SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Infant Development”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,171 records · Page 65Linked to original sources

PubMed1978

Effects of repeated assessment on standardized test performance by infants.

Infant-intervention programs that evaluate their effectiveness by repeatedly testing infants with standardized tests may confound intervention effects with repeated-testing effects. Further, maternal participation in testing may increase infants' test scores, either directly by giving infants practice with test-like items at home between test administrations or indirectly by helping infants adapt to the test setting. Thirty-five infants were tested at 3-month intervals between 4 and 28 months of age with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and at 31 months of age with the Stanford-Binet; 25 infants were tested with the Bayley at 4 months and the Stanford-Binet at 31 months. Mothers of some infants in each group participated in the testing process. Between-subjects analysis on the Stanford-Binet revealed no effects for repeated testing or maternal participation. Within-subjects analyses for repeatedly tested groups demonstrated that maternal presence during testing, but not repeated testing, was associated with significantly higher Bayley scores. It was concluded that maternal presence is a potent influence on Bayley performance, that repeated experience with the Bayley biased neither performance on another standardized test of development nor subsequent Bayley performance, and that infant intervention programs are not likely to confound their evaluation designs by testing infants repeatedly.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1995

Use of pointing and other gestures by young children with Down syndrome.

Pointing, reaching, and other communicative gestures were elicited from 22 children with Down syndrome ages 21 to 47 months in two communicative contexts (referential/declarative vs. instrumental/imperative) and with two partners (mother vs. agemate with Down syndrome). Linguistic competence was assessed using the Vineland and Reynell Scales. High levels of pointing were produced in both communicative contexts and with each partner. Advance visual checking of the partner appeared to indicate awareness of the necessary conditions for successful declarative pointing. Comparisons with matched data from typically developing infants revealed both similarities and differences in gesture use. Findings were discussed in relation to delayed language development in children with Down syndrome.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1997

Relation of gastric distention to prostaglandin therapy in neonates.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the short-term gastric effects of prostaglandin therapy in neonates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the radiographs of nine neonates with congenital heart disease who received prostaglandins during the 1st week of life. Eighteen matched control infants (nine healthy neonates and nine infants with noncyanotic congenital heart disease) who did not receive prostaglandins were also evaluated. RESULTS: Within 48 hours of initial prostaglandin therapy, persistent (>3 days) gastric distention was noted in four of nine infants. No infants developed feeding intolerance during the 1st week of life; two of nine infants (both with initial asymptomatic gastric distention) developed feeding intolerance with prolonged prostaglandin therapy. In all cases, gastric distention resolved with cessation of prostaglandins. The radiographs of the control infants were unremarkable (P < .01). CONCLUSION: Persistent, asymptomatic gastric distention can be seen in neonates within 48 hours of initiation of prostaglandin therapy. Intervention is not warranted; this finding resolves with cessation of prostaglandins. Early gastric distention may be predictive of feeding intolerance in infants who receive prolonged prostaglandin therapy.

Alprostadil↗

PubMed2005

Early increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in neonates recovering from respiratory distress syndrome.

AIM: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an eminent role in airway injury and remodelling. We explored the hypothesis that pulmonary MMP levels would differ early after birth (2-4 days) between infants with resolving respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and infants developing chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD). METHODS: Thirty-two prematurely born infants (gestational age < or =30 weeks) diagnosed with RDS were included. In 13 infants RDS resolved while 19 developed CLD. MMP-2 and MMP-9 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids collected on postnatal days 2, 4, 7 and 10 were analyzed by zymography and densitometry. Immunochemistry was performed on BAL cells and lung tissue to identify cellular sources of MMP-9 in RDS and CLD. RESULTS: Median MMP-9 levels increased significantly on day 2 in BAL fluid from patients with resolving RDS (median values MMP-9 = 42.0 arbitrary units (AU)) compared to CLD patients (MMP-9 = 5.4 AU). MMP-9 and neutrophil lipocalin-associated MMP-9 (NGAL) were significantly higher on day 4 in BAL fluid from resolving RDS (MMP-9 = 65.8 AU; NGAL = 16.1 AU) compared to CLD (MMP-9 = 25.4 AU; NGAL = 2.0 AU), Levels of MMP-9 and NGAL increased subsequently on days 7 and 10 in CLD. No differences in MMP-2 levels were detected between RDS and CLD. Neutrophils, macrophages and alveolar type-II epithelial cells were identified as potential sources of MMP-9. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate differences in early MMP-9 BAL fluid levels between resolving RDS and developing CLD, which may relate to the ability to raise an early and adequate response to the initial injury.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗

