within varieties was much lower. Genetic variation measures, genetic distance values and a neighbour-joining tree were used to estimate subdivision. In addition, an individual tree was constructed to contrast the assignation of animals into varieties. Despite the low bootstrap values obtained in the varieties neighbour-joining tree, the degree of genetic variation found was sufficient to support the division of the Iberian pig into varieties, although in some cases the traditional classification cannot be accepted. These results have shown the value of this marker panel in the study of intra-breed genetic structures.

Alleles↗

PubMed1978

[Breeding of a biotype of the aphia Myzus persicae on a synthetic medium. IV. Influence of vitamins, especially vitamin C and pyridoxine, on the nutritional value of nutritive fluids].

The nutritive value of synthetic diets for Myzus persicae was evaluated by measuring reproduction of the third generation on each medium: 1. In the presence of a double dose of pyridoxin, the nutritional value of the basic diet was improved. This improvement disappeared when all the vitamins of the B group were also at double dose; 2. In the presence of a double dose of ascorbic acid, the nutritional value of all the diets was improved. This improvement was observed for a single or a double dose of pyridoxin and a single or a double dose of all the vitamins of the B group. The beneficial effect of a double dose of pyridoxin was not adding with the beneficial effect of a double dose of ascorbic acid; 3. A double dose of EDTA was detrimental to the aphid but a double dose of ascorbic acid was sparing this detrimental effect. The results are discussed in relation with the nutritional needs in vitamins and the action of the vitamins in the mineral nutrition of the aphid.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Genetic evaluation of the probability of pregnancy at 14 months for Nellore heifers.

To estimate the heritability for the probability that yearling heifers would become pregnant, we analyzed the records of 11,487 Nellore animals that participated in breeding seasons at three farms in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul. All heifers were exposed to a bull at the age of about 14 mo. The probability of pregnancy was analyzed as a categorical trait, with a value of 1 (success) assigned to heifers that were diagnosed pregnant by rectal palpation about 60 d after the end of the breeding season of 90 d and a value of 0 (failure) assigned to those that were not pregnant at that time. The estimate of heritability, obtained by Method R, was 0.57 with standard error of 0.01. The EPD was predicted using a maximum a posteriori threshold method and was expressed as deviations from 50% probability. The range in EPD was -24.50 to 24.55%, with a mean of 0.78% and a SD of 7.46%. We conclude that EPD for probability of pregnancy can be used to select heifers with a higher probability of being fertile. However, it is mainly recommended for the selection of bulls for the production of precocious daughters because the accuracy of prediction is higher for bulls, depending on their number of daughters.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

Changes in serum inhibin levels and immunolocalization of inhibin/activin subunits during the breeding season in the wild male Japanese black bear (Ursus thibetanus japonicus).

The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in secretion of inhibin and cellular localization of inhibin alpha and inhibin/activin (beta(A) and beta(B)) subunits during the breeding season in the wild male Japanese black bear. Histological observations of testes were performed and seminiferous tubule diameters were measured. The sections of the testes were immunostained by the avidin- biotin-peroxidase complex method (ABC) using polyclonal antisera raised against porcine inhibin alpha, inhibin/ activin beta(A), and inhibin/activin beta(B) during the breeding season. Serum concentrations of immunoreactive (ir-)inhibin, testosterone, and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Higher values of seminiferous tubule diameters and all types of spermatogenic cells including mature-phase spermatozoa were found during the breeding season. There were seasonal changes in serum concentrations of ir-inhibin, testosterone, and LH. Ir-inhibin was positively correlated with testosterone, and LH. In addition, immunoreactivity of inhibin alpha, beta(A), and beta(B) subunits were also detected in Sertoli and Leydig cells during the breeding season. These results suggest that Japanese black bear testes may secrete bioactive inhibins during the breeding season and that the circulating inhibin may be a useful indicator of the testicular function in wild male Japanese black bears.

Activins↗

PubMed1982

Mineral concentrations in hair as indicators of mineral status: a review.

