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Results for “Caloric Restriction”

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PubMed1998

Changes in blood pressure and in vasoactive and volume regulatory hormones during semistarvation in obese subjects.

The mechanisms underlying the reduction in blood pressure that occurs with a severe energy-restricted diet were evaluated in 12 obese subjects during 8 days on a very-low-calorie diet (1.67 MJ/d) with a constant intake of 17 mmol sodium per day. The relationship between changes in blood pressure, sodium balance, plasma volume, renin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous system activities, plasma C-terminus and N-terminus of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) prohormone, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentrations was investigated. A negative sodium balance was present throughout the diet and was associated with a moderate reduction in plasma volume, a marked activation of the renin-aldosterone system, and a concomitant reduction in C- and N-terminal ANF prohormone levels. Moreover, the postural changes in N-terminal proANF and ANF secretion documented before the diet, disappeared after 8 days of dieting, in contrast to a greater postural stimulation of aldosterone and renin. A negative correlation was found between the changes of C- and N-terminal ANF prohormone levels and those of aldosterone. Urinary catecholamine excretion, BNP, and ET-1 remained unchanged. These results indicate that the decrease in blood pressure occurring during severe caloric restriction was essentially due to the reduction in the effective blood volume, as reflected by the stimulation of the renin-aldosterone system and the decrease in ANF levels. The lack of any changes in catecholamine excretion and endothelin levels suggests that peripheral vascular resistance did not change significantly in these circumstances.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Effects of long versus short bout exercise on fitness and weight loss in overweight females.

OBJECTIVE: The specific aim of this study was to determine if three 10 minute bouts of exercise per day (3 x 10) and two 15 minute bouts per day (2 x 15) were as effective as one 30 minute bout per day (1 x 30) for improving VO2 max and weight loss. METHODS: Overweight, female college students (body mass index > or = 28 kg/m2) were recruited and assessed at baseline and post-treatment for aerobic fitness (Astrand maximal cycle test), weight, skinfold thickness (7-site), and circumference measures (4-site). Following measurement of resting energy expenditure (REE), subjects were asked to follow a self-monitored calorie restricted diet (80% of REE) for the twelve week duration of the study and were assigned (non-random) to one of four treatment groups: 1) a nonexercising control group (control, n = 8), 2) a 30 minutes continuous exercise group (1 x 30, n = 12), 3) a 30 minutes accumulated exercise group (2 x 15, n = 10) and 4) a second 30 minutes accumulated exercise group (3 x 10, n = 8). The exercising subjects participated in aerobic exercise training at 75% of heart rate reserve three to five days per week with all exercise monitored. RESULTS: VO2 max increased significantly while weight, body mass index, sum of skinfolds, and sum of circumferences decreased significantly from baseline to post-treatment in the 1 x 30, 2 x 15 and the 3 x 10 groups, but not in the control group. A tertiary finding was that exercise participation did not differ among the exercising groups with regard to the average number of days per week. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that exercise accumulated in several short bouts has similar effects as one continuous bout with regard to aerobic fitness and weight loss during caloric restriction in overweight, young women.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Surfactant content and type II cell development in fetal guinea pig lungs during prenatal starvation.

Prenatal caloric restriction in guinea pigs causes intrauterine growth retardation and reduced neonatal viability and surfactant phospholipid (PL). We report here fetal surfactant levels in this model, and correlate total lung PL with ultrastructural maturation of surfactant type II cells and lamellar bodies (LB). Pregnant guinea pigs were fed ad libitum throughout their 68-d gestation (control), or fed 50% rations from d 45 until term (starved). Fetal lungs were examined at d 55, 60, and 65 for PL content and composition, including disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DPC), and compared with neonates for both groups. Lung lobes were analyzed ultrastructurally in d 65 fetuses for the numerical, volume, and surface densities of type II cells and the volume densities of LB. Prenatal starvation caused significant intrauterine growth retardation at all ages; body and dry lung weights were reduced on d 65 by 26 and 23%, respectively. By d 55 and thereafter, starvation decreased total lung PL by 43-45% but did not alter PL composition. On d 65, the total lung volumes and relative numbers, surface densities, and volumes of type II cells in tissue and the relative volumes of LB within type II cells did not differ by caloric regimen. Thus, starved and control fetuses had similar total volumes of LB per lung (13-15 microL), although starved animals had significantly less lung DPC. Although the total volume of LB per lung correlated well with total lung DPC from d 55 through birth in controls, starvation led to a significant departure from this relationship.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2003

