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PubMed1985

Athletes' assessment of the coach--the coach evaluation questionnaire.

The purpose of this study was to provide an assessment tool to judge coaching performance that was appropriate for completion by athletes. The questionnaire underwent a variety of developmental stages. In its final form, it contained 36 items. The tool was shown to be a valid, reliable, and standardized questionnaire. It demonstrated discriminability and provoked honest, accurate responding in subjects. The test was capable of providing immediate feedback to coaches seeking information about athletes' perceptions of their coaching performance. Responses on the developed scale were weighted to reflect the desirability of the coaching characteristics of a good coach. The questionnaire provides a total score which can be interpreted by the coach as a measure of how much of an "ideal" coach exists in him/her.

Attitude↗

PubMed1971

Epidemiological basis of tuberculosis eradication. 11. Mortality among tuberculosis cases and the general population of Greenland.

Greenland experienced, during the 1950s, a decline in mortality such as is on record for hardly any other place in the world: from 24 per 1 000 in 1951 to 8 per 1 000 in 1960, a decline of more than 10% per year. Deaths from tuberculosis were especially reduced. Whereas more than one-third of all deaths in 1951 were considered to be due to this disease, practically no deaths are ascribed to it today.This rapid improvement in the health situation in Greenland, which coincides with a large-scale development programme, is documented in detail in the present paper. The study is based partly on official mortality statistics and partly on a 9-year follow-up study of mortality and of morbidity from tuberculosis in the total population of West Greenland registered in 1955. The existence of such data for a developing area is probably unique.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

[On social adaptation in adolescence (author's transl)].

In adolescence problems of social adaptation are characterized by a particular urgency because the adolescent is taking on new social roles which involve various new social demands. A feature of maladaptation seems to be the reported growing number of ill apprentices who are absent of work. This work-absentism is seen in connection with research into social and psychosocial factors found to occur close in time to the onset of illness in man. By making use of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (developed by Holmes and Rahe) the paper gives an impression how to measure juvenile social adaptation. The paper is finished with general recommendations to promote juvenile social adaptability.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Estimation of suicide risk by the use of clinical models.

This report details some preliminary experience in the use of clinical models to develop scales for the estimation of suicide risk. A cohort was drawn for each of two models: Stable with Forced Change (N = 333) and Alienated (N = 566). A set of postulated discriminators regarding suicide was examined with negative results. Available data revealed 12 items for the Stable with Forced Change model and 20 items for the Alienated model that discriminated between the suicides and the nonsuicides at a .05 level of confidence. That only 4 items were common to both supports the idea that the models represent different populations in regard to vulnerability to suicide and thus require independent lethality scales.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed1983

Laryngectomees in Norway. Study No. 3: Pre- and postoperative factors of significance to esophageal speech acquisition.

The acquisition and acceptability of esophageal speech were evaluated relative to a number of variables in 188 laryngectomees. Of the population studied, 63% were rated as having socially acceptable esophageal speech (SAES) according to a rating scale developed by the author. Advanced age, persistent swallowing difficulties, and small stomas or dependency on a cannula resulted in reduced capability for acquiring SAES. As well, the ratings of premorbid adjustment patterns and personality traits were found to predict success in esophageal speech acquisition better than any social or situational factor.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dropouts from nursing education: path analysis of a national sample.

Path analysis was used to test a theoretical model of college nursing student dropouts. Multiple regression was used to assess the relative importance of the predictor variables. Students' self-reported reasons for dropping out were studied by contingency and correlational analyses to determine the relationship between these reasons and individual difference variables. Factor analysis was used to develop scales to measure the variables of locus of control, self-esteem, social integration, and institutional commitment. The sample of students was drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972. Included in the sample were students entering two- and four-year nursing programs full-time in the fall of 1972. These two groups of students were found to be significantly different in measures of cognitive ability and in aspirations for further education. Approximately 27 percent of the two-year and 41 percent of the four-year students withdrew from their nursing programs during this study. Reasons for withdrawal most frequently cited by both groups related to losing interest in nursing and becoming interested in other fields of study. Educational aspirations had the strongest direct effect on persistence in nursing for two-year students; for four-year students, academic ability was the most powerful predictor of persistence.

