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PubMed1977

[Properties of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase isolated from rabbit brain and liver].

The effect of pO2 on the monoamine oxidase activity of mitochondria from rabbit brain and liver was investigated using the substrates tyramine, dopamine, tryptamine and serotonin. The effect of the second substrate (oxygen) was dependent upon the concentration of the first substrate (the amine). At amine concentrations below 50 micronM, the reaction rate as measured by a radiometric assay, was not affected by variations in the pO2. It was found that both phenazine methosulfate (PMS) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) are reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase, the former was a potent inhibitor (Ki=3X10(-6) M) and the latter relatively weak (Ki=5X10(-4) M). Inhibition by both compounds was non-competitive with respect to the amine substrate. Imipramine was a weak inhibitor of purified MAO from beef kidney and of the MAO activity of mitochrondria from brain and liver. Using tyramine or dopamine as the substrate (0.5-1.0 mM), inhibition ranging from 6-30% was observed at 5X10(-4) M imipramine. With tryptamine or serotonin (0.5-1.0 mM) as the substrate in the presence of 5X10(-4) M imipramine the drug seemed to have no net effect on MAO activity since the average value in the presence of imipramine for a number of experiences was the same as the average for control experiments. For p-iodo-phenyl-3-p-nitrophenyl tetrazolium chloride, a Ki of 43X10(-6) M was found using dopamine as the substrate and oxygen as the gas phase.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Detection of interleukin-1 signal transduction inhibitors: action of protein kinase inhibitors.

The dysregulated production of IL-1 has been shown to play an important role in many pathological processes. Despite the apparent value of compounds able to inhibit either the secretion of IL-1 or its signal transduction pathway in a specific manner, there are no such compounds suitable for clinical use. A major problem in identifying novel and specific inhibitors of signal transduction is the lack of knowledge of the intracellular events which mediate the cellular actions of IL-1. In this study a simple cellular assay has been established to screen natural product and synthetic compound libraries for low molecular weight inhibitors of the cytokine signalling pathways of potential therapeutic value. In addition, we have studied the action of several known modulators of signal transduction on the actions of IL-1.

Cell Division↗

PubMed1998

4-Oxoretinol, a metabolite of retinol in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line NB4, induces cell growth arrest and granulocytic differentiation.

All-trans-retinoic acid (RA) is used as a differentiation therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia. Patients can become resistant to RA, and this resistance is thought to be mediated in part by an increase in the rate of RA metabolism. We have characterized the metabolism of all-trans-retinol (ROL; vitamin A) in NB4 cells, which are human promyelocytic leukemia cells. NB4 cells metabolize ROL into a variety of compounds, including all-trans-4-hydroxyretinol, all-trans-4-oxoretinol (4-oxoROL), 14-hydroxy-4,14-retro-retinol, anhydroretinol, and several ROL esters. No metabolism of ROL to RA or to RA derivatives in NB4 cells was detected. The rate of ROL metabolism increased after cell differentiation; in a 24-h period, differentiated cells metabolized 2-fold more ROL than did undifferentiated cells. The major difference in the ROL metabolism pattern between undifferentiated and differentiated cells was an approximately 10-fold increase in the production of all-trans-4-hydroxyretinol and 4-oxoROL in differentiated cells. Furthermore, exogenously added 4-oxoROL was capable of eliciting NB4 cell differentiation, as measured by growth inhibition, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, nuclear body relocalization of PML, and surface expression of CD11b. In addition, 4-oxoROL synergized with IFN-gamma in the promotion of NB4 cell growth arrest. Following treatment of NB4 cells with 4-oxoROL to induce differentiation, the production of 4-oxoROL from ROL was observed; this indicated that 4-oxoROL induces its own synthesis in NB4 cells. In addition, 48 h after the administration of 1 microM 4-oxoROL, NB4 cells maintained a high intracellular concentration (17 microM) of 4-oxoROL. These unique properties of 4-oxoROL may provide advantages over RA in the treatment of promyelocytic leukemia cells because it may be possible to maintain cytodifferentiating concentrations of 4-oxoROL in the cells for extended periods of time.

Cell Differentiation↗

PubMed1997

Biologically active acylglycerides from the berries of saw-palmetto (Serenoa repens).

