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PubMed1990

The tertiary trauma survey: a prospective study of missed injury.

The Advanced Trauma Life Support Course defines a primary and a secondary survey to rapidly identify life-threatening and associated injuries, respectively, in multiple trauma patients. However, circumstances during resuscitation, including multiple casualties, emergent operation, unconsciousness, etc., may interfere with this process. An initial review of our trauma registry data yielded a modest 2% incidence of missed injuries in a 90% blunt trauma population. In order to determine the true incidence of missed injuries, a tertiary survey was performed prospectively on all injured patients (N = 399) admitted during a recent 3-month period. After completion of the primary and secondary surveys (including appropriate roentgenographs), all injuries were listed in the trauma admission record. Patients were later reexamined immediately before ambulation or, in head-injured patients, upon regaining consciousness. All missed injuries were documented, including site and type of injury, reason missed, how identified, and attendant morbidity. Forty-one missed injuries were found in 36 patients (9%). These included: 21 extremity fractures, five spinal fractures, two facial fractures, five thoracic injuries, six abdominal injuries (including five splenic lacerations), and two vascular injuries. The most common reason for injuries to be missed was altered level of consciousness due to head injury or alcohol. Other reasons included severity of injury and instability requiring immediate operation, lack of symptoms at admission, technical problems, and low index of suspicion by the examiner. None of the missed injuries resulted in death. However, one missed injury caused serious disability and seven required operative correction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Clinical study of penetrating thoracic injuries].

During the 13-year period ending in December 1987, 39 patients (pts) of penetrating thoracic injuries were treated. Thirty-five pts (89.7%) were male, and the age range was 21 to 56 years with average of 38.7 years. Thirty-one pts (79.5%) sustained stab wounds and eight (20.5%) had gun-shot wounds. 5 pts died in all (2 pts with stab wounds, 3 with gun-shot wounds). The wounds were limited on chest wall in 14 pts, and penetrated to thorax in 25. In these pts with penetrating wounds, lung injuries were found in 18, heart in 7 and esophagus in 1, respectively. Twenty-one pts had multiple injuries, and abdominal injuries were found in 20 pts (95.2%), limbs in 7 (33.3%), and neck in 2 (9.5%). All 5 dead pts had multiple injuries. Prognoses were fair in cases of simple chest wall injuries or lung injuries. In the cases of lung injuries, thoracotomy was performed in 8 pts (44.4%) and tube thoracostomy in 10 (55.6%). Thoracotomy was performed for massive bleeding (over 600 ml/1-2 hours) (6 cases) and the sites of the injuries suspecting of heart injuries (2 cases). Two pts undergoing tube thoracostomy and one pt done thoracotomy died, but the causes of the death were not related to lung injuries. Regarding the heart injuries, the injured sites were left ventricle in 1, right ventricle in 1, right atrium in 2, and pericardium in 3. All the 7 pts were in shock on arrival. In these pts with heart injuries, all the wounds were in and near the Sauer's danger zone. In all pts, emergent thoracotomy was performed, and 5 pts could be saved (mortality 28.6%). As the risk factors, heart injuries, multiple injuries, and gunshot injuries were noticed with mortality of 28.6%, 23.8%, and 37.5%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Kidney and testicle injuries in team and individual sports: data from the national pediatric trauma registry.

PURPOSE: We define the risk of kidney or testicle injury in children who play contact sports. MATERIALS AND METHODS: National Pediatric Trauma Registry data from 50 United States pediatric trauma centers for 1990 to 1999 were analyzed. The data were from age groups 5 to 11, 12 to 14 and 15 to 18 years. Major abdominal injuries, injuries due to team and individual contact sports, and the site of injury were examined. RESULTS: Of the 81,923 cases 5,439 were sports related. Abdominal injuries occurred in 459 patients (0.56%), and were due to contact sports in 191. Team sports were involved in 184 cases, including football in 44%, hockey in 19%, baseball in 15%, soccer in 12% and basketball in 6%. Abdominal injury rate by age was 16% for 5 to 11-year olds, 42% for 12 to 14-year-olds and 42% for 15 to 18-year-olds. Most common was splenic injury at 50% of cases, kidney injuries occurred in 22% and no testicle injuries were reported. Football accounted for the most kidney injuries (62%). Kidney injuries were more common among older teenagers. No injuries led to nephrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal injuries are rare in children who play team and individual contact sports. No testicular injuries were reported. Kidneys are most at risk in football. Splenic injuries are most common overall, although the risk to kidney and spleen is equal in basketball. No kidneys were reported as lost. These data should help families and schools when assessing risk to genitourinary organs during these activities.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1997

The value of physical examination in the diagnosis of patients with blunt abdominal trauma: a retrospective study.