Aptitude↗

PubMed1982

Hip fractures in the elderly. Discharge predictions with a functional rating scale.

During a 12-month period, 44 (41%) of 108 patients (50 years of age or older) treated for hip fractures were discharged to a nursing home. One year after the fracture, 29 (66%) remained institutionalized, five (11%) had died, and ten (33%) had returned to their own homes. The discharge medical plan of care, completed by the surgeon, registered nurse, and a social worker, was correct in predicting temporary institutionalization in only 66% of the cases. In an attempt to provide a more accurate method of predicting the outcomes of hip-fracture patients, a functional rating scale was developed. The scale proved to be a valuable adjunct in identifying those patients who were predisposed to permanent institutionalization.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the female age makeup of a natural population of Xenopsylla conformis fleas by a luminescence microscopy method (Aphaniptera)].

The age structure of the natural population of X. conformis was studied by means of luminiscent microscopy. The method has made possible a detail differentiation of females into age groups and can be used in field conditions. All age categories constituting a scale developed on a laboratory culture of fleas can be found among individuals caught on animals and in their nests. The autumn population consists of females that fed and did not reproduce and of individuals that interrupted their reproduction. The spring population is composed by reproducing females at different stages of reproduction. It has been established that in October begins the autumn--winter interwal in the reproduction of X. conformis and in the first half of April their spring activation that is in good agreement with published data.

Aging↗

PubMed1980

How appropriate is a "medical model" in psychiatric practice?

The location of mental hospitals in rural settings made the psychiatrist a truly alienated person. His location remote from cities was also remote from rapid changes occurring in medical practice in other specialties. With the introduction of psychotropic drugs a chain reaction was set in motion which began with the rapid reduction of the state hospital populations and a stimulation of clinical research efforts. The clinical rating scales developed to measure change in drug treated patients, served the purpose of sharpening clinician's thinking about nosology and merged with other ongoing trends to increase the precision of diagnosis which has resulted in the implementation of newer more precise research diagnostic criteria and finally the introduction of the DSM-III. With the study of the physiological pharmacology of these drugs has come a series of findings that offer the potential for increasing diagnostic precision by identifying biological alterations which highly correlate with various psychiatric disorders. It is to an explanation of these trends that this conference is devoted.

Community Mental Health Services↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical study of four cases of Rett Syndrome].

Rett Syndrome was first described in 1966 by Andreas Rett. The disorder is characterized by a progressive loss of cognitive and motor skills as well as development o stereotyped hand movements, occurring after an apparently normal development. Authors present three typical cases, and, another one atypical, being all of them female. This study takes into account ten different areas about chronology, age and reasons in the first consultation, some milestones of psychomotor development, the diagnostic criteria--according to Rett Syndrome Diagnostic Criteria Work Group (R.S.D.C.W.G.), they consists of necessary, supportive and exclusion criteria-, some signs and symptoms that authors consider frequently associated with Rett syndrome, some diagnostic tests with neurophysiologic technics--E.E.G.--, as well as neuroimagins technics--C.T. and M.R.I.--; routine laboratory studies, development scales and something else, the DAS-SV scale which is usually used to study different handicaps and therapeutic interventions such as: psychosocial, clinical, pharmacological (valproic acid, carbamacepine, clorpromacine, etc.) and institutional. Three tables and 72 bibliographic notes are included.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Styles of coping with stress and emotional reactions of patients after myocardial infarction].