The duodenal switch operation for the treatment of morbid obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and efficacy of the duodenal switch procedure as surgical treatment of morbid obesity. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The longitudinal gastrectomy and duodenal switch procedure as performed for morbid obesity involves a 75% subtotal greater curvature gastrectomy and long limb suprapapillary Roux-en-Y duodenoenterostomy. This results in a restricted caloric intake and diversion of bile and pancreatic secretions to induce fat malabsorption. Broad acceptance of this procedure has been impeded because of concerns that the malabsorptive component may produce serious nutritional complications. METHODS: Review of data collected prospectively from all patients who underwent duodenal switch as the primary surgical treatment of morbid obesity at a single institution during the 10-year period beginning September 1992. Operative morbidity and mortality, weight loss, volume of food intake, and bowel function were recorded. Sequential measurements of serum albumin, hemoglobin, and calcium levels were obtained to assess metabolic function and nutrient absorption. RESULTS: Duodenal switch was performed as the primary operation in 701 (81%) of a total 863 patients undergoing bariatric surgery during the period of study. The average body mass index (BMI) was 52.8 (range, 34-95). Perioperative mortality was 1.4%, and morbidity (including leaks, wound dehiscence, splenectomy, and postoperative hemorrhage) occurred in 21 patients (2.9%). Weight loss averaged 127 pounds at 1 year, 131 at 3 years, and 118 at 5 or more years (% EBWL of 69%, 73%, and 66%, respectively). The mean number of bowel movements was fewer than 3 per day. Patients reported and maintained a mean restriction of 63% of their preoperative intake (approximately 1600 calories), with no specific food intolerance, at 3 or more years follow-up. At 3 years, serum albumin remained at normal levels in 98% of patients, hemoglobin in 52%, and calcium in 71%. No patients reported dumping, and marginal ulcers were not seen. CONCLUSIONS: The longitudinal gastrectomy with duodenal switch is a safe and effective primary procedure for the treatment of morbid obesity. It has the advantage of allowing acceptable alimentation with a minimum of side effects while producing and maintaining significant weight loss. These results are achieved without developing significant dietary restrictions or clinical metabolic or nutritional complications.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Skeletal muscle lipid peroxidation in exercised and food-restricted rats during aging.

The effects of chronic endurance exercise and food restriction on nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation (LP) of gastrocnemius muscle during aging were studied in male, Fischer 344 rats. One set of rats aged 6 and 18 mo were assigned to an exercise group (treadmill running) or an age-matched sedentary control group. After 6 mo (at the ages of 12 and 24 mo), LP and levels of alpha-tocopherol and its oxidized form, alpha-tocopheryl quinone, were measured. The extent of LP was determined in homogenates by measuring the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. After homogenization, the muscles were immediately evaluated for basal LP and also incubated in the presence of oxidant stressors for 2 h to assess antioxidant capacity (AOC) and for 24 h to estimate total peroxidizable lipid (TPL). Basal LP was not affected by age or exercise. AOC was not affected by exercise at either age. However aging significantly decreased AOC and increased alpha-tocopheryl quinone in both sedentary and exercised groups. TPL was not affected by age, but was increased by exercise training (P less than 0.05). Another set of rats was divided into the following three groups at 3 mo of age: sedentary, fed ad libitum (S); sedentary, caloric restricted by alternate day feeding (R); and exercised by forced treadmill running (E). Two years later, when the rats were 27 mo of age, the extent of LP was assessed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aging↗

PubMed1996

The role of insulin resistance in Korean patients with coronary atherosclerosis.