Brine shrimp lethality-directed fractionation of the 95% EtOH extract of the powdered, dried berries of Serenoa repens (Bart.) Small (saw-palmetto) (Palmae) led to the isolation of two monoacylglycerides, 1-monolaurin (1) and 1-monomyristin (2). Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate biological activities in the brine shrimp lethality test and against renal (A-498) and pancreatic (PACA-2) human tumor cells; borderline cytotoxicity was exhibited against human prostatic (PC-3) cells. The fruits and extracts of saw-palmetto are taken orally as an herbal medicine to prevent prostatic hyperplasias.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Phase I trial of dihydrolenperone in lung cancer patients: a novel compound with in vitro activity against lung cancer.

Antitumor activity of the butyrophenone dihydrolenperone in non-small cell lung cancer was initially suggested by in vitro screening against tumor cells derived from fresh surgical samples using the human tumor colony-forming assay. We have completed a directed phase I trial in patients with lung cancer. Thirty-two patients with lung cancer have completed 25 courses of therapy at doses of 10 to 60 mg/square meter orally on a twice daily schedule. Twenty-three men and 9 women with a median age of 55 (range 24-69) were entered. Twenty-four were performance status 0 or 1 and 8 were 2. The maximum tolerated dose was 50 mg/square meter orally twice daily and the dose limiting toxicity was somnolence. Of the 32 patients, 18 developed symptomatic hypotension (grade 1 or 2). There was no significant hematologic, renal, or hepatic toxicity. In vitro drug testing using the MTT [3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (thiazolyl blue)] assay confirmed 50% inhibition of non-small cell and small cell lung cancer cell line growth at 70-450 micromolar concentrations. Plasma dihydrolenperone levels were at least 75-fold less than levels at which in vitro activity was observed. We conclude: 1) the maximum tolerated dose in our study is 50 mg/square meter orally twice daily, 2) the dose-limiting side effect of dihydrolenperone is somnolence, and 3) the concentrations of dihydrolenperone observed in plasma are significantly lower than those associated with in vitro activity.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Synthesis and cytotoxic effects of deoxy-tomentellin.

Cannabigerol (1, CBG), methyl 4-[(2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl)oxy]-3-methoxybenzoate (2, DTM), 5-fluorouracil (3, FU) as a reference, and cannabidiol (4, CBD) were tested for their growth inhibitory effects against KB(ATCC NO, OCL 17) cell lines using two different assays, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay and the sulforhod-amine B protein (SRB) assay. These compounds showed inhibitory activity in vitro in the micromolar range against KB cell lines. In general, the antitumor activities of these compounds (1, 2, 3 and 4) were dose-dependent over the micromolar concentration range of 1 to 100 M. The comparison of IC50 values of these compounds in tumor cell lines showed that their susceptibility to these compounds decreases in the following order: DTM > CBD > 5-FU > CBG by MTT assay and DTM = CBD > 5-FU > CBG by SRB assay. CBG 1, DTM 2, 5-FU 3, and CBD 4 were tested for their cytotoxic effects on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts using two different assays, the MTT assay and SRB assay. These compounds exhibited potent cytotoxic activities in vitro in the micromolar range against NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. In general, the cytotoxic activities of these compounds (1, 2, 3 and 4) were dose-dependent over the micromolar concentration range of 1 to 100 M. The comparison of CD50 values of these compounds in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts shows that their susceptibility to these compounds in decreases the following order(:) CBD > 5-FU > DTM > CBG by MTT assay, CBD > 5-FU > CBG > DTM by SRB assay. These results suggest that DTM 2 has the most growth-inhibitory activity against KB cell lines.

3T3 Cells↗

PubMed1988

A rapid and simple colorimetric test for the study of anti-HIV agents.

We report here the use of a simple, rapid, reproducible, and quantitative assay to detect the putative activity of anti-HIV agents. It can be employed with different T cell cultures, such as peripheral blood lymphocytes or CEM-C113 cells, a sensitive clone of CEM cells. It can be used alone as a rapid screening test in order to measure both cytotoxicity and the potential antiviral activity of large numbers of compounds. It can also be combined for thorough studies with other classic tests that detect virus production. Among these tests, a micro-method to measure reverse transcriptase activity is shown to be very useful. To illustrate the practicability of the assay, 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT) and ribavirin are studied.