PubMed1990

Relationship of cranial ultrasonography, visual and auditory evoked responses with neurodevelopmental outcome.

Sixty-two preterm infants were followed up with flash visual evoked responses (VERs), brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) and neurodevelopmental assessments for 18 months after term. Cranial ultrasonography showed that 18 infants developed intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) during the newborn period and four of six infants with grade III or IV haemorrhage had absent VERs at term. The mean latency of the VER in the infants with IVH was significantly shorter than that of infants without IVH. There was no correlation between the degree of ventricular dilatation at term and the latency of the VER. Six months after term the four infants with previously absent VERs had normal responses, though there was still a significant difference between the latencies of infants with and without IVH. At 12 and 18 months of age these differences had disappeared. BAERs were not significantly different in the infants with and without IVH, and there was no difference in the VERs or BAERs of infants with neurodevelopmental delay and those developing normally. Neither flash VERs nor BAERs provide a good prognostic indicator of future neurodevelopmental disability or outcome.

Brain↗

PubMed1994

Parents' and caregivers' perceptions of their children's development.

Parents' or caregivers' perceptions of their infants' overall development may serve as a reliable screen for clinical decisions regarding the need for further assessment. To determine whether caregivers were accurate in estimating infant development, 27 caregivers were asked to answer four questions about their infants before standardized assessment by a paediatric physical therapist. Their responses were compared with the professional's ratings on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Specificity of the parents' estimate with the Bayley Mental Scale was 85.9 per cent and sensitivity 60 per cent; using the Bayley Motor Scale as the outcome criterion, specificity reached 90.9 per cent and sensitivity 80 per cent. Results of this pilot study support the accuracy of caregiver estimates of their infants' overall development, thus suggesting that professionals should pay close attention to caregivers' concerns about their children's development.

Caregivers↗

PubMed2005

Corticotropin-releasing hormone during pregnancy is associated with infant temperament.

During pregnancy corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released into maternal and fetal circulation from the placenta. Elevated concentrations of placental CRH are associated with spontaneous preterm birth, but the consequences for infant development, independent of birth outcome, are unknown. In this study, the effects of placental CRH on infant temperament were examined in a sample of 248 full-term infants. Maternal blood samples were collected at 19, 25 and 31 weeks of gestation for CRH analysis. Infant temperament was assessed with measures of fear and distress at 2 months of age. Infants of mothers with low CRH at 25 weeks of gestation scored lower in fear and distress at 2 months. CRH at 19 and 31 weeks' gestation was not significantly associated with measures of infant temperament, suggesting the possibility that there is a sensitive period for its effects. These data suggest that prenatal exposure to CRH may exert influences that persist into the postnatal period.

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone↗

PubMed1984

Infants of adolescent mothers. Maternal characteristics and developmental status at 1 year of age.

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered at 1 year of age to 54 healthy infants of adolescent mothers. Information was obtained regarding maternal cognitive and emotional maturity, child-rearing attitudes, attitudes toward the infant, and psychosocial status at one year. The average Bayley Mental Scale score was 113, and the average Bayley Motor Scale score was 105. There was a negative correlation between the Bayley Mental Scale score and maternal age and education. Bayley Motor Scale scores were predictable from a combination of maternal authoritarian attitudes, abuse potential, and infant's birth weight. Although high authoritarian attitudes in mothers have been associated with poor cognitive development at later ages, they may represent an important strength in adolescent mothers during the first year.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Necrotizing enterocolitis. Controlled study of 3 years' experience in a neonatal intensive care unit.