To determine whether dietary modification improves insulin resistance and coronary atherosclerosis, we randomly assigned 14 Korean patients to an experimental group (low-fat, low-cholesterol diet, high polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio, and calorie restriction) or to a control group (no dietary change). Coronary artery lesions were analyzed by quantitative coronary angiography, and postglucose insulin responses were measured. At baseline, there were no significant differences in body weight, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and plasma lipid and insulin levels between the two groups. After completion of the 1-year diet program, the experimental group showed significant reductions in body weight (66.0 +/- 3.2 to 61.6 +/- 3.8 kg [means +/- SE], P < 0.01) and WHR (O.96 +/- 0.01 to 0.93 +/- 0.01, P < 0.05). Total cholesterol (5.45 +/- 0.45 to 4.50 +/- 0.44 mmol/l, P < 0.05), LDL cholesterol (3.71 +/- 0.36 to 2.98 +/- 0.37 mmol/l, P < 0.05), and triglyceride (1.91 +/- 0.28 to 1.29 +/- 0.17 mmol/l, P < 0.05) were also significantly reduced in the experimental group. The mean insulin response during an oral glucose tolerance test was also significantly decreased (258.6 +/- 26.4 to 181.8 +/- 6.6 pmol/l, P < 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant changes in these parameters in the control group. When only coronary artery lesions > 50% stenosed were analyzed, the average percentage diameter stenosis regressed from 63.2 to 56.8% in the experimental group. However, there were no significant changes in the control group. Our trial suggests that decreases in body weight and WHR and an improvement in insulin resistance with a low-fat, low cholesterol diet and caloric restriction may reduce risk factors and reverse coronary atherosclerotic lesions in 1 year.

Body Composition↗

PubMed1997

P53 synthesis and phosphorylation in the aging diet-restricted rat following retinoic acid administration.

Multiple doses of retinoic acid (RA) were administered intraperitoneally to three groups of male Fischer 344 rats over a 36 h period. The p53 isoforms from bone marrow nuclei in these three groups of rats were analyzed over time by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and fluorography for the incorporation of [35S]methionine (p53-synthesis) and [32P]phosphate (p53-phosphorylation). Two groups of rats, young (3.5 months) ad libitum (Y/AL) and old (28 months) ad libitum (O/AL), had free access to Purina rat chow; a third group of old (28 months) diet-restricted rats (O/DR) were maintained on a restricted caloric intake (60% of the AL diet) from 3 months of age. After 36 h of RA dosing, the PAGE patterns of p53 synthesis and phosphorylation in Y/AL and O/DR rats were very similar. In both groups, an increase in complexity was observed with labeling of additional isotypes possessing more acidic isoelectric values. In contrast, the O/AL animals showed a pattern of p53 isoform synthesis and phosphorylation that was considerably less complex and lacked the pronounced shift to more acidic forms following RA dosing. The p53 isoforms of O/AL rats as recognized by wild type (wt) Pab 246 antibody, were also much less dramatic in their increase to more acidic forms. Two-dimensional phospho-tryptic maps of Y/AL and O/DR rats were also very similar, both exhibiting two additional minor 32P-labeled fragments after RA dosing. The maps of O/AL rats did not show the two additional fragments following RA administration. After RA dosing, cyclin protein inhibitors (p16, p21, p27) revealed robust labeling with their respective antibodies in Y/AL and O/DR rats as analyzed by Western blotting. The O/AL animals showed marginally detectable antibody recognition of the cyclin inhibitors after RA dosing. Taken together, these data suggest that the biosynthesis and phosphorylation of p53 isoforms and the expression of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor proteins is not significantly different between Y/AL and O/DR rats. Further, these results confirm and extend our previous observations that chronic diet-restriction attenuates the age related decline in the metabolic activity of nuclear protein products.

Aging↗

PubMed2003

Immunological effects of low-fat diets with and without weight loss.

