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PubMed2006

Selective preservation of memory for people in the context of semantic memory disorder: patterns of association and dissociation.

A number of single cases in the literature demonstrate that person-specific semantic knowledge can be selectively impaired after acquired brain damage compared with that of object categories. However, there has been little unequivocal evidence for the reverse dissociation, selective preservation of person-specific semantic knowledge. Recently, three case studies have been published which provide support for the claim that such knowledge can be selectively preserved [Kay, J., & Hanley, J. R. (2002). Preservation of memory for people in semantic memory disorder: Further category-specific semantic dissociation. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 19, 113-134; Lyons, F., Hanley, J. R., & Kay, J. (2002). Anomia for common names and geographical names with preserved retrieval of names of people: A semantic memory disorder. Cortex, 38, 23-35; Thompson, S. A, Graham, K. S., Williams, G., Patterson, K., Kapur, N., & Hodges, J. R. (2004). Dissociating person-specific from general semantic knowledge: Roles of the left and right temporal lobes. Neuropsychologia, 42, 359-370]. In this paper, we supply further evidence from a series of 18 patients with acquired language disorder. Of this set, a number were observed to be impaired on tests of semantic association and word-picture matching using names of object categories (e.g. objects, animals and foods), but preserved on similar tests using names of famous people. Careful methodology was applied to match object and person-specific categories for item difficulty. The study also examined whether preservation of person-specific semantic knowledge was associated with preservation of knowledge of 'biological categories' such as fruit and vegetables and animals, or with preservation of 'token' knowledge of singular categories such as countries. The findings are discussed in the context of a variety of accounts that examine whether semantic memory has a categorical structure.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Successful use of facilitated communication with an oral child.

A 6 1/2-year-old child's oral and spelled utterances were compared over a 3-month period as he was trained to use Facilitated Communication (FC), a method of augmentative and alternative communication. The child's language with FC was significantly better than his oral language in length of utterances, novelty of utterances, and syntactic complexity. His language with FC also contained more function words and over time was more intelligible and required less verbal scaffolding than his oral communication. Evidence that he was authoring his own messages during his facilitated spelling was found in his idiosyncratic use of language and his ability to convey verifiable information that was unknown to the facilitator. The strongest evidence came later with his ability to type messages without physical support. The results suggest the potential for using FC with children who have some functional oral skills but cannot express themselves fully in the oral modality. The method can serve as a means of investigating language potential and as a transition to literacy and independent typed communication.

Child↗

PubMed1999

Fourteen-year follow-up of children with and without speech/language impairments: speech/language stability and outcomes.

This report concerns the speech and language outcomes of young adults (N = 242) who participated in a 14-year, prospective, longitudinal study of a community sample of children with (n = 114) and without (n = 128) speech and/or language impairments. Participants were initially identified at age 5 and subsequently followed at ages 12 and 19. Direct assessments were conducted in multiple domains (communicative, cognitive, academic, behavioral, and psychiatric) at all three time periods. Major findings included (a) high rates of continued communication difficulties in those with a history of impairment; (b) considerable stability in language performance over time; (c) better long-term outcomes for those with initial speech impairments than for those with language impairments; and (d) more favorable prognoses for those with specific language impairments than for those with impairments secondary to sensory, structural, neurological, or cognitive deficits. These general conclusions held when either a liberal or a more stringent criterion for language impairment was employed. Some of these findings are consistent with those from earlier follow-up studies, which used less optimal methods. Thus, the present replication and extension of these findings with a sound methodology enables greater confidence in their use for prognostic, planning, and research purposes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Lexical agraphia from focal lesion of the left precentral gyrus.

Lexical agraphia reflects a dysfunction of the lexical spelling system and is characterized by better spelling of nonwords and regular words than irregular words. All previously reported cases with documented focal lesions had involvement of temporo-parieto-occipital regions. We now report a case of lexical agraphia following a discrete lesion of the left precentral gyrus. Our case complements previous neuroanatomical accounts of agraphia and provides further support for the independence of neuronal systems that mediate spelling from those involved in spoken language and reading.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Speech processing abilities in children with speech vs speech and language difficulties.

This paper reports on the speech processing skills of a group of four year old children with specific speech difficulties and examines the impact of an additional language impairment on these skills. Forty seven children with speech difficulties were tested on two speech output measures and one speech input measure to assess the accuracy of their phonological representations. Their performance was compared to a matched control group n = 47 and analysed according to the presence/absence of an additional language impairment. It was found that children with both speech and language difficulties had poorer speech processing abilities compared to both the normal controls and the children with speech-only difficulties. The clinical implications of these findings are outlined.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1988

Reading disability in children with clefts.

