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PubMed1996

[Search for biochemical factors implicated in the pathogenesis of alcoholism in different ethnic populations].

A Chukotka indigenous population (the Chukchis, Eskimos) craving alcohol was examined. Changes in the levels of endogenous ethanol (EE) and its relation to calcium homeostasis, hypophyseal-adrenocortical hormones (stress) in the body are regarded as a possible role in alcohol motivation and ethanol dependence. The frequency and pattern of alcohol consumption, high alcoholism incidence rates in the family history may consider the Arctic Mongoloids as a group at high risk for alcoholism. Manifestations, such as lost control over the dose used, alcoholic amnesia, occasional use of alcohol poisoning doses with high rates of alcohol dependence, withdrawal syndrome, were noted in more than half the examines. The reproduction accuracy of correlations between the baseline signs was maximizing by factorial analysis. Four major factors (63.3% of complete variability) were singled out, two aspects were found in the system of metabolism and biochemical variabilities: 1) the secretion of cortisol, testosterone and the activity of 2-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH) contributes to the increase of EE concentrations with the simultaneous decrease in the blood levels of ionized calcium (Ca++) and uric acid (UA). On the contrary, higher Ca++ and UA concentrations directly or indirectly inhibit hormones and the functional activity of the adrenal cortex, testes and lower the levels of EE, some enzymes, and total protein, 2) Calcitonin (CT) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) seem to be factors favouring the activation of insulin that enhances the membranous transport not only of glucose, but some other saccharides together with EE. The findings suggests that there is an intricate impact of balance ratios in the scheme wherein Ca++ is likely to act as a link between the stimulus and secretion of hypophyseal, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid hormones, on the one hand, and EE concentrations. A relationship of pleiads reflects a common process of the integration of neurohumoral mechanisms and the regulation of calcium metabolism. The findings serve as a basis for further studies of different links of the pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for the development of alcoholism in terms of ethnic features.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

[Negative relationship between variation of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in populations of Arctic Mongoloids of Northeastern Asia].

Incompatibility of variation of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes was shown in four Arctic Mongoloid populations. An increase in heterozygosity was accompanied by a decrease in variation of mtDNA in the Koryaks-Chukchi-Asian Eskimo population series, and corresponds to the gradient of severity of the environment. An explanation is proposed based on the assumption of the key role of selective processes in the formation of the genetic (nuclear and mitochondrial) structure of Arctic Mongoloid populations in connection with long-term adaptation to extreme environment.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1997

Distribution of sequence variation in the mtDNA control region of Native North Americans.

The distributions of mtDNA diversity within and/or among North American haplogroups, language groups, and tribes were used to characterize the process of tribalization that followed the colonization of the New World. Approximately 400 bp from the mtDNA control region of 1 Na-Dene and 33 Amerind individuals representing a wide variety of languages and geographic origins were sequenced. With the inclusion of data from previous studies, 225 native North American (284 bp) sequences representing 85 distinct mtDNA lineages were analyzed. Mean pairwise sequence differences between (and within) tribes and language groups were primarily due to differences in the distribution of three of the four major haplogroups that evolved before settlement of the New World. Pairwise sequence differences within each of these three haplogroups were more similar than previous studies based on restriction enzyme analysis have indicated. The mean of pairwise sequence differences between Amerind members of haplogroup A, the most common of the four haplogroups in North America, was only slightly higher than that for the Eskimo, providing no evidence of separate ancestry, but was about two-thirds higher than that for the Na-Dene. However, analysis of pairwise sequence divergence between only tribal-specific lineages, unweighted for sample size, suggests that random evolutionary processes have reduced sequence diversity within the Na-Dene and that members of all three language groups possess approximately equally diverse mtDNA lineages. Comparisons of diversity within and between specific ethnic groups with the largest sample size were also consistent with this outcome. These data are not consistent with the hypothesis that the New World was settled by more than a single migration. Because lineages tended not to cluster by tribe and because lineage sharing among linguistically unrelated groups was restricted to geographically proximate groups, the tribalization process probably did not occur soon after settlement of the New World, and/or considerable admixture has occurred among daughter populations.

Anthropology, Cultural↗

PubMed1997

[A genetic-demographic study of the South Altaian population of the Mendur-Sokkon village (Altai Republic)].

The main demographic parameters of the population of South Altaians from the Mendur-Sokkon village, Ust'-Kanskii raion, Altai Republic, were studied. This population was classified as a growing one because the population's reproductive size was large (37%), the prereproductive part constituted the majority of the population (52%), and the average number of surviving children per spouse was 2.6. The population studied began to mix with other ethnic groups (mostly Russians and Kazakhs) only recently; therefore, the proportion of interethnic hybrids was only 5%. The tribal structure of the Mendur-Sokkon population was typical of all South Altaians and characterized by stringent observance of exogamous regulations. An ethnically pure core was preserved in the population. The degree of endogamy was 0.36; however, the population mostly exchanged marriage migrants within the Ust'-Kanskii raion. A study of postreproductive females revealed that the average number of surviving children and pregnancies per female was 4.9 and 5.3, respectively; these values were lower than those in indigenous northern Siberian populations studied earlier. The high value of the Crow's index of total selection (Itot = 0.63) was mainly accounted for by the differential fecundity component, I(f) = 0.40, whereas the prereproductive mortality component (Im = 0.16) was considerably lower than in northern Siberian populations (Nganasans, Forest and Tundra Nentsi, Evens, Asian Eskimos, etc.) and closer to the values characteristic of urban human populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

[Comparative study of epidemiology of spondylarthropathies in indigenous population of the Chukot peninsula and Alaska].