During the 3 years 1972-74, 17 infants were treated for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in the Neonatal Unit at University College Hospital. The incidence of the illness was 0.2% of live births in the hospital and 2.7% of those referred from elsewhere. The mean birthweight of the affected infants was 1832 g (range 878-3850 g) and mean gestational age 33 weeks (range 28-40 weeks). The illness was diagnosed at a mean age of 16 days (range 3-33 days). 14 infants (82%) survived. One infant developed NEC because of a volvulus, and another because of an apparently abnormal arterial supply to a segment of bowel. Each of the remaining 15 infants was matched with 3 control infants in order to see whether any factors predisposing to the development of NEC could be identified. Birth asphysia, the use of umbilical catheters, the length of time that these catheters were in place, and complications of catheterization were all significantly more frequent in the infants who developed NEC than in the controls. These findings support the view that hypoxia and ischaemia of the gut wall are important in the pathogenesis of NEC.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed1982

Developmental aspects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors.

Clearly a number of hormonal, pathologic, and maturation factors alter alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors during development. Ontogenic changes in these receptors appear to be organ- and species-specific, occurring at distinct times during organ maturation. Developmental changes in adrenergic receptors are probably the result of a number of homologous and heterologous regulatory mechanisms. These are likely to include the effects of differentiation and aging themselves, and in fact some of the most dramatic changes in adrenergic receptor number and function occur during development. These changes are likely important to the adaptation of the developing infant and knowledge of their appearance, regulation, and function will be useful in predicting therapeutic or toxic effects of these treatments on the developing fetus and infant when exposed to adrenergic agonists or antagonists.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Cognitive and perceptual development during infancy.

Over the past seven years, the main advances in our understanding of infant development have involved the application of cognitive neuroscience methods such as neuroimaging and computer modelling. Results obtained using these methods have illuminated further the complex interactions between nature and nurture that underlie early postnatal development.

Child Development↗

PubMed1988

Low level lead exposure and intelligence in the preschool years.

Definitive evidence of neuropsychological effects of low level Pb exposure continues to be sought in prospective studies of child development. The period from mid-infancy to age three years is important because behavioral and physiological characteristics of that age are associated with the intake and retention of environmental Pb. In the Cleveland study, we measured blood Pb (PbB) at ages six months, two years, and three years. At ages six months, one year and two year, the Mental Development Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development was administered. The Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale IQ was obtained at age three years. Eight multiple regression analyses tested the relationship of each of the three PbB measures with the respective current and each ensuring developmental assessment. Demographic data and measures of the caretaking environment were selected as covariates for the control of confounding factors. Six months PbB was not related significantly to any of five assessments with or without control of confounding variables. The remaining three analyses were significant in the initial analyses, but the effect was completely attenuated with statistical control of confounding variables. These results suggest that obtained correlations between lead exposure and preschool intelligence depend on the caretaking environment.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2006

In utero exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and neurodevelopment among young Mexican American children.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relationship between prenatal exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and neurodevelopment of Mexican farm-workers' children in California. METHODS: Participants from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas study, a birth cohort study, included 360 singletons with maternal serum measures of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDE. Psychomotor development and mental development were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 6, 12, and 24 months. RESULTS: We found a approximately 2-point decrease in Psychomotor Developmental Index scores with each 10-fold increase in p,p'-DDT levels at 6 and 12 months (but not 24 months) and p,p'-DDE levels at 6 months only. We found no association with mental development at 6 months but a 2- to 3-point decrease in Mental Developmental Index scores for p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT at 12 and 24 months, corresponding to 7- to 10-point decreases across the exposure range. Even when mothers had substantial exposure, breastfeeding was usually associated positively with Bayley scale scores. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposure to DDT, and to a lesser extent DDE, was associated with neurodevelopmental delays during early childhood, although breastfeeding was found to be beneficial even among women with high levels of exposure. Countries considering the use of DDT should weigh its benefit in eradicating malaria against the negative associations found in this first report on DDT and human neurodevelopment.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed2006

Impact of infant health problems on postnatal depression: pilot study to evaluate a health visiting system.