Antiviral Agents↗

PubMed2006

Cytotoxicity of phenanthrenes extracted from Aristolochia contorta in human proximal tubular epithelial cell line.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Aristolochic acid nephropathy, a progressive tubulointerstitial renal disease, is predominantly a result of aristolochic acid I (AA-I) intoxication. However, other unidentified phytotoxins have indeed been postulated as the cause of this unique interstitial nephropathy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of other phenanthrene derivatives extracted from Aristolochia contorta in the human proximal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2. METHODS: After HK-2 cells were incubated with an indicated concentration of test compounds for 24 h, cell viability was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay (cell membrane damage) in combination with MTT assay (metabolic capability). Cellular morphologic assessments were performed with a phase-contrast inverted microscope and transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: In all test compounds at 5 microg/ml, AA-I, 7-methoxy-aristololactam IV and aristololactam IVa showed cytotoxic activity in HK-2 cells in both MTT assay and LDH leakage assay (p < 0.01). At high concentration (5-80 microg/ml), these three compounds caused a dose-dependent decrease in MTT reduction and a dose-dependent increase in LDH leakage compared to non-treated cells (p <0.01). In LDH leakage assay, 40 mug/ml 7-methoxy-aristololactam IV induced a 1.58-fold LDH leakage compared to AA-I at the same concentration (p < 0.01). Moreover, the IC50 of these three compounds were 16.675 microg/ml for AA-I, 4.535 microg/ml for 7-methoxy-aristololactam IV, and 30.244 microg/ml for aristololactam IVa in MTT assay. The cellular morphologic assessments suggest interactions with cell membrane and intracellular structures such as lysosome and mitochondria are likely to be involved in cell injury induced by these three compounds. CONCLUSION: The potency of cytotoxic activity of aristololactam IVa and 7-methoxy-aristololactam IV extracted from A. contorta is similar to or even stronger than that of AA-I.

Aristolochia↗

PubMed1991

Antifilarial efficacy in vitro of 2-tert-butyl-benzothiazole derivatives on adult Litomosoides carinii.

Six 2-tert-butyl-benzothiazole derivatives (2-tert-butyl-6-isothiocyanato-5-methyl-benzothiazole (CGP 21306); 3-[(2-tert-butyl-5-methyl-benzothiazole-6-yl)aminothiocar-bonyl thiol] propionic acid (CGP 21835); 2-tert-butyl-5-methyl-6-(N-methyl-piperazinyl-thiocarbonylamino)- benzothiazole(CGP 21833); 2-tert-butyl-5-methyl-6-(4-dimethylamino-piperid-1-yl-thiocarbo nylamino)- benzothiazole (CGP 26702); CGP 20376, the 5-methoxy analogue to CGP 21835 and CGP 20309, the 5-methoxy analogue to CGP 21833) were tested in vitro against adult Litomosoides carinii. When exposed to the drugs in protein-free medium RPMI 1640 drug concentrations of 1 nmol/ml caused complete immobilization of female worms within 4 h (CGP 21306, 21835, 20376) or 20 h (CGP 21833, 26702, 20309). Short term exposure for 1 h had similar effects with CGP 21306, 21835, 21833 and 20376. However, the levels of CGP 26702 and 20309 (both thiourea derivatives) had to be increased to 10 nmol/ml to obtain complete immobilization after short term exposure. Male parasites were more resistant to the drugs than females under these experimental conditions. When the medium was supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum (FCS) the efficacy of all compounds was reduced. The effect of the compounds during permanent and short term exposure on the release of microfilariae was determined over an incubation period of 7 days (medium RPMI 1640/10% FCS). In general only drug concentrations which affected markedly the motility of the worms within 2 days reduced significantly the number of microfilariae released by treated worms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative assessment of three in vitro exposure methods for combustion toxicity.

A comparative assessment of three approaches for the use of human cells in vitro to investigate combustion toxicity was conducted. These included one indirect and two direct (passive and dynamic) exposure methods. The indirect method used an impinger system in which culture medium was used to trap the toxicants, whilst the direct exposure involved the use of a Horizontal Harvard Navicyte Chamber at the air/liquid interface. The cytotoxic effects of thermal decomposition products were assessed using the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay (Promega) on a selection of human cells including: HepG2, A549 and skin fibroblasts. A small scale laboratory fire test using a vertical tube furnace was designed for the generation of combustion products. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was selected as a model polymer to study the cytotoxic effects of combustion products. NOAEC (no observable adverse effect concentration), IC10 (10% inhibitory concentration), IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) and TLC (total lethal concentration) values were determined from dose response curves. Assessment using the NRU (neutral red uptake) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) assays on human lung derived cells (A549) was also undertaken. Comparison between in vitro cytotoxicity results against published toxicity data for PMMA combustion and predicted LC50 (50% lethal concentration) values calculated from identified compounds using GCMS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) was determined. The results suggested that the indirect exposure method did not appear to simulate closely exposure via inhalation, whilst exposure at the air/liquid interface by using the dynamic method proved to be a more representative method of human inhalation. This exposure method may be a potential system for in vitro cytotoxicity testing in combustion toxicity.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2005

A novel in vitro exposure technique for toxicity testing of selected volatile organic compounds.