The aim of the study is to answer the question: What are emotional responses in myocardial infarction patients who are characterized by specific coping styles? 101 males after first, uncomplicated myocardial infarction (MI) participated in this study. Coping styles were assessed by the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) by N.S. Endler and J.D.A. Parker. Emotional responses were assessed by the Profile of Mood States (PMS) by D. McNair, M. Lorra and L.F. Droppleman, and the Attitude Toward the Illness Scale developed by K. Wrześniewski. Patients characterized by the high Emotion Oriented Coping Style had a tendency to react to situations related to MI with strong negative emotions and unfavorable attitude toward the illness. Patients characterized by the high Task Oriented Coping Style had a tendency to react to situations related to MI with lower depression and favorable attitude toward the illness. High Emotion and Low Task Oriented Coping Styles, and Social Diversion Coping Style are unadapted for MI patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Spinal cord stimulation for relief of ischemic pain in end-stage arterial occlusive disease.

A total of 41 patients with end-stage arterial occlusive disease not treatable by surgery were enrolled in a study after implantation of a spinal cord stimulator. To date, a total of 25 patients have been followed up to 6 months after surgery. Patients were classified as grade I to grade III based on the scale developed by the Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards, Society for Vascular Surgery/Society for Cardiovascular Surgery (1986). Sixty-seven percent of patients with rest pain who did not have ulcers (grade II) were successfully treated with a spinal cord stimulator. The success rate among patients who had rest pain and foot lesions was only 38%. Failure is defined as foot amputation or heroic bypass surgery. This study was conducted at six centers in North America.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Interrater reliability of the 7-level functional independence measure (FIM)

The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is an 18-item, 7-level scale developed to uniformly assess severity of patient disability and medical rehabilitation functional outcome. FIM interrater reliability in the clinical setting is reported here. Clinicians from 89 US inpatient comprehensive medical rehabilitation facilities newly subscribing to the uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation from January 1988-June 1990 evaluated 1018 patients with the FIM. FIM total, domain and subscale score intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated using ANOVA; FIM item score agreement was assessed with unweighted Kappa coefficient. Total FIM ICC was 0.96; motor domain 0.96 and cognitive domain 0.91; subscale score range: 0.89 (social cognition) to 0.94 (self-care). FIM item Kappa range: 0.53 (memory) to 0.66 (stair climbing). A subset of 24 facilities meeting UDSMR data aggregation reliability criteria had Intraclass and Kappa coefficients exceeding those for all facilities. It is concluded that the 7-level FIM is reliable when used by trained/tested inpatient medical rehabilitation clinicians.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1994

Perception of chest pain during exercise testing in patients with coronary artery disease.

Psychophysical scaling of symptoms or discomfort during exercise testing has evolved as an important adjunct to the study of therapeutic interventions in heart disease. One of the major shortcomings of clinical exercise testing, however, has been the assessment of chest pain. Although the presence and characteristics of chest pain have important diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications, few studies in the literature adequately address chest pain responses to exercise. Clinical trials using exercise as an efficacy parameter frequently use only a single descriptive testing endpoint, such as "moderate" angina. Methods of scaling chest pain during exercise testing are underutilized. Of the several grading systems that have been used, the 0-10 scale developed by Borg has been the most common. It is preferable for patients to relate chest pain sensations during exercise testing to those experienced during daily activities, and treadmill experience improves the reliability and reproducibility of patient responses. This paper examines the methodology and clinical applications of quantifying chest pain during exercise.

Chest Pain↗

PubMed1995

Variables associated with breast self-examination among Chinese women.