UNLABELLED: The paper sums up the many-year cooperative Russian-American studies of the epidemiology of spondylarthropathies in the arctic populations of the Chukot Peninsula and Alaska. AIM: Comparison of the epidemiology of spondylarthropathies in the indigenous population of the Chukot Peninsula and Alaska. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A universal design of investigation with the same diagnostic criteria was used in both countries. A total of 974 indigenous residents of the Chukot Peninsula were examined simultaneously, on the Alaska the sampling was formed as the residents applied for care. RESULTS: In both regions the study revealed 1) a high incidence of HLA-B27, reaching 40% in the Chukot Eskimos; 2) a similarly high incidence of spondylarthropathies varying from 2 to 3.4%; 3) a similar spectrum of diseases, including, primarily, ankylosing spondylarthritis and Reiter's syndrome and undifferentiated spondylarthropathies and (rarely) psoriatic arthritis. Among HLA-B27 positive adults, the incidence of spondylarthropathies in all groups is 4.2% and of ankylosing spondylarthritis 1.5%. CONCLUSION: A high incidence of spondylarthropathies, varying from 2 to 3.4%, was revealed in the Arctic populations of the Chukot Peninsula and Alaska with a high incidence of HLA-B27 antigen. Although the spectrum of detected diseases was similar in the two groups, ankylosing sponditis was more incident on the Chukot Peninsula, whereas on the Alaska reactive arthritis and nondifferentiated spondylarthropathies predominated, which can be explained by difference in the methods of examination.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

[Morphological studies on lower margins of nasal aperture in the skull of Hokkaido Japanese].

It is well-known that the lower margins of nasal aperture in the human skull may be classified into the following four types, i.e., Forma anthropina, Forma infantilis, Fossae praenasales and Clivus nasoalveolaris, and that the rates of appearance of these four types differ with races. In the present study we made morphological studies on the lower margins of nasal aperture of 465 Hokkaido Japanese skulls, 463 skulls with symmetrical nasal aperture and 2 skulls with asymmetrical one, and compared the findings with those of all races in the world, especially of the Japanese, Ainu, Moyoro Man, Hamanaka Site Man and Eskimo. Forma anthropina was found in 330 skulls (71.27 +/- 2.10%) among the 463, marking the highest rate. Forma infantilis, found in 74 skulls (15.98 +/- 1.70%) among the 463, marked the second highest rate. Fossae praenasales, found in 42 skulls (9.07 +/- 1.33%) among the 463, marked the third highest rate. These 42 cases of Fossae praenasales were further classified into three types, i.e., sub-Forma infantilis, 17 (40.48%), typical Fossae prenasales, 23 (54.76%) and sub-Clivus nasoalveolaris, 2 (4.76%). Clivus nasoalveolaris, found in 17 skulls (3.67 +/- 0.87%) among the 463, marked the lowest rate. As a whole, the rates of the four types in the Hokkaido Japanese were close to those in the other groups of the Japanese in Kinai and Hokkaido (Ito).

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Dietary intakes among Siberian Yupiks of Alaska and implications for cardiovascular disease.

We describe dietary intake for 65 Siberian Yupik residents of Gambell, AK using 24-h recalls and annual food frequencies collected in October 1992. The objectives were to describe dietary characteristics important in risk of cardiovascular disease, determine the extent that their diet differs from the diet of general US and northern populations, assess how the diet met national guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, and propose dietary recommendations. Compared to US intakes in general (NHANES III), intakes of Siberian Yupiks expressed as percent of energy were: 8-10% higher in fat, 6% higher in protein, 5-7% higher in monounsaturated fats and 12-15% lower in carbohydrate. Energy from saturated and polyunsaturated fats was similar (11% and 8% respectively). Cholesterol intakes were not significantly different. Mean intakes of selenium, a-topocopherol, folacin (men), and vitamin C (men) met Recommended Dietary Allowances, which may contribute to cardiovascular health. Mean intake of n-3 fatty acids (7.0 g/d), twice the 3 g/d associated with favorable effects, was comparable with intake of Greenlandic Eskimos. Dietary risk factors included high intakes of % energy from fat and saturated fat, and low intakes of fiber. Native foods were important sources of monounsaturated fats, n-3 fatty acids and selenium.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Population exposure to radioactivity from consumption of caribou among the Dene/Métis of Denendeh (western Northwest Territories, Canada).