The prevalence of reading disability was examined in 172 elementary school children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) or cleft palate only (CPO). Approximately 35 percent of the sample displayed a moderate degree of reading disability, and 17 percent of the group exhibited severe reading disability. Reading disability was more prevalent at younger ages, presumably because of peripheral speech deficits. For older children, those with CLP displayed an incidence of reading disability similar to the general population (9 percent), whereas children with CPO exhibited a much higher rate of reading disability (33 percent). There were no sex differences in the prevalence of reading disability in this sample. The study supports earlier suggestions that children with CPO may be more likely to experience general language disorders leading to long-term reading disabilities. Children with CLP appear to manifest reading problems that tend to resolve with increased age.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evolutionary perspectives on language and brain plasticity.

Our understanding of speech and language disorders may be aided by information about the constraints and predispositions contributed by neural developmental processes. As soon as we begin to look at human neuroanatomy and development from a comparative perspective, it is possible to recognize a number of ways that human brains diverge from the general pattern of other ape and monkey brains. These divergences may offer clues to language evolution. Large-scale quantitative changes in the relative proportions of brain regions (as opposed to just overall expansion) offer some of the most obvious clues. Additional information about how axons are guided in their extensions to distant developmental targets and how competitive trophic processes sculpt these connections also provides a way to understand how gross quantitative changes in cell numbers could affect circuit organization and ultimately behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

[The speech of hebephrenic patients (maladjustment between assimilation and accommodation)].

Previous studies indicate that schizophrenic thought processes show a disturbance in the balance between assimilation and accommodation, as Piaget uses these terms. The authors postulated that this phenomenon could also account for the typical language disorders of hebephrenics, particularly semantic slippage. Every fourth word was deleted from linguistic material produced by eight controls and thirteen hebephrenics (Silverman). Three judges were then asked to fill in the blanks. The deleted words used by the subjects were compared with the replacement words chosen by the judges. The comparison revealed such disorders in hebephrenic speech as semantic alteration (metaphorical and metonymic) of the linguistic tropic type and syntax disorders including inhibition of the expansion of phrases introduced by functional monemes (morphemes), whether primary or secondary. These observations confirm those of other authors, more especially those of Roch Lecours et al. On the basis of Martinet's functional linguistics, Chomsky's generative grammar and Piaget's cognitive psychology, the authors conclude that the psychopathology underlying hebephrenic speech is a disturbance of language rather than of parole and that hebephrenic syntactical distortions are linked to the disturbance in the balance between assimilation and accommodation characteristic of schizophrenic thought processes.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[Pediatric dysphasia. 1. The concept and clinical aspects].

This survey deals with the early diagnosis and treatment of children with developmental dysphasia, which may prevent the progression of learning and behavior disorders. In the pre-verbal and early verbal stage, the severity of the clinical picture is primarily determined by concomitant motor pathology (motor dysfunction, dysarthria, general and oral dyspraxia) and by receptive pathology (hearing and auditory perception). In the verbal period, linguistic problems start to play a role, and often combine with oral motor symptoms to present a mixed picture. Various language syndromes do not become clear until some time later. After the kindergarten period, the oral motor and perceptual problems decrease and the language disorders continue to play a role and influence the child's conversation, internal speech reading and spelling at school. In a relatively small number of children without oral motor, perceptual or memory problems, there can be a basic syndrome of "pure dysphasia" without any other neurological signs. In somewhat more than half the patients, the basic syndrome of pure dysphasia is accompanied by other neurological signs. Treatment should not be confined to speech therapy techniques, but can only be optimally given by a highly trained team whose expertise also extends to the schooling aspect.

Aphasia↗

PubMed1995

Aphasia and infarction of the posterior cerebral artery territory.