Mineral content of hair is affected by season, breed, hair color within and between breeds, sire, age and body location. Seasonal effects may be due to stage of growth of hair and to changes caused by perspiration, surface contamination and diet. Breed and sire effects on mineral content of hair complicate prediction of nutritional status based on hair analyses because, in many commercial cattle, neither breed nor sire is known. Hair from young animals may be lower in Zn, Mn and Fe, but is higher in Na, Ca, Cu and K than that from older animals. Pigmented hair apparently is higher in Ca, Mg, K and NA than white hair, but trace mineral concentrations are similar in hair of different colors. The effect of body location on mineral content of hair may be due to differences in surface contamination, differences in hair growth cycles and differences in texture of the hair. Concentrations of Ca, P and Cu in hair are not affected by dietary intake of these minerals. Zn and Se contents of hair may reflect dietary intake. Information on other required minerals in lacking. Pb, As and, possibly, Cd levels in hair may be related to dietary or environmental exposure. Because of the many factors that cause variation in mineral content of hair, hair analyses are not likely to be precise indicators of the mineral status of animals. Hair analyses may help to detect severe deficiencies of some required minerals or exposure to some heavy metals. However, if hair analyses are to be conducted, care must be taken to compare values from test animals with those from animals of similar breed, sex, season, sire and color. In addition, new hair growth should be analyzed, environmental contamination should be minimized and the hair samples should be cleaned before analyses.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

[Analysis of effect of microsatellite markers on Escherichia coli F4 (K88) receptor in different swine breeds].

Four microsatellite markers linked with Escherichia-coli F4 receptor gene were selected from chromosome 13 of pig (authorization) to analyze difference in hereditary between the genotype and F4 receptor adhesive appearance. Results showed that the microsatellite markers were highly polymorphic and the heterozygosities ranged from 0.6117 to 0.7500. The value of PIC was over 0.5749 and the heredity diversity of Chinese pig breeds more higher than oversea's. On F4ab adhesive appearance of S0222, the difference among genotypes was significant in SZL breed. The AC genotype of SW458 had no adhesive appearance in SZL and LW breeds. Marker SW458 can thus be potentially used as a genetic marker for E. coli F4 resistive gene.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[Overcharging: keeping both feet on the ground and going a step forward].

The intrinsic value of animals and their place in human society influence veterinary practice. The role-responsibility of the veterinarian is under pressure of practical circumstances, client requests and constraints of breeding and management systems. A reflection on human needs as related to the intrinsic value and welfare of animals, is required inside and outside the profession. It is in the interest of life to think and act out of total ecological concepts. In order to be better prepared to deal with ethical problems in practice, students should receive adequate training. The assumed value-free research and the need for outside financial support are a hindrance for research projects that aim at sustainability of human and animal life. It is concluded that the profession needs a philosophy about her objectives.

Animal Welfare↗

PubMed1992

Genetic value of herd life adjusted for milk production.

Cow herd life adjusted for lactational milk production was investigated as a genetic trait in the breeding objective. Under a simple model, the relative economic weight of milk to adjusted herd life on a per genetic standard deviation basis was equal to CVY/dCVL where CVY and CVL are the genetic coefficients of variation of milk production and adjusted herd life, respectively, and d is the depreciation per year per cow divided by the total fixed costs per year per cow. The relative economic value of milk to adjusted herd life at the prices and parameters for North America was about 3.2. An increase of 100-kg milk was equivalent to 2.2 mo of adjusted herd life. Three to 7% lower economic gain is expected when only improved milk production is sought compared with a breeding objective that included both production and adjusted herd life for relative value changed +/- 20%. A favorable economic gain to cost ratio probably exists for herd life used as a genetic trait to supplement milk in the breeding objective. Cow survival records are inexpensive, and herd life evaluations from such records may not extend the generation interval when such an evaluation is used in bull sire selection.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Effects of point-source PCB contamination on breeding performance and post-fledging survival in the dipper Cinclus cinclus.