This pilot study aimed to elucidate whether or not mothers who receive neonatal home visits tend to suffer from depressive disorders during the first postpartum year and to examine what kinds of factors were related to the postnatal depression observed in these mothers. The subjects consisted of 70 Japanese mothers who received neonatal home visits and completed the 1-year study. At their first visit, the health visitors asked about their personal backgrounds and early postpartum mood, and depression was assessed by a Japanese translation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). At 12 months postpartum, a diagnostic interview using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) was performed to confirm the maternal diagnosis by a psychiatrist. An assessment of infant development using the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) was administered to each infant by a psychologist. Nineteen mothers (27%) were categorized as having had a new onset of depression (12 major depressive disorders and seven depressive disorders not otherwise specified). In comparison to the non-depressed mothers, infant-related health problems that required either outpatient treatment or hospitalization were significantly related to postnatal depression. Pediatric diseases in infants did not always precede their mother's depression. The extra burden of caring for a sick infant tends to increase the risk of developing postpartum depression. As a result, neonatal home visits by health visitors may therefore be a potentially crucial opportunity to provide emotional support, particularly for mothers with the extra burden of having to care for sick infants.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder with supraglottic involvement.

OBJECTIVE: Transplant patients with primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection may develop post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Since many infants are seronegative at the time of transplantation, PTLD is a major concern for paediatric transplant centres. First manifestations of PTLD are frequently observed in the ENT area with adenoidal and/or tonsillar involvement. DESIGN: Retrospective study of two cases of PTLD with confirmed supraglottic involvement, their management and outcome. Only patients with pathologically and immunologically demonstrated B-cell proliferation were diagnosed as PTLD. RESULT: Two infants developed an acute stridor during PTLD respectively 8 and 10 months after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). These infants were seronegative for EBV at the time of transplantation. IgM anti-EBV and/or detection of EBV genome by polymerase chain reaction were positive. Laryngeal examination revealed hypopharyngeal and/or supraglottic mucosal hyperplasia. Immunostaining of laryngeal biopsy was positive for latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1). Patients were treated by a reduction in immunosuppression as far as tolerated with the intent to recover natural immune response by the patient over the proliferation of EBV-infected cells. Complete remission of PTLD was observed in these two cases. CONCLUSION: Tonsillar hypertrophy and adenoid enlargement are the most encountered features of PTLD in OLT occurring in the ENT area. Acute stridor with supraglottic involvement may also be observed in PTLD and must be promptly diagnosed as the prognosis of this disorder is related to rapid reduction in immunosuppression and consequently to the recovering of a natural immune response against the EBV infection.

Female↗

PubMed1989

Intensive care monitoring of pulmonary mechanics for preterm infants undergoing mechanical ventilation.

Changing lung dynamics and ventilator settings were studied prospectively from onset of respiratory distress syndrome in 32 very low birthweight infants (790-1,460 g, mean 1,173 g). Infants were studied in the first and second week of life using pneumotachography for dynamic compliance and lung resistance calculated from spontaneous breaths. Infants were ventilated to maintain pH at or above 7.30, PCO2 40-50 torr, and PO2 50-70 torr. Eleven infants developed chronic lung disease (CLD). In the first week, CLD infants had lower compliance (0.87 vs. 1.01 mL/cm H2O) and higher resistance (94.23 vs. 76.29 cm H2O/L/sec) than non-CLD infants. CLD infants required greater mean airway pressure (9.56 vs. 7.02 cm H2O; P = .05) and higher peak inspiratory pressures (21.85 vs. 15.71 cm H2O; P = .01). Oxygen requirements were greater for CLD infants (FIO2 0.59 vs. 0.45, P = .05). During the second week compliance for CLD infants improved (1.00) and resistance decreased slightly (92.23), but peak inspiratory pressure settings remained higher for CLD infants (19.60 vs. 14.95 cm H2O; P = .02). Although pulmonary mechanics remained stable for both groups, infants exposed to continuously greater peak inspiratory pressure and oxygen concentration proved susceptible to CLD. Developing a match of ventilator settings to improve pulmonary mechanics may lessen CLD of infancy.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

