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PubMed1981

Cardiovascular risk reduction: an interdisciplinary approach to research training.

The major health problems confronting most countries require interdisciplinary approaches to the provision of service, teaching, and investigation. Past research indicates difficulty in role relations between various types of health professionals and the importance of the interaction of selection, educational processes and work experiences in affecting long-term professional behaviour in collaborative directions. This paper applies these concepts to the analysis of the first five years of experience in a pre- and post-doctoral research training programme at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions concerned with educational and behavioural approaches to cardiovascular risk reduction. Concepts or processes specifically incorporated into the programme to increase the likelihood of graduates conducting their subsequent career activities from an interdisciplinary approach are described and analyzed. These include appropriate recruitment and selection; early interdisciplinary learning experiences; reinforcing socialization and professionalization processes; active faculty role model team approaches; and reinforcing research experiences. To date the programme has provided training to 14 post-doctoral and 16 predoctoral fellows. Analysis of the effect of the programme on the cardiovascular fellows in regard to their performance, interdisciplinary approach, subsequent career patterns and performance, as well as on other students not supported by the programme, and upon faculty, recommends this format for research training in health education and behavioural sciences.

Behavioral Sciences↗
PubMed1980

Brain mechanisms and hedonic processes.

This paper attempts to take a broad view of investigations of brain mechanisms of motivated and emotional behavior in animals and humans. It examines the thesis that the same basic brain mechanisms are involved in physiological regulations, in various motivated behaviors and emotions, and in the hedonic experiences that can be reported by humans. It further suggests that reward and the reinforcement of learning depend on the same brain systems. Finally, it speculates on the possibility that these same brain systems play an important role in the selection of what is learned and in the consolidation, storage, and retrieval of memory. To present this conceptualization, selected experiments in thermoregulatory behavior, electrical self-stimulation of the brain, evoked approach and withdrawal behaviors, and the role of neuropeptides in thirst and hunger are reviewed. In addition, experiments will be discussed in which memory is blocked by puromycin, but in which puromycin-induced amnesia can be prevented by the administration of certain peptides such as vasopressin and some of its fragments. Speculation about the common underlying mechanism and its biological significance in the adaptation of the organism is discussed as are some of the experiments suggested by this line of thinking.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1995

[Clinical and experimental studies on tiaoshen liquor for infantile hyperkinetic syndrome].

One hundred children with hyperkinetic syndrome were treated by using Tiaoshen Liquor (TL) consisted of Chinese herbal drugs. After the treatment, the behavior grading lowered greatly, their attention was improved, and their academic records raised. The total effective rate reached 94%. The results of the animal experiments showed that TL could reduce the spontaneous activities of the healthy mice, thus lowering remarkably the spontaneous activities in the mice with hyperkinetic behavior caused by taking scopolamine; reinforce the learning memory in the healthy mice; and improve in different degrees the learning memory of the mice with dysmnesia caused by administering scopolamine, sodium nitrite and alcohol respectively, which indicate that the therapeutic mechanism of TL for this syndrome was probably related to the improvement of information transfer function of the cholinergic neuron synapses of central nervous system and to the enhancement of hypoxia tolerence of the cerebral tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Postgraduate general dentistry residency: a clinical model.

Dental graduates today are expected to be knowledgeable in many more areas than their predecessors. Changing technology and increased competition require entering the dental profession with more experience and skills. One approach to achieving this skill level is a postgraduate general dentistry residency in a clinical setting during the year following dental school graduation (PGY1). The clinical residency provides new dentists with additional hands-on training and reinforces classroom learning. HealthPartners was selected as a clinical rotation for residents in the advanced general dentistry program at the University of Minnesota Dental School. The program provides dental graduates in PGY1 training in all areas of practice. The HealthPartners rotation is highly unique. It is a staff model HMO with a clinical, multi-specialty setting. Today, HealthPartners--a Minnesota-based healthcare organization--has 116,000 members with prepaid dental benefits. Residents trained in the program develop increased skills in all areas of dental practice. In addition, they develop a good working knowledge in the basic sciences. Methods of instruction include didactic training in the form of seminars, lectures, and clinical training in HealthPartners' dental clinics.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1993

Robust detection of below-lesion, non-invasive electromyographic signals.

In the majority of people experiencing "complete" spinal cord injury (total or near total para or quadraplegic) some small percentage of axons survive across the site of injury (lesion). Although the response from this small population of neurons is insufficient to facilitate active motor functions, neural impulses are potentially transmitted, under volitional control, below the level of the spinal cord injury. The ability to use these impulses to augment residual muscle functions, control the environment, or to reinforce the learning of new actions, would have profound implications on the rehabilitation and social reintegration of people with spinal cord or other neurological injuries. This investigation develops signal processing techniques for subthreshold electromyographic (EMG) signals, collected non-invasively (without breaking the skin) and below-lesion (below the spinal cord injury). Such signals are buried deep in noise, but the signal (motor unit action potential trains) and noise (spurious neuronal firings and biological interference) are shown to be separable using nonlinear techniques for which the usual signal to noise ratio is irrelevant. Then, controllers based on these techniques will enable the use of weak neural impulses to perform functions necessary for self reliant existance, and will lead to development of prosthetic/orthotic control methodologies.

Adult↗