Exposure to vapours of volatile chemicals is a major occupational and environmental health concern. Toxicity testing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has always faced significant technological problems due to their high volatility and/or low solubility. The aim of this study was to develop a practical and reproducible in vitro exposure technique for toxicity testing of VOCs. Standard test atmospheres of xylene and toluene were generated in glass chambers using a static method. Human cells including: A549-lung derived cell lines, HepG2-liver derived cell lines and skin fibroblasts, were grown in porous membranes and exposed to various airborne concentrations of selected VOCs directly at the air/liquid interface for 1 h at 37 degrees C. Cytotoxicity of test chemicals was investigated using the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) and NRU (neutral red uptake) assays following 24 h incubation. Airborne IC(50) (50% inhibitory concentration) values were determined using dose response curves for xylene (IC(50)=5350+/- 328 ppm, NRU; IC(50)=5750+/- 433 ppm, MTS in skin fibroblast) and toluene (IC(50)=0 500+/- 527 ppm, NRU; IC(50)=11,200 +/- 1,044 ppm, MTS in skin fibroblast). Our findings suggest that static direct exposure at the air/liquid interface is a practical and reproducible technique for toxicity testing of VOCs. Further, this technique can be used for inhalational and dermal toxicity studies of volatile chemicals in vitro as the exposure pattern in vivo is closely simulated by this method.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed1988

Antiinflammatory agent BW 755 C in ischemic reperfused porcine hearts.

The effect of the antiinflammatory compound BW 755 C on myocardial infarctions was evaluated in regionally ischemic reperfused hearts of 35 pigs. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded distally in 23 anesthetized pigs for 45 min and was reperfused for 24 h. The BW 755 C (10 mg/kg) was intravenously injected prior to ischemia in seven pigs (group A). A second dose of BW 755 C (5 mg/kg) was given after 4 h of reperfusion. Group B consisted of eight animals. They were treated with BW 755 C immediately before (10 mg/kg i.v.) and after 4 h of reperfusion (5 mg/kg). Another eight pigs served as controls. At the end of the experiments, infarct size was determined as the ratio of the infarcted myocardium (tetrazolium stain) over the risk region (fluorescent dye). Leukocyte infiltration of the risk region was histologically quantitated in one slice of each experiment. In a second set of experiments recovery of regional myocardial function of the risk region was determined by sonomicrometry during 2 weeks of reperfusion. The BW 755 C (10 mg/kg) was injected intravenously in six pigs before ischemia and at a dose of 5 mg/kg after 4 h of reperfusion. Six pigs served as controls. Hemodynamic parameters and total leukocyte blood count did not differ between the groups. Treatment protocol of group A reduced the infarct size from 72 +/- 13% (control group) to 50.9 +/- 12% (p less than 0.005). Infarct size of group B (65 +/- 16%) did not differ from control experiments. Leukocyte infiltration of the risk region was only attenuated in group A (p = 0.01) compared with the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyraz↗

PubMed2006

Analysis of the resveratrol-binding protein using phage-displayed random peptide library.

Resveratrol, a plant polyphenol, is found in significant amounts in the skin of grapes and in some traditional herbs. It is reported to exert different biological activities, such as inhibiting lipid peroxidation, scavenging free radicals, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and anticancer activity. In order to screen the resveratrol-binding proteins, we synthesized biotinylated resveratrol, purified by liquid chromatography and immobilized it into streptavidin-coated microplate wells. 3-(4,5-Demethylthiazol-)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay showed little change in the anticancer activity of biotinylated resveratrol in vitro. A random library of phage-displayed peptides was screened for binding to immobilized resveratrol to isolate resveratrol-binding proteins. Several peptides were found to bind to resveratrol specifically, which was proven by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Through amino acid sequence analysis of the selected peptides and human proteins using the BLAST program, the results showed that resveratrol has an affinity for various proteins such as breast cancer-associated antigen, breast cancer resistance protein, death-associated transcription factor, and human cyclin-dependent kinase. These results demonstrate that our study provides a feasible method for the study of binding proteins of natural compounds using a phage-displayed random peptide library.

Breast↗

PubMed1999

Quinone toxicity in DT-diaphorase-efficient and -deficient colon carcinoma cell lines.