Despite widespread information on the incidence and biochemical effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in birds, field studies of effects on population processes are still scarce. This is particularly so in passerines. We therefore assessed breeding performance and post-fledging survival in dippers, Cinclus cinclus, breeding along the Afon Mule, a Welsh river where previous work indicated locally elevated PCB concentrations. We hypothesised that marked toxicological effects, including endocrine disruption, would be detectable as altered clutch-size, hatching success, nest success, brood-size, post-fledging survival or recruitment to the breeding population. Congener-specific analysis of PCBs in failed and deserted dipper eggs during 1990-93 revealed that geometric mean concentrations were four to 20 times higher along the Mule than elsewhere in Wales, UK. PCB signatures also varied highly significantly from other locations, with congeners 138, 153 and 180 dominant at the contaminated site, but 118 or 170 more frequent in eggs elsewhere. Subsequent analysis of surface runoff confirmed a small breaker's yard as a point source. Neither laying dates, clutch-sizes, brood-sizes, nest failure nor hatching failure along the contaminated Mule (n=46 breeding attempts and 218 eggs) differed significantly from dippers along adjacent reference rivers (n=82 breeding attempts and 315 eggs) or Welsh rivers as a whole (n=332 breeding attempts and 1534 eggs). Subsequent recaptures of breeding dippers ringed initially as nestlings were nearly identical between the Mule (7.7% of 182 nestlings), the reference set (7.5% of 323 nestlings) and all other Welsh rivers (7.3% of 2821 nestlings). These data illustrate the value of congener-specific analysis of bird's eggs in indicating local PCB sources. The data show also that PCBs can occur in dipper eggs at total concentrations of 0.49 (geometric mean)-1.29 (upper quartile) microg g(-1) wet mass without effects on breeding performance and survival. These values are below those at which biochemical or reproductive effects on other passerines have been detected, but above current concentrations in any other population of European dippers for which PCB data are available. Population effects by PCBs on European dippers are therefore unlikely. Survivors from locally contaminated sites like that in our study might allow field assessments of second-generation effects on breeding performance in wild birds that have developed under PCB exposure.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1992

Permeability of the endothelium and partitioning of the pulmonary blood flow resistance in isolated perfused pig lungs: effects of breed and age.

The right and left lungs of 5 healthy Minipigs and of 13 healthy Landrace piglets were isolated, perfused at constant pressure and maintained in an isogravimetric state under zone III conditions (pulmonary venous pressure greater than alveolar pressure). By applying the double, arterial and venous, occlusion technique, the total blood flow resistance (R) was partitioned into four components: arterial (Ra), pre- (Ra') and post-capillary (Rv') and venous (Rv). The capillary filtration coefficient (Kf,c) was evaluated by measuring the weight gained by the lungs when the arterial and venous pressures were suddenly increased. In the youngest Landrace piglets (5 weeks old), there was an uncontrolled vasoconstriction which sometimes prevented perfusion of the lungs and induced a large increase in Rt. These high values of Rt were decreased by tolazoline administration. The values of Rt recorded in older pigs (12-13 weeks old) were lower in Minipigs (33.66 +/- 3.77 cmH2O min L-1 per 100 g of lungs; n = 5) than in Landrace piglets (55.20 +/- 6.18 cmH2O min L-1 per 100 g; n = 5). This breed difference was due to the differences in Ra' and Rv'. The mean values of Kf,c were 0.193 +/- 0.015 and 0.202 +/- 0.029 ml min (cmH2O)-1 per 100 g of the lungs in Minipigs and Landrace piglets respectively. All these parameters were stable for the 3 hours following the equilibrium period. It was concluded that: (1) There is an age-related maturation of the control of the vasomotor tone in porcine lungs. (2) Pulmonary microvascular haemodynamics are influenced by the breed of the pigs. (3) There was no difference in the Kf,c values between both the breeds. (4) A comparison of the values reported for dogs and rabbits with our data shows that the pre- and post-capillary resistances and, to a lesser extent, the arterial and venous resistances are relatively high in pigs.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1999

Influence of sex and age on serum total immunoglobulin E concentration in Beagles.

OBJECTIVE: To establish an ELISA for detection of serum total IgE concentration in dogs and to analyze IgE values in a dog colony. ANIMALS: 147 healthy Beagles (31 males and 116 females). PROCEDURE: 2 canine IgE-specific polyclonal antibodies elicited by 2 recombinant fragments of the epsilon chain in hens were used to develop a capture ELISA specific for serum total IgE concentration. The IgE values were calculated by comparing serum dose-response curves (1:50 to 1:6,400) with a reference serum pool assigned 100 relative ELISA units (REU). Results-Mean IgE concentration in female Beagles was 51.2 REU (range, 0 to 337.8 REU; median, 31.4 REU), whereas mean IgE concentration in male dogs was only 7.5 REU (range, 0 to 32.6 REU; mean, 3.6 REU). Distribution of IgE values was skewed; approximately 80% of dogs had IgE values < 50 REU. Analysis of natural logarithmically transformed IgE values indicated that sex and age significantly (P < 0.05) influenced IgE values; mean serum IgE values increased until the age of 4 years. Heritability estimates of IgE concentration indicated a trend toward a genetic influence. CONCLUSION: A reliable capture ELISA specific for canine IgE was developed. Serum total IgE values vary with age and sex in the sample population. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Serum total IgE concentration can now be evaluated in various dog breeds and, subsequently, in dogs with IgE-mediated diseases provided that these significant influences are accounted for. Serum total IgE values may then prove to be of diagnostic value, similar to their use in human beings.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