OBJECTIVE: The immunologic effects of isocaloric reduced- and low-fat diets and a voluntary calorie-restricted low-fat diet resulting in weight loss were compared to the immunologic effects of an average American diet in hyperlipidemic individuals. METHODS: Ten hyperlipidemic subjects were studied during three six-week weight maintenance phases: baseline (BL) [35% fat [14% saturated fat (SFA), 13% monounsaturated fat (MUFA), 8% polyunsaturated fat (PUFA)] and 147 mg cholesterol (C)/1000 kcal], reduced-fat (RF) [26% fat (4% SFA, 11% MUFA, 11% PUFA) and 45 mg C/1000 kcal], and low-fat (LF) [15% fat (5% SFA, 5% MUFA, 3% PUFA) and 35 mg C/1000 kcal] diets followed by 12-week, low-fat calorie reduced phase (LFCR). RESULTS: During the last phase, the subjects' weight significantly decreased (p = 0.005). Cholesterol levels were significantly reduced during all phases, compared to BL diet (p < 0.05). Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was assessed using Multi-test CMI. Maximum induration diameters were 22.7, 25.4, 30.5, 34.5 mm for BL, RF, LF and LFCR diets, respectively. Subjects on the LFCR diets had significantly higher DTH compared to the BL diet (p = 0.005). No significant effect of diet was observed on lymphocyte proliferation or interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2 and prostaglandin (PG) E(2) production. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that low-fat diets (15% energy), under conditions which result in weight loss, do not compromise and may enhance the immune response of middle-aged and elderly hyperlipidemic subjects. The results of this study provide support for the hypothesis that moderate caloric restriction in humans may have a beneficial effect on cell-mediated immunity such as those reported in calorie-restricted rodents.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Weight loss with sibutramine improves glycaemic control and other metabolic parameters in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIM: To determine the efficacy and tolerability of sibutramine hydrochloride in obese patients whose type 2 diabetes was poorly controlled on diet alone or with an oral antidiabetic agent. METHODS: This study was a 24-week, double-blind, multicentre trial following a 5-week placebo run-in period. One hundred and seventy-five obese (body mass index (b.m.i.) > or =27 kg/m2) patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized either to sibutramine (n = 89; mean age 53.5 years; mean weight 99.3 kg) or placebo (n = 86; mean age 55 years; mean weight 98.2 kg) at 16 participating centres. To achieve moderate calorie restriction (deficit > or = 250-500 kcal/day), individual dietary counselling was accompanied by either placebo or sibutramine (initial dosage of 5 mg/day titrated up by 5 mg biweekly through week 6, and maintained at 20 mg through week 24). The main outcome measures included changes in weight, b.m.i., waist and hip circumference, glycaemic control, lipid profile, and quality of life, and evaluation of reported adverse events. RESULTS: Sixty-seven per cent of sibutramine patients and 71% of placebo patients completed the study. At week 24 when comparing those who completed the course, sibutramine compared with placebo patients showed significantly greater (p < 0.001) absolute (-4.3 vs. -0.4 kg) and percentage (-4.5% vs. -0.5%) weight loss. Weight loss > or =5% or 10% was achieved by 33% and 8% of sibutramine patients, respectively, but no placebo patients (p < 0.03 or better). Improvement in glycaemic control was correlated with weight loss (p < 0.001). In 5% and 10% weight-loss responders, mean treatment differences were -0.53% and -1.65% (p < or = 0.05), respectively, for HbA1c, and -1.4 mmol/l (p < or =0.05) and -3.8 (p < or =0.05) mmol/l for fasting plasma glucose. Sibutramine patients also showed improvements in fasting insulin, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and quality-of-life assessments. Overall, sibutramine was well tolerated compared with the placebo. Sibutramine treatment was associated with small mean increases in blood pressure (BP) and pulse, although an increase in BP was not seen in sibutramine-treated patients who lost > or = 5% of their weight. CONCLUSIONS: Sibutramine produced statistically and clinically significant weight loss when used in combination with recommendations for moderate caloric restriction. This weight loss was associated with improvements in metabolic control and quality of life, and sibutramine was generally well tolerated in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Diet and kidney diseases in rats.