Asians are the fastest growing minorities in the U.S. To deliver culturally sensitive care is a significant challenge to the nursing profession. Research identifying variables associated with breast self-examination (BSE) in the U.S. has been conducted on Caucasian women, but little is known about Asian women. Based on the health belief model (HBM) and Bandura's social learning theory, the purpose of this study was to identify barriers to the practice of BSE among Chinese women. The Chinese women (n = 174; mean age, 31 years) were surveyed with a 38-item, five-point Likert scale developed by Champion, and Lauver and Angerame, as well as a six-step accuracy check. The factors included susceptibility; seriousness for breast cancer; general efficacy for BSE; specific efficacy of BSE for oneself; competence; comfort; and control. The results showed that only 15% of these Chinese women practiced BSE monthly, and 48% reported never having performed BSE. Approximately 50% had no opinion on perceived susceptibility to and seriousness of breast cancer; nevertheless, > 80% recognize the efficacy of BSE. Perceived competence significantly accounted for 10% of the variance on BSE frequency (p < 0.001). Implications for nursing interventions that foster competence in BSE for this population are suggested. The study also demonstrates culturally specific methodological considerations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Beliefs about breast cancer and mammography by behavioral stage.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To explore the relationships of Health Belief Model (HBM) variables and the Trans-theoretical Model with regard to behavioral stage of mammography adoption. DESIGN: Descriptive, correlational. SETTING: Large midwestern city. SAMPLE: 405 women over age 40 obtained through random digit dialing. Subjects had agreed to participate in a larger intervention study. METHODS: Data were collected during in-home interviews. Subjects completed six scales developed from the HBM and answered questions related to mammography compliance. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Perceptions of breast cancer susceptibility and seriousness, perceived benefits of and barriers to mammography, motivation to stay healthy, and perceived control over health; degree of mammography compliance. FINDINGS: Women complaint with mammography guidelines had significantly higher scores on seriousness, benefits, health motivation, and control as well as significantly lower scores on barriers. In addition, scores on susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers, and health motivation were significantly different across stages of mammography (precontemplation, contemplation, and action/maintenance). CONCLUSIONS: Interventions should target attitudes about susceptibility and seriousness of breast cancer in women who do not comply with established guidelines for mammography. Women who are not in compliance and have no plans to seek mammography would benefit from additional emphasis on mammography benefits and from removal of barriers. Health motivation also must be addressed in noncompliant women. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: These results promise to expand the understanding of a person's motivation to change health-seeking behaviors, specifically obtaining routine screening mammograms. Further research using this new framework is needed to substantiate these results with a cross section of women.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Temperament differences between captive Indian and Chinese-Indian hybrid rhesus macaque neonates.

Anecdotal evidence has accumulated from research and animal care personnel regarding the aggressive behavior reported in captive rhesus macaques originating in China. In this study, we compared neonatal temperament, activity, and neuromotor reflexes in 13 Chinese-Indian hybrid and 29 Indian-derived nursery-reared infants. Neonatal assessments were conducted on days 7, 14, 21, and 30, using a test based on the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale developed for use in human newborns. Hybrid infants had lower scores for all items pertaining to orientation and ability to sustain attention. They were also rated as more temperamentally reactive and irritable than the Indian-derived infants. These results suggest that constitutional factors may underlie some of the behavioral differences observed in Chinese- and Indian-origin adults and that these qualities emerge very early in life.

Aggression↗

PubMed1994

[Ablative methods, therapeutic alternative to medical treatment for junctional tachycardia].

The clinical syndrome corresponding to junctional tachycardia is generally known as Bouveret's disease, but actually corresponds to two quite separate entities: 1) tachycardia related to a secondary atrioventricular pathway or Kent bundle; 2) intranodal tachycardia arising in the atrio-ventricular node. Until recently, anti-arrhythmics were used to treat most of the cases of accessory pathways. If this was unsuccessful or if the anti-arrhythmics induced adverse effects and in life-threatening cases affecting Kent bundles, surgical section was sometimes proposed, carrying a non-negligible risk of morbidity and mortality. Intranodal arrhythmia is not a serious, but may call for prophylactic antiarrhythmic treatment if it becomes too frequent and disabling. Before the advent of ablative treatment, there was no satisfactory alternative to antiarrhythmic treatment. Ablation of the accessory pathways or selection ablation of the slow pathway of the atrio-ventricular node (sometimes of the rapid pathway) is not achieved by applying a high-frequency current (radiofrequency), which has virtually replaced fulguration (destruction using a modified electrical current). In both types of tachycardia, a cure is obtained in 90% of cases with a low incidence of complications and virtually no risk of mortality, which contrasts favorably with long-term antiarrhythmic treatment (or surgical section of Kent bundles), which justifies the large-scale development of radiofrequency ablation.

Catheter Ablation↗