Between 1 January 1993 and 1 January 1994, 204 consecutive patients with possible blunt abdominal injury were analysed retrospectively. All patients underwent a standardized diagnostic approach on admission to the emergency room. Abdominal ultrasound (AUS) was performed in all cases. If there was evidence of intra-abdominal injury on physical examination or AUS, without signs of persistent hypovolaemia after initial assessment, contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scanning (CECT) of the abdomen was carried out without exception. Physical examination was equivocal in 13 and 3 per cent, respectively, of patients with 'isolated' abdominal trauma (N = 23) or with fractures of lower ribs 7-12 as a sole diagnosis (N = 30). In multiple injury patients (N = 95) or those with suspected 'isolated' head injury (N = 56), these figures reached 45 and 84 per cent, respectively. AUS (N = 204) revealed intra-abdominal injury in 20 per cent of patients, and CECT (N = 43) resulted in additional information in 49 per cent. Patients with 'isolated' head injury showed 9 per cent abnormalities on abdominal evaluation versus 32 per cent in multiple injury patients. In lower rib fractures (7-12) in multiple injury patients abdominal injury was diagnosed in 67 per cent of the cases. We conclude that: (1) negative findings following reliable physical examination of patients with 'isolated' head injury show very high values (NPV 100 per cent), but reliable physical examination is very infrequent (16 per cent); (2) NPV in lower rib fractures due to low energy impact is very high (100 per cent), with a reliable physical examination in most patients (97 per cent); (3) in patients with isolated abdominal trauma 87 per cent have a reliable physical examination with a moderately high NPV (71 per cent); (4) almost half the multiple injury patients have an unequivocal physical examination (45 per cent), with a high NPV following reliable physical examination for abdominal injury (85 per cent); (5) abdominal ultrasonography should be the first step in the radiological assessment of all patients with possible blunt abdominal injury; (6) in multiply injured patients with fractures of their lower ribs (7-12) due to high energy impact the incidence of abdominal injury is very high and CECT might be indicated even in the case of normal AUS findings.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed2001

Abdominal ultrasound examination in pregnant blunt trauma patients.

BACKGROUND: The ability of abdominal ultrasound to detect intraperitoneal fluid in the pregnant trauma patient has been questioned. METHODS: Pregnant blunt trauma patients admitted to a Level I trauma center during an 8-year period were reviewed. Ultrasound examinations were used to detect intraperitoneal fluid and considered positive if such fluid was identified. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-seven (61%) of 208 pregnant patients had abdominal ultrasound during initial evaluation in the emergency department. Seven patients had intra-abdominal injuries, and six had documented hemoperitoneum. Ultrasound identified intraperitoneal fluid in five of these six patients (sensitivity, 83%; 95% confidence interval, 36-100%). In the 120 patients without intra-abdominal injury, ultrasound was negative in 117 (specificity, 98%; 95% confidence interval, 93-100%). The three patients without intra-abdominal injury but with a positive ultrasound had the following: serous intraperitoneal fluid and no injuries at laparotomy (one) and uneventful clinical courses of observation (two). CONCLUSION: The sensitivity and specificity of abdominal ultrasonography in pregnant trauma patients is similar to that seen in nonpregnant patients. Occasional false negatives occur and a negative initial examination should not be used as conclusive evidence that intra-abdominal injury is not present. Ultrasound has the advantages of no radiation exposure.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed2006

Giant spigelian hernia due to abdominal wall injury: a case report.

Spigelian hernia is a rare clinical entity. It is difficult to diagnose due to its location. In this article we report the case of a giant spigelian hernia consequent to abdominal wall injury. The neck of the hernia was 10 cm in diameter. We repaired this hernia with a polypropylene mesh.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1977

[Gunshot injuries of chest and abdomen (author's transl)].