Effect of chorioamnionitis on neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of neurodevelopmental outcome with the placental diagnosis of chorioamnionitis in very low-birth-weight infants. METHODS: One hundred seventy-seven surviving very low-birth-weight infants, 22 to 29 weeks' gestational age, born after varying severity of chorioamnionitis, were evaluated at a mean +/- SD age of 19 +/- 6 months' corrected age with Bayley Scales of Infant Development II and neurologic examination. Select maternal and infant variables were abstracted from the medical records. Neonatal morbidities, Mental Developmental Index (MDI) score, Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) score, probability of normal MDI and PDI scores (>84), and cerebral palsy between the chorioamnionitis and the control groups were assessed, controlling for gestational age, sex, and the maternal use of steroids and antibiotics. RESULTS: The chorioamnionitis group of 102 infants was compared with 75 control infants (mean +/- SD birth weight, 947 +/- 236 g and 966 +/- 219 g, respectively; mean +/- SD gestational age, 26.1 +/- 2.8 weeks and 27.1 +/- 1.5 weeks, respectively). Infants with chorioamnionitis, compared with controls, had a significantly higher incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (30% vs 13%) and retinopathy of prematurity (68% vs 42%). Cerebral palsy was diagnosed in 8.6% of the infants with chorioamnionitis and 6.6% of the controls. The MDI and PDI scores were similar between the chorioamnionitis and control groups (mean +/- SD MDI score, 96 +/- 16 vs 97 +/- 18 and mean +/- SD PDI score, 94 +/- 19 vs 92 +/- 19, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In very low-birth-weight infants we found a higher incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and retinopathy of prematurity but similar MDI and PDI scores and risk of cerebral palsy associated with chorioamnionitis.

Chorioamnionitis↗

PubMed1996

Lung volume measurements immediately after extubation by prediction of "extubation failure" in premature infants.

To test the hypothesis that premature infants in whom extubation fails in the first 10 days of life have low volume lungs, functional residual capacity (FRC) was measured in the first hour after extubation. Once extubated, infants received the appropriate level of inspired oxygen necessary to maintain acceptable arterial oxygen saturation. After humidification, oxygen was bled into a headbox, and FRC was assessed using a helium gas dilution technique and a specially designed infant circuit. The results were related to extubation failure, which was diagnosed when the infant required nasal continuous positive airway pressure or re-intubation and ventilation within 48 hours. The latter two forms of respiratory support were instituted by the clinical team, whenever the infant developed recurrent or severe apnea or respiratory acidosis. Infants were eligible for entry into the study when born prematurely and extubated within the first 10 days of life. Twenty infants initially ventilated for respiratory distress syndrome at a median gestational age of 29 weeks (range, 26-36 weeks) were studied at a median postnatal age of 3 days (range, 1-7 days). All were receiving theophylline. Extubation failed in seven infants, who did not differ significantly from the rest of the cohort regarding gestational age, birthweight, postnatal age, or inspired oxygen concentration (F(I)O2) at extubation, but their maximum F(I)O2 during ventilation was higher than in those infants who did not require reintubation (P < 0.05). In the infants who failed extubation, the median FRC was 19 ml/kg (range, 12-27 ml/kg), which was lower than that of the infants in whom extubation was successfully accomplished (median, 28 ml/kg; range, 19-37 ml/kg; P < 0.01). An FRC of less than 26 ml/kg had a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 77% in predicting extubation failure. These results support the hypothesis that a very low lung volume relates to extubation failure in the first 10 days of life.

Female↗