The human colon carcinoma cell lines Caco-2 and HT-29 were exposed to three structurally related naphthoquinones. Menadione (MEN), 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ), and 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DIM) redoxcycle at similar rates, NQ is a stronger arylator than MEN, and DIM does not arylate thiols. The Caco-2 cell line was particularly vulnerable to NQ and MEN and displayed moderate toxic effects of DIM. The HT-29 cell line was only vulnerable to NQ and MEN after inhibition of DT-diaphorase (DTD) with dicoumarol, whereas dicoumarol did not affect the toxicity of quinones to Caco-2 cells. DTD activity in the HT-29 and Caco-2 cell lines, as estimated by the dicoumarol-sensitive reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, was 393.7 +/- 46.9 and 6.4 +/- 2.2 nmol NADPH x min(-1) x mg protein(-1), respectively. MEN depleted glutathione to a small extent in the HT-29 cell line, but a rapid depletion similar to Caco-2 cells was achieved when dicoumarol was added. The data demonstrated that the DTD-deficient Caco-2 cell line was more vulnerable to arylating or redoxcycling quinones than DTD-expressing cell lines. Exposure of the Caco-2 cell line to quinones produced a rapid rise in protein disulphides and oxidised glutathione. In contrast to NQ and DIM, no intracellular GSSG was observed with MEN. The relatively higher levels of ATP in MEN-exposed cells may account for the efficient extrusion of intracellular GSSG. The reductive potential of the cell as measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide reduction was only increased by MEN and not with NQ and DIM. We conclude that arylation is a major contributing factor in the toxicity of quinones. For this reason, NQ was the most toxic quinone, followed by MEN, and the pure redoxcycler DIM elicited modest toxicity in Caco-2 cells.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2004

A new cytotoxic naphthoquinone from Paepalanthus latipes.

Quinones constitute an important class of naturally occurring compounds. They are found in plants, fungi and bacteria. Large number of quinones has been associated with antitumor, antibacterial, antimalarial and antifungal activities. In this work we describe the isolation, structure determination and the cytotoxic index of a new 1,4-naphthoquinone isolated from the capitula of Paepalanthus latipes.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗

PubMed1992

Chromogenic redox assay for beta-lactamases yielding water-insoluble products. II. Heterogeneous sandwich assay for hCG.

A very sensitive and rapid heterogeneous sandwich enzyme immunoassay for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is described. The assay is based on the application of the novel chromogenic redox substrate system for beta-lactamase which is used as label. The chromogen system consists of a thioacetylcephalosporin beta-lactamase substrate, which upon turnover by the enzyme label releases the thiolate with the concomitant reduction of the tetrazolium salt to a colored formazan. The concentration of the formazan is directly related to the amount of the hormone in the sample and is read spectrophotometrically. The enzyme-antibody conjugates, produced through use of heterobifunctional maleimide crosslinker, maintain 90% of the enzyme activity after 30 days at 25 degrees C. Concentrations of the hormone as low as 5 mIU/ml, equivalent to 25 fmol/ml, are detectable in 3 h.

Antibodies↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ca2+/calmodulin-regulated nitric oxide synthases.

NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes the oxidation of L-arginine to L-citrulline and nitric oxide (NO) or a NO-releasing compound. At least three isoforms of NOS exist (types I-III). The activities of the type I isoform purified from brain and the type III isoform purified from endothelial cells are regulated by the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and the Ca(2+)-binding protein calmodulin. At resting [Ca2+]i, both isozymes are inactive; they become fully active at [Ca2+]i greater than or equal to 500 nM Ca2+. Longer lasting increases in [Ca2+]i may downregulate NO formation, for in vitro phosphorylation by Ca2+/calmodulin protein kinase II decreases the Vmax of NOS. Besides the conversion of L-arginine, type I NOS, Ca2+/calmodulin dependently, generates H2O2 and reduces cytochrome c/P450. Other redox activities, i.e. the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium to diformazan (NADPH-diaphorase) or of quinoid-dihydrobiopterin to tetrahydrobiopterin, by NOS appear to be Ca2+/calmodulin-independent.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗

PubMed2006

An efficient synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives from 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactose and their cytotoxic activities.

A novel and efficient method for the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives has been developed. Isopropylidenation of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactose with 2,2-dimethoxypropane, followed by selective hydrolysis, afforded 2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-chloro-4-deoxy-D-galactose di-methyl acetal (3) as a sole product. Oxidation of compound 3 with (Bu3Sn)2O-Br2 gave corresponding hex-5-ulose derivative in high yields. The hex-5-ulose derivative reacted with o-phenylenediamines under neutral conditions to afford quinoxaline derivatives in reasonable yields. The in vitro cytotoxic activities of these quinoxaline derivatives were investigated.

Antineoplastic Agents↗