A total of 51 patients with gunshot injuries of the chest and the abdominal cavity were treated at the Emergency Aid Institute "Pirogov" in Sofia from 1967 to 1976. The series included 45 men and 6 women, with a letality rate amounting to 21.5 per cent (11 patients). In 41 per cent it was a matter of abdominal injury where the letality was the highest (33 per cent). Chest injuries included 33 per cent with 12 per cent letality, while combined chest-abdominal injuries included 26 per cent with 14 per cent letality. Involvement of the small and large intestine showed the highest incidence of all abdominal organs (37 per cent). Traumatic-hemorrhagic shock and acute respiraotyr insufficiency prevailed. The operative tacties resorted to was strictly individual. In combined lesions of treatment of respiratory insufficiency, parenchymatous organs and major blood vessels has priority over the treatment of hollow organs.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1999

Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome: an underappreciated manifestation of severe hemorrhagic shock.

OBJECTIVE: Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) has multiple well-described etiologies, but almost no attention has focused on ACS in the absence of abdominal injury. This study describes a secondary ACS that occurs after severe hemorrhagic shock with no evidence of abdominal injury. METHODS: The trauma registry at a Level I trauma center was reviewed for a 13-month period beginning July 1, 1997. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 46 of 1,216 intensive care unit admissions (4%) who required laparotomy and mesh closure of the abdominal wall because of visceral edema. In that subgroup, six patients (13% of mesh closures, 0.5% intensive care unit admissions) had hemorrhagic shock (5/1, blunt/penetrating trauma) but no evidence of intra-abdominal injury. Associated extremity compartment syndrome developed in two of six (33%). Overall mortality was four of six (67%), secondary to sepsis (n = 3), and head injury (n = 1). Time from admission to decompression averaged 3 hours in survivors and 25 hours in nonsurvivors (overall average = 18+/-9 hours). Resuscitation volume before abdominal decompression averaged 19+/-5 liters of crystalloid and 29+/-10 units of packed red blood cells. Bladder pressure averaged 33+/- 3 mm Hg. Decompression significantly improved peak inspiratory pressure (p < 0.003) and base deficit (p < 0.003). CONCLUSION: ACS can occur with no abdominal injury; The incidence of secondary ACS was 0.5% in this cohort trauma intensive care unit patients, so it probably occurs more frequently than is currently appreciated. Because survivors were decompressed 20 hours before nonsurvivors, early recognition might improve outcomes. On the basis of these observations, we recommend that bladder pressures should be routinely checked and acted on appropriately when resuscitation volumes approach 10 liters of crystalloid or 10 units of packed red cells.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1992

Ureteral injury in abdominal vascular reconstructive surgery.

Iatrogenic ureteral injuries in vascular reconstructive surgery are rarely reported. We present a case of ureteral transection during repair of an aortic aneurysm in a patient with a previously placed aortobifemoral graft. In reported series of surgical ureteral injuries, 17 of 381 injuries occurred during vascular procedures. A review of the literature and management scheme for ureteral complications in the presence of prosthetic vascular grafts is presented in light of current endourologic materials and techniques.

Abdomen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scroto-abdominal impalement injury in a skateboard rider.

The injuries sustained by skateboard riders vary from minor cuts and abrasions to fractures. This report describes a unique injury sustained by a young skateboard rider who was impaled on a metal rod. Literature review of over 1,254 skateboard injuries did not reveal any other instances of penetrating abdominal trauma.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1996

Repair of laparoscopic injury to abdominal wall arteries complicated by cutaneous necrosis.

Operative laparoscopic techniques requiring placement of large-bore cannulas through the abdominal wall lateral to the midline result in increased numbers of injuries to abdominal wall vessels. Five cases of inferior epigastric artery hemorrhage were controlled by percutaneous transabdominal placement of polypropylene sutures, allowing the procedure to be completed with the cannula in place. In two patients the sutures were left in place for 72 to 96 hours, and cutaneous necrosis occurred requiring debridement and delayed primary closure. In the other three women, removal of the sutures less than 24 hours postoperatively resulted in satisfactory hemostasis and primary healing of the abdominal wound. Percutaneous placement of polypropylene sutures may provide effective hemostasis after inferior epigastric artery hemorrhage due to cannula injury. Early suture removal may avoid potential cutaneous necrosis.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed2003

[Abdominal stab wound injury with omentum evisceration].