Diet-associated kidney diseases of rats includes nephropathy in both sexes and nephrocalcinosis in females. High protein content of diets appears to be the major cause for severe nephropathy and changing the source of protein to one such as soy protein, restricting caloric intake, or modifying the diet to decrease protein consumption could decrease the severity of nephropathy. The NTP-2000 diet with lower protein content than most diets decreases the severity of nephropathy and increases the survival of Fischer 344 rats without substantial changes in growth patterns and body weights. Nephrocalcinosis, characterized by mineralization of renal tubules at the corticomedullary junction, has been reported in young and adult female rats of most strains and stocks suggesting a major contribution of female sex hormones to the development of this lesion. Calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), and chloride (Cl) imbalances, especially a Ca:P ratio of less than 1.0 in diet, are considered to be associated with this lesion. Most commercial diets commonly used for toxicology studies have a Ca:P molar ratio of less than 1.0. Increasing the Ca:P molar ratio to more than 1.0 and closer to 1.3 in the AIN-93 purified diet and NTP-2000 nonpurified diet prevents the development of this lesion. Genetics will predispose rats to some diseases and environmental factors will influence the severity of these diseases. Diet is one of the most important environmental factors. Diets balanced for nutrients without excesses could markedly improve the health of rats used in chronic studies leading to substantial increases in survival and thereby accomplish the objective of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: A previous paper reported the 6-month comparison of weight loss and metabolic changes in obese adults randomly assigned to either a low-carbohydrate diet or a conventional weight loss diet. OBJECTIVE: To review the 1-year outcomes between these diets. DESIGN: Randomized trial. SETTING: Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS: 132 obese adults with a body mass index of 35 kg/m2 or greater; 83% had diabetes or the metabolic syndrome. INTERVENTION: Participants received counseling to either restrict carbohydrate intake to <30 g per day (low-carbohydrate diet) or to restrict caloric intake by 500 calories per day with <30% of calories from fat (conventional diet). MEASUREMENTS: Changes in weight, lipid levels, glycemic control, and insulin sensitivity. RESULTS: By 1 year, mean (+/-SD) weight change for persons on the low-carbohydrate diet was -5.1 +/- 8.7 kg compared with -3.1 +/- 8.4 kg for persons on the conventional diet. Differences between groups were not significant (-1.9 kg [95% CI, -4.9 to 1.0 kg]; P = 0.20). For persons on the low-carbohydrate diet, triglyceride levels decreased more (P = 0.044) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased less (P = 0.025). As seen in the small group of persons with diabetes (n = 54) and after adjustment for covariates, hemoglobin A1c levels improved more for persons on the low-carbohydrate diet. These more favorable metabolic responses to a low-carbohydrate diet remained significant after adjustment for weight loss differences. Changes in other lipids or insulin sensitivity did not differ between groups. LIMITATIONS: These findings are limited by a high dropout rate (34%) and by suboptimal dietary adherence of the enrolled persons. CONCLUSION: Participants on a low-carbohydrate diet had more favorable overall outcomes at 1 year than did those on a conventional diet. Weight loss was similar between groups, but effects on atherogenic dyslipidemia and glycemic control were still more favorable with a low-carbohydrate diet after adjustment for differences in weight loss.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Platelet activation in obese women: role of inflammation and oxidant stress.

CONTEXT: Obesity, in particular abdominal adiposity, is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality through mechanisms possibly linking the metabolic disorder to platelet and vascular abnormalities. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical and biochemical determinants of lipid peroxidation and platelet activation in obese women. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional comparison, conducted between September 1999 and September 2001, of urinary 8-iso prostaglandin F(2alpha) (8-iso PGF(2alpha)) and 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 (11-dehyhdro-TxB2) excretion levels in 93 women: 44 with a body mass index (BMI) higher than 28 and a waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) of 0.86 or higher, android obesity; 25 with a BMI higher than 28 and a WHR lower than 0.86, gynoid obesity; and 24 nonobese women with a BMI lower than 25. An additional study was conducted to determine the short-term effects of weight loss in 20 of the 44 women with android obesity. INTERVENTION: During a 12-week period, 20 women with android obesity followed a weight loss program to reduce caloric intake to about 1200 kcal/d. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Plasma C-reactive protein, insulin and leptin levels, and urinary 8-iso PGF(2alpha) (marker of in vivo lipid peroxidation) and 11-dehyhdro-TxB2 (marker of in vivo platelet activation) excretion. Weight loss was defined as successful when the initial body weight decreased by at least 5 kg after a 12-week period of caloric restriction. RESULTS: Women with android obesity had higher levels of 8-iso PGF(2alpha )(median [interquartile range [IQR]] 523 [393-685] vs 187 [140-225] pg/mg creatinine) and 11-dehyhdro-TxB2 (median [IQR], 948 [729-1296] vs 215 [184-253] pg/mg creatinine) than nonobese women (P<.001). Both 8-iso PGF(2alpha)and 11-dehyhdro-TxB2 were higher in women with android obesity than women with gynoid obesity (P<.001). Based on multiple regression analysis, C-reactive protein levels and WHRs of 0.86 or higher predicted the rate of 8-iso PGF(2alpha) excretion independently of insulin and leptin levels. Of 20 women with android obesity, 11 achieved successful weight loss, which was associated with statistically significant reductions in C-reactive protein (median change, 23%; P<.05), 8-iso PGF(2alpha) (median change, 32%; P =.04) and 11-dehydro-TxB2 (median change, 54%; P =.005). CONCLUSIONS: Android obesity is associated with enhanced lipid peroxidation and persistent platelet activation. These abnormalities are driven by inflammatory triggers related to the degree of abdominal adiposity and are, at least in part, reversible with a successful weight-loss program.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial.