Seeing the genomic value of markers.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Reference values of the red blood profile in beagle, German shepherd and golden retriever puppies].

In the present study, blood samples were taken from clinically healthy puppies of the breeds Beagle, German Shepherd, and Golden Retriever between days 1 and 3 (n = 146), 8 and 10 (n = 137), 28 and 33 (n = 151), and 50 and 58 (n = 129) post natum. Measurements for red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, mean erythrocyte volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were performed by a semi-automatic blood cell counter; the normoblast number was counted visually. Between the 1st and 3rd day of life, the erythrocyte number of the puppies was 4.57 +/- 0.68 10(6)/microliter and, as such, was clearly below the reference range for adult animals. It further decreased by the 2nd measurement (8th to 10th day of life) to 3.59 +/- 0.41 10(6)/microliter, and then increased again to 4.75 +/- 0.68 10(6)/microliter (reference range: 3.73-6.25 10(6)/microliter, 2.5% to 97.5% percentile) by the final measurement (50th to 58th day of life). The measurement values of the haemoglobin concentration (13.5 +/- 2.0 g/dl) and haematocrit (41.0 +/- 6.5%) after birth were only insignificantly below or around the lower limit of the reference range for adult animals. Both parameters decreased to a more pronounced extent than did the erythrocyte count. They reached a minimum of 8.4 +/- 1.0 g/dl and 26.8 +/- 3.2%, respectively, between the 28th and 33rd day of life. Even at the end of the examination period (50th to 58th day of life), the values of these parameters (10.1 +/- 1.1 g/dl, reference range: 7.5-11.8 g/dl; 32.1 +/- 4.2%, reference range: 24.8 to 40.8%) were remarkably lower than the minimum of reference range for adult dogs. At the 1st sampling (between 1st and 3rd day of life), MCV (89.8 +/- 6.7 fl) and MCH (29.6 +/- 1.9 pg) were distinctly higher than the reference values for adult dogs. Both parameters decreased with increasing age. Thus, from the 50th-58th day of life, the results were comparable to those of adults. No considerable age dependence was found for MCHC. During the first days of life a relatively high number of normoblasts (8 +/- 7/100 Leukozyten) was found; it decreased rapidly. The study revealed significant differences between the breeds, e.g. German Shepherd dogs had lower initial values of erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, and haematocrit when compared to the other breeds. Puppies of this breed also had higher normoblast numbers than the Beagle and Golden Retriever puppies at the 2nd and 3rd samplings. No clear sex differences in the studied parameters were observed. The results of this study reflect the replacement of fetal erythrocytes by postnatal erythrocytes. Moreover, they illustrate the need to use age as well as breed-specific reference ranges.

Aging↗

PubMed2000

Differential electrocardiographic study on Iberica and Duroc breeds of pig during physical maturation.

Sequential electrocardiograms were taken of 50 pigs (25 Iberica and 25 Duroc), from the ages of 5 days to 205 days. The records were analysed to establish the normal values of the different electrocardiographic intervals (RR, QRS, QT, TQ and ST intervals), the diastole/systole quotient and heart score in the first 7 months of life, as well as age-related electrocardiographic variations. In addition, it was intended to determine which of these two breeds showed the greater heart recovery capacity. Finally, positive or negative correlations between the RR interval and the electrocardiographic incidents studied were analysed. The mean values obtained for the electrocardiographic parameters were similar in the two breeds and increased with their physical maturity. Analysis of the correlation between the duration of the heart cycle and the different electrocardiographic incidents showed a positive and significant correlation, the r-values being higher for the RR interval-TQ interval correlation. There was very little correlation between RR interval and heart score in Duroc pigs and practically no correlation between the RR interval and the QRS interval in either breed.

Animals↗