Spoken language disorders are rarely mentioned in superficial infarction of the posterior cerebral (PCA) territory. Two clinical types have been reported: transcortical sensory and amnesic aphasia. Between 1979 and 1990, we studied retrospectively 76 patients suffering from an occipitotemporal infarction located in the superficial territory of the posterior cerebral artery, all well documented by CT. Aphasia was one of the first and prominent signs in 18 cases. Middle cerebral artery concomitant infarction could have been the cause of language impairment in 10. In 8 patients aphasia was only explained by a PCA territory infarct. Three patients showed features of transcortical sensory aphasia. CT localization showed internal lobe and thalamic involvement of the dominant hemisphere. Five patients exhibited word finding impairment with various degrees of amnestic syndrome. The dominant internal temporal lobe was always affected. Dominant thalamus involvement was found in one case only. Some correlations between clinical features and anatomical support (vascular supply and anatomical structure) might be suggested in our 8 cases of aphasic disorders due to PCA infarcts. They are discussed and compared with data in the literature.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Review of research on the clinical presentation of acquired childhood aphasia.

AIMS: The traditional description of the clinical picture of acquired childhood aphasia (ACA) claims that ACA is invariably nonfluent, that recovery of language disorder is rapid and complete, and that ACA commonly occurs after right hemisphere damage. However, since the late 1970s the publication of several case studies has led to reject this longstanding standard doctrine. This review, which concerns the revised insights into ACA, aims at making an inventory of the recently described aphasic symptomatologies and neuroradiological data. MATERIAL: The literature on ACA with emphasis on the studies published since 1978. RESULTS: Recent case studies show a great variety of aphasic symptomatologies including auditory comprehension disorders, paraphasias, neologisms, logorrhoea, jargon, impaired repetition abilities, and a host of linguistic deficits in reading and writing. Not only the typology of the aphasias but also the recently established clinicoradiological correlations appear to resemble those found in adults. Also, recovery from ACA shows to be less complete than previously thought. CONCLUSION: These findings bear consequences as to theories on cerebral organization of language in childhood. It appears that already in infancy the two cerebral hemispheres are no equal substrate for language representation. Therefore, prognosis and final outcome of ACA are not uniformly favourable.

Aphasia↗

PubMed1984

Mental health problems among children seen in pediatric practice: prevalence and management.

An ambulatory care survey involving 40% of all pediatricians in Monroe County, NY, was conducted between January and December 1979 to obtain an estimate of the prevalence of mental health problems among children seen by pediatricians. If a child with such a problem was identified, the pediatrician described the problem in detail, its impact on the family and the patient, and the action taken to handle the problem. The weighted 40% probability sample was representative of all pediatric practices in the county. During the 2 months for which each of the 30 pediatricians reported on all visits, there were 21,575 visits made by 18,351 children. There were 935 children detected at their first visit as having a problem, and another 48 children at a repeat visit during the reporting period. This is equivalent to a point prevalence at time of first visit of 5.09%. There was considerable variation between pediatricians: group practitioners reported a point prevalence of 4.06%, solo practitioners reported 5.06%, and health center pediatricians reported 7.33%. High rates were reported among children 7 to 14 years old (8.0%), boys (6.2%) compared with girls (3.9%), those on Medicaid (8.3%), and those whose presenting complaint was a chronic physical disorder (13.1%). The slightly higher rate among blacks than whites appeared to be related to the generally lower socioeconomic status among blacks. The rate among children in one-parent families was twice as high as in two-parent families. With regard to the mental health problem, most frequent diagnoses (primary or secondary) were adaptation reaction (31.5% of "problem" children), speech and language disorder (18.4%), other specific learning disorder (17.1%), hyperkinetic disorder (16.8%), and conduct disorder (14.7%). Functional impairment was moderate or severe in more than half the affected children; most frequent treatment provided by the pediatricians was supportive therapy or counseling (81.4%); drugs were prescribed for 11.3% of the affected children, amphetamines for 4.7%.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Validity of the CELF-R, TONI, and sit for children referred for auditory processing problems.

Recent changes in legislation for persons with disabilities have led to an increased focus on Central Auditory Processing problems. Test scores from the Clinical Evaluation of Language Functioning-Revised (CELF-R), Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI), and the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) obtained from folders of 40 clients referred for auditory processing problems were analyzed to ascertain the validity of using these tests with a population on which these tests were not normed. All tests and subscales were correlated significantly. Even so, mean differences were present, with one exception, on comparisons of test scores. Moreover, females obtained significantly higher scores on the TONI than did males. Our findings generally support the validity of using these tests with a Central Auditory Processing sample.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Sparing of verbs and preserved, but ineffectual reading in a patient with impaired word production.