There has been long-standing concern with exposure to radioactivity through the consumption of caribou, particularly in indigenous populations in the western Northwest Territories, Canada, who are traditionally high consumers. We conducted a dietary survey in this region in 1994 to estimate population exposure levels. Dietary information was collected from 1012 individuals in sixteen communities (1012 days of 24-hour dietary recalls, 1012 food frequency questionnaires) and radionuclide levels in caribou flesh, liver and kidneys were measured. Monte Carlo statistical methods were employed to integrate these data sets and estimate the distribution of radiation exposure for people in five regions (Gwich'in, Sahtú, Dogrib, Deh-Cho, South Slave). The exposure levels were highest in the South Slave region and in older males (40+ years), and lowest in the Gwich'in region and in younger females (20-40 years). Median exposure level ranged from 0.95 to 5.31 mSv per year (mean of medians = 2.96 mSv/y). In each group the 95th percentile of exposure was 2-3 times greater than the median. These exposure levels are comparable to exposure levels in Alaskan Eskimos and Marshall Island residents, and are much higher than European or American urban populations. Caribou meat is a very nutritious food. We conclude that, although there is some radiation exposure from consuming caribou, the associated health risks are low and are outweighed by the physical, social and cultural benefits derived from hunting and eating caribou.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (Trevor's disease) of the distal radius.

The authors report a rare case of dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (DEH) or Trevor's disease of the radius in an Eskimo from Greenland. DEH is indistinguishable microscopically from osteochondroma, however its epiphyseal site of origin differentiates it from the osteochondroma, which characteristically originates in the metaphysis.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

[Prepuce simulating an igloo].

OBJECTIVE: To report what could be the first reference of a prepucial congenital abnormality which has been termed an "igloo-like prepuce". The presence of a prepuce completely covering the glans and presenting the outer opening on the ventral side, resembles the ice constructions used as temporary dwelling by certain groups of eskimos. METHODS: Two cases with this unusual abnormality seen in two young brothers are described. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The "igloo-like prepuce" is a prepucial congenial abnormality with rare incidence which carries no other genitourinary condition but which translates in a merely aesthetic alteration.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Different molecular events result in low protein levels of mannan-binding lectin in populations from southeast Africa and South America.

Previous studies have shown that three point mutations in exon 1 and a particular promoter haplotype of the mannan-binding lectin (MBL) gene lead to a dramatic decrease in the serum concentration of MBL. In this study, MBL genotypes and serum concentrations were determined in unrelated individuals in a population from Mozambique (n = 154) and in two native Indian tribes from Argentina (i.e., the Chiriguanos (n = 43) and the Mapuches (n = 25)). In both populations, the MBL concentrations were low compared with those found in Eskimo, Asian, and European populations. In Africans, the low serum concentrations were due to a high allele frequency (0.24) of the codon 57 (C) variant, which resulted in a high frequency of individuals with MBL deficiency (0.06), and were also due to the effect of a relatively high frequency (0.13) of low-producing promoter haplotypes. The low concentrations in the South American populations were primarily due to an extremely high allele frequency of the codon 54 (B) variant in both the Chiriguanos (0.42) and the Mapuches (0.46), resulting in high frequencies of individuals with MBL deficiency (0.14 and 0.16, respectively). In the search for additional genetic variants, we found five new promoter mutations that might help to elucidate the evolution of the MBL gene. Taken together, the results of this study show that different molecular mechanisms are the basis for low MBL levels on the two continents.

Argentina↗

PubMed1998

Psoriasis--a dermatological enigma.

At the beginning, the interdisciplinary character of psoriasis encroaching into numerous fields of medicine as well as non-medical sciences is emphasized. The disease has been found an interesting field for genetic studies, also entering the fields of endocrinology and pathophysiology, and as a psychosomatic phenomenon arising many questions in the domain of psychiatry and psychology. With the associated joint and bone alterations, psoriasis is an intriguing problem for an array of medical disciplines, e.g., rheumatology, orthopedics, physical medicine and balneology. Pediatrics is involved through psoriasis in children, and ophthalmology through ocular symptoms of the disease. The therapeutic use of ultraviolet rays introduces psoriasis in the field of photobiology, and the impact of diet into the domain of dietetics. Also, alternative medicine is involved to a greater extent in psoriasis than in any other disease. This survey is followed by a historical account of psoriasis, revealing that the disease was known in all periods of the development of mankind that have left written documents behind. However, it was only toward the end of the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century that psoriasis was recognized and described as a unique and independent disease. The prevalence of psoriasis in Europe und USA ranges between 1.5%-2% and 0.5%-1.5%, respectively. The disease is rare in blacks, Indians and yellow race, whereas in Eskimos it is not found at all. Then, psoriasis is presented as a hereditary disease, the onset of which requires the action of so-called provocative factors triggering the hereditary elements. Psoriasis most commonly develops at the age of 20-50 years, i.e. during the most active period of man's life. Then, the morphological classification of psoriasis according to clinical picture is presented, with a historical account of pathophysiologic and etiologic concepts over the past hundred years. And finally, the basic trends and concepts of the treatment of psoriasis are described, with special reference to the fact that it should be considered a skill rather than a schematic procedure. The possibilities and value of preventive measures, emphasizing the role of patient health education in the complex treatment of the disease, are presented.

Humans↗

PubMed1965