CONTEXT: Obesity in the United States has increased dramatically during the past several decades. There is debate about optimum calorie balance for prevention of weight gain, and proponents of some low-carbohydrate diet regimens have suggested that the increasing obesity may be attributed, in part, to low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets. OBJECTIVES: To report data on body weight in a long-term, low-fat diet trial for which the primary end points were breast and colorectal cancer and to examine the relationships between weight changes and changes in dietary components. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Randomized intervention trial of 48,835 postmenopausal women in the United States who were of diverse backgrounds and ethnicities and participated in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial; 40% (19,541) were randomized to the intervention and 60% (29,294) to a control group. Study enrollment was between 1993 and 1998, and this analysis includes a mean follow-up of 7.5 years (through August 31, 2004). INTERVENTIONS: The intervention included group and individual sessions to promote a decrease in fat intake and increases in vegetable, fruit, and grain consumption and did not include weight loss or caloric restriction goals. The control group received diet-related education materials. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Change in body weight from baseline to follow-up. RESULTS: Women in the intervention group lost weight in the first year (mean of 2.2 kg, P<.001) and maintained lower weight than control women during an average 7.5 years of follow-up (difference, 1.9 kg, P<.001 at 1 year and 0.4 kg, P = .01 at 7.5 years). No tendency toward weight gain was observed in intervention group women overall or when stratified by age, ethnicity, or body mass index. Weight loss was greatest among women in either group who decreased their percentage of energy from fat. A similar but lesser trend was observed with increases in vegetable and fruit servings, and a nonsignificant trend toward weight loss occurred with increasing intake of fiber. CONCLUSION: A low-fat eating pattern does not result in weight gain in postmenopausal women. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00000611.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Fasting/re-feeding before initiation enhances the growth of aberrant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in rat colon and rectum.

In contrast to the protective effect of chronic caloric restriction on tumor development, we have shown that fasting sustained tumor initiation in rat liver by a noninitiating dose of diethylnitrosamine. Here we investigated whether fasting had a similar favorable effect on initiation in the colorectal mucosa in 80 male F344 rats. Animals fasted for 4 days were given a single s.c. dose of azoxymethane (AOM) (20 mg/kg) on the first day of re-feeding, and rates of kinetic proliferative parameters, and development of the pre-neoplastic lesions such as aberrant crypt foci (ACF), were evaluated. Starvation before AOM treatment enhanced the growth of ACF, as shown by the significantly higher crypt multiplicity of fasted/re-fed rats as compared with fully fed rats (3.97 +/- 0.50 vs. 2.64 +/- 0.20, p < or = 0.025). This difference was associated with perturbations in cell death and cell proliferation. Fasting induced apoptosis and depressed cell division, while re-feeding had opposite effects, resulting in a higher percentage of S-phase cells at the time of AOM injection and 2 days thereafter. Starvation-induced apoptosis may represent the mitogenic stimulus to an increase in the number of cells susceptible to AOM damage, and may favor its fixation, leading to enhanced growth of ACF. Our data therefore suggest that fasting/re-feeding enhances colon cancer.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Substance use among women with eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE: The results of past research suggest that bulimics are more likely than anorexics to engage in substance use, and that binge eating and/or purging may be an indicator of increased likelihood of substance use. We further investigated substance use among women with eating disorders. METHOD: We compared women with anorexia nervosa (n = 134) to women with bulimia nervosa (n = 320) with regard to history of substance use and investigated potential relationships between eating disorder symptom presentation and substance use. RESULTS: Even after controlling for age and eating disorder symptom severity, women with bulimia nervosa were more likely than those with anorexia nervosa to have used alcohol, amphetamines, barbituates, marijuana, tranquilizers, and cocaine. Independent of diagnostic category, severity of caloric restriction was predictive of amphetamine use, severity of binge eating was predictive of tranquilizer use, and severity of purging was predictive of alcohol, cocaine, and cigarette use. DISCUSSION: Results are discussed in relation to the results of past research and with an emphasis on the importance of considering eating disorder symptom presentation in addition to formal eating disorder diagnosis.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Bardet-Biedl syndrome type 3 in an Iranian family: clinical study and confirmation of disease localization.