We report a patient who, following a left fronto-temporal lesion, showed a complete sparing of the semantic store and a deficit of word production characterized by two types of dissociations. First, oral and written output was severely disrupted in naming and partially impaired in repetition, writing to dictation and oral spelling, with the exception of verbs, which were normally produced in every modality and condition of stimulation. Second, reading was normal for all type of words as well as non-words. This pattern of deficits suggests two functional lesions, one affecting the connections between the semantic store and the phonological lexicon and the other damaging the sublexical route that converts sound to sound and sound to print. It also implies that words are independently organized in the phonological lexicon, based on their grammatical class and have discrete connections with the semantic store. However, CT scan evidence does not support the hypothesis that this functional dissociation finds its anatomical correlate in the specialization of the frontal premotor cortex for verbs and the antero-medial temporal cortex for nouns. In spite of his normal reading performance, both in terms of comprehension and of accuracy and speed in word production, the patient complained that he met with great difficulty in reading newspapers and books, to the point that he had to renounce to this previously favourite activity. It was found that it took him time and effort to grasp the meaning of complex sentences and passages and it was speculated that, contrary to single words and elementary sentences, comprehension of this type of material cannot be achieved by the mere access of orthographic stimuli to semantics, but requires the retrieval of word-forms. It would appear that a patient, whose lexical route is blocked, can only read passages, by first converting print to sound via the sublexical route and then re-entering the semantic store with oral input.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Frequency of input effects on word comprehension of children with specific language impairment.

Children with specific language impairment (SLI) are known to have limited lexicons. Previous studies implicate a possible processing problem, in the form of a limited ability to comprehend new words in settings that require Quick Incidental Learning (QUIL). This study investigates further the factors contributing to limited QUIL by examining the effects of input frequency and word type (nouns vs. verbs). In addition, immediate versus long-term memory was examined for possible problems with storage mechanisms. Subjects were 30 5-year-old SLI children with receptive and expressive language deficits and two comparison groups of normally developing children: 30 MLU-equivalent and 30 CA-equivalent. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions in which they viewed video story presentations in which targeted words were embedded. The conditions varied by number of word presentations, 0, 3, or 10. The 0 condition was a control condition in which familiar words were presented. Children's word comprehension was tested immediately following viewing and again several days later. The findings confirm a strong frequency effect, but one that is influenced by group status, word type, and retention demands. There is evidence of a robust representational mapping ability for SLI, which is at the same time modulated by a minimum input constraint and apparent problems with storage into long-term memory.

Child↗

PubMed2001

[Psycholinguistic aspects of fragile X chromosome syndrome].

Fragile X syndrome is the first cause of hereditary mental retardation. Numerous studies have approached the physical and behavioural phenotypes. This paper will review the main characteristics of speech and language in children with fragile X syndrome. Boys show a late language acquisition, differing comprehension and expression levels, good semantic and syntax acquisition, and speech problems: perseverance, unequal rythm and pragmatic difficulties: respect for conversation turns, speech maintenance, active avoidance of visual contact. A lesser degree of speech problems is described for FXS girls and the influence of social anxiety and hypersensitivity to social and sensorial stimuli on language production is discussed.

Child↗

PubMed1983

Performance of articulation-disordered children on language and perception measures.

Five-year-old articulation-disordered children were classified as syllable reducers or as substituters. They were compared to each other and to normal controls on measures of expressive and receptive language and on preception of word-initial and word-final voicing contrasts. There were significant differences among the groups on several imitative expressive language measures, with the syllable reducers making both deletion and substitution errors and the substituters making substitution errors for functors. There were no significant differences on a receptive language measure, nor in perception of final voicing contrasts, but the articulation-disordered groups performed more poorly than the controls in perception of initial voicing contrasts. Children's familiarity with the stimulus words of the perception task was related to their performance on language measures. Word familiarity appeared to interact with the intrinsic difficulty of stimulus pairs in the case of word-final voicing contrasts.

Articulation Disorders↗

PubMed2002

Language processing: functional organization and neuroanatomical basis.

Earlier formulations of the relation of language and the brain provided oversimplified accounts of the nature of language disorders, classifying patients into syndromes characterized by the disruption of sensory or motor word representations or by the disruption of syntax or semantics. More recent neuropsychological findings, drawn mainly from case studies, provide evidence regarding the various levels of representations and processes involved in single-word and sentence processing. Lesion data and neuroimaging findings are converging to some extent in providing localization of these components of language processing, particularly at the single-word level. Much work remains to be done in developing precise theoretical accounts of sentence processing that can accommodate the observed patterns of breakdown. Such theoretical developments may provide a means of accommodating the seemingly contradictory findings regarding the neural organization of sentence processing.

Aphasia↗