INTRODUCTION: The abdominal stab wound with omentum evisceration, represent 4 to 20% of abdominal injuries. It causes a problem of therapeutic indication between selective and mandatory laparotomy. The goal of this work is to give some answers to this dilemma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study from 1992 to 2000, concerning 75 patients presenting an omentum evisceration. Where there were 71 men et four women, the mean age was 25 years old. All the abdominal injuries are exclusively by the stab wound. These 75 patients were divided into three groups: group I: 24 patients (32) were immediately operated ahead of the existence of severity elements; group II: 18 (24%) patients had an isolated omentum evisceration without any elements of severity were operated immediately; group III: 33 (44%) were placed under clinical, radiological and ultrasound control. RESULTS: We have found four cases of negative laparotomy (16,7%) in group I, and 14 (77,8%) in group II. Five secondary laparotomies (15%) were performed in group III. Among the 51 patients (Group II and Group III) nine (17%) had visceral injuries... In all of the three groups, there was a high frequency of intestinal organs injuries, there was no mortality and 12% of morbidity. CONCLUSION: The isolated omentum evisceration is a penetrating injury of the abdominal wall but not synonym with visceral injuries, the interventionists authors had a high rate of negative laparotomy. However the selective authors in the asymptomatic patients under clinic examination appears logical: we believe that the laparoscopic diagnostic and therapeutic in doubtful cases can resolve this problem.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Peritoneal lavage in blunt abdominal trauma.

A prospective study of an Intracath method of diagnostic peritoneal lavage was done of 100 patients with blunt abdominal trauma. Initial results in dogs confirmed the reliability and sensitivity of the technique. In patients, it proved to be 96 per cent accurate. Fifty-eight patients had true-positive results, and in 52 of these, subsequent laparotomy demonstrated significant hemoperitoneum and intra-abdominal injury. Six patients had intra-abdominal injuries of limited significance. Thirty-eight of these patients were considered to have true-negative results. In one patient, false-negative, signs of intra-abdominal bleeding later developed, and a splenectomy was performed without incidence. There were three false-positive results. These patients underwent laparotomy and recovered without a problem. The only complications noted were puncture of the urinary bladder in one patient and subcutaneous infusions of lavage fluid in two patients which were recognized during the procedure. Results of this study demonstrate the safety and reliability of the Intracath method of peritoneal lavage for patients with blunt abdominal trauma.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

CT of bowel and mesenteric trauma in children.

Although most traumatic abdominal injuries in children are treated with conservative nonsurgical management, traumatic perforation or infarction of the gastrointestinal tract still necessitates surgical management. It is imperative to recognize the often subtle computed tomographic (CT) findings of bowel or mesenteric trauma in children. Pediatric patients with bowel perforation or infarction due to trauma usually demonstrate multiple abnormalities at CT. A specific history of lap belt injury, bicycle handlebar injury, or child abuse with an abdominal injury should heighten suspicion for a bowel injury. CT findings in children with bowel or mesenteric trauma include free intraperitoneal air, free retroperitoneal air, extraluminal oral contrast material, free intraperitoneal fluid, bowel wall defect, bowel wall thickening, mesenteric stranding, fluid at the mesenteric root, focal hematoma, active hemorrhage, and mesenteric pseudoaneurysm. Some findings, such as free intraperitoneal air and focal bowel wall thickening, are associated with a strong likelihood of a bowel injury that requires surgical repair. Other findings, such as free intraperitoneal fluid, mesenteric stranding, fluid at the mesenteric root, and focal hematoma, are less specific for an injury that requires surgical repair. The hypoperfusion complex can usually be differentiated from a traumatic bowel injury; however, in some patients the imaging findings overlap.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed2000

Three-dimensional contrast-enhanced MRI using an intravascular contrast agent for detection of traumatic intra-abdominal hemorrhage and abdominal parenchymal injuries: an experimental study.

The aim of this study was to compare the performance of 3D MRI in conjunction with an intravascular contrast agent to spiral contrast-enhanced CT, regarding the detection of abdominal parenchymal injuries as well as peritoneal hemorrhage in an animal model. Liver and kidney injuries were created surgically in six female pigs under general anesthesia. All pigs underwent contrast-enhanced spiral CT and 3D MR imaging following administration of an intravascular contrast agent (NC100150 Injection). Two readers rated their confidence independently on MR and CT data sets using a five-point scale for the presence of organ injury and hemoperitoneum. Autopsy findings served as standard of reference. Sensitivity and specificity for MR in detecting hepatic and renal injuries as well as hemoperitoneum was 100%. Computed tomography was less accurate with sensitivity and specificity values of 90 and 94%, respectively. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis revealed a higher confidence when interpretation was based on MR images. In an animal model 3D MR imaging in conjunction with an intravascular contrast agent proved highly accurate in detecting and localizing parenchymal injuries to the upper abdomen as well as in detecting intraperitoneal blood collections.

Abdominal Injuries↗