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a group of autosomal recessive MCA/MR syndromes characterized by pigmentary retinopathy, postaxial polydactyly, hypogenitalism, obesity, and mental retardation. Five BBS loci have been identified; among them, BBS type 1 (BBS1) and type 3 (BBS3) are most common and most rare, respectively. We encountered an Iranian family that had seven affected members. All patients had a history of mild to severe obesity, but it was reversible in some patients by caloric restriction and exercise. All patients had pigmentary retinopathy, beginning as night blindness in early childhood and progressing toward severe impairment of vision by the end of the second decade. Polydactyly varied in limb distribution, ranging from four-limb involvement to random involvement or even to nonaffectedness. Six of the seven patients were not mentally retarded. Although kidney anomaly or an adrenal mass was pres- ent in two patients, the fact that one patient had seven children rules out reproductive dysfunction. Linkage analysis with microsatellite markers showed that the disease in the family was assigned to a region around marker loci at 3p13-p12 (maximum LOD score = 4.15 and recombination fraction straight theta = 0, at D3S1603 microsatellite marker), to which the BBS3 locus has been mapped. Haplotype analysis did not reduce the extent of the previously reported critical region of BBS3. A comparison of clinical manifestations of our patients with those of previously reported BBS3 patients did not support any type-specific phenotypes, though manifestations in our patients are similar to those in BBS3 patients of a family in Newfoundland.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Toward an empirically derived typology of obese persons: derivation in a nonclinical sample.

The purpose of this research was to empirically derive a typology of obese persons and validate a typology derived in earlier research (Allison & Heshka [1991] International Journal of Obesity). Biological, behavioral, and psychological variables were assessed through survey among 719 (641 females, 78 males) obese members of The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA). All variables were subjected to principal components analyses which extracted 12 biological and 12 psychological components. A two-cluster solution from a k-means clustering on biological components was replicated via Ward's method. Agreement between the solutions was significant (Phi = .33, Kappa = .19, p < .05). The solution was validated through entering psychological component scores into discriminant analysis. One significant function (p < .001) substantially separated the clusters. A component measuring early onset/familial history powerfully discriminated between the clusters. Early onset obese were more obese, more active, and restricted caloric intake to a greater degree. Late onset obese were more likely to be "settled down," engage in substance abuse, eat at night, and have diabetes (p < .05). Results were substantially consistent with those of prior research.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

The influence of body fat content and bone diameter measurements on body dissatisfaction in adult women.

This study investigated the simultaneous influence of various anthropometric factors on body dissatisfaction in adult women while controlling for psychological and behavioral factors known to covary with it. Multiple regression analyses confirmed that neuroticism, skeletal frame size, and percent body fat were positively, and age and physical activity inversely, related to dissatisfaction. Subsequent analyses substituted separate bone diameter measurements in place of the composite frame size variable and found that hip diameter, correcting for fatness, was a more salient factor in the determination of body dissatisfaction than the more general estimate of frame size. In pursuit of the perfect ultra-slender body women are encouraged to diet and exercise for weight loss more than ever before. It appears, however, that anatomical factors that are resistant to change by caloric restriction or physical activity, are a significant influence in the degree to which women report discontent with their body shape.

Adolescent↗