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PubMed1976

A comparative chemical and histochemical study of the chondrodystrophoid and nonchondrodystrophoid canine intervertebral disc.

The chemical composition of the intervertebral disc of 9-month-old chondrodystrophoid and nonchondrodystrophoid dogs was studied for collagen, noncollagenous protein and glycosaminoglycan. Content of these substances differed significantly between breeds. The differences were most marked in the nucleus pulposus; the noncollagenous protein content of the nonchondrodystrophoid breed was higher than in that of the chondrodystrophoid dogs. The total nitrogen value of the nonchondrodystrophoid nuclei pulposi was less than that of the corresponding chondrodystrophoid discs mainly because of the high collagen content of the latter discs. Histochemically, it was found that the nuclei pulposi of the nonchondrodystrophoid breed contains larger amounts of glycosaminoglycan than in the discs of the chondrodystrophoid breeds.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Dynamics of the acid-base balance of venous and arterial blood in clinically healthy calves].

Values of the acid base balance were examined in both venous and arterial blood of healthy calves (n = 6) of the Slovak Spotted breed aged, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, and 24 weeks, respectively. Until week 4 of age the animals were fed milk only, until the age of 9 weeks a milk-roughage transition fodder and from week 10 on they were given classical herbage. Blood samples were taken from the V. jugularis and A. carotis communis or A. axillaris, respectively. The results achieved were corrected to a body temperature of 39 degrees C. During the examination period the following values were stated for both arterial and venous blood: actual acidity (pH) 7.391 +/- 0.014 and 7.362 +/- 0.013 logmolc, pCO2 6.35 +/- 0.15 and 7.35 +/- 0.11 kPa, HCO3-28.38 +/- 1.42 and 30.32 +/- 1.02 mmol. l(-1), ABE 3.57 +/- 1.44 and 4.34 +/- 1.09 mmol. l(-1); pO2 12.63 +/- 1.15 and 5.21 +/- 0.73 kPa, SAT 95.8 +/- 1.03 and 61.2 +/- 9.59%, respectively. A gradual increase in most indices of the acid base balance could be stated both in arterial and venous blood. The trends either revealed a parallel increase (HCO3-, pH) or they were more pronounced either in venous blood (SAT) or in arterial blood (ABE, pO2). Some trends were almost balanced (pCO2 and pO2 in venous blood and SAT and pCO2 in arterial blood). Thus pH, pO2 and SAT indices of the acid base balance were higher in arterial blood as compared to venous blood while pCO2, HCO3- and ABE values were higher in venous blood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1986

Health care of Holsteins selected for large or small body size.

Genetic groups of Holsteins selected for large size or small size were compared for health care needs. Two groups were formed from a paired foundation population. Large group was mated to sires with extreme estimates of transmitting ability for tall height and deep and wide bodies. Small group was similarly mated to extreme sires but to those transmitting short height and shallow and narrow bodies. Predicted Differences for milk and fat of sires were above breed average. Actual expenses for veterinary treatment, health supplies and drugs, and value of labor required of animal attendants were evaluated. Large cows required significantly more health care than small cows. Digestive disorders accounted for much of the group difference, and displaced abomasums were more frequent among large cows. Small cows may have economic advantages over large cows of the same breed.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1988

Evidence for linkage between the caprine leucocyte antigen (CLA) system and susceptibility to CAE virus-induced arthritis in goats.

The distribution of caprine leucocyte antigens (CLA) in goats from four different breeds (n = 546) affected by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV)-induced arthritis were determined and compared breed for breed with those of infected but clinically healthy controls (n = 402). Differences in frequencies of some of the CLA specificities between the affected and control groups were found, but after correction of the ordinary P values for number of observed alleles, only the CLA Be7 specificity in the Saanen breed showed a significant deviation at the 0.05 probability level. Animals of the Saanen breed carrying this specificity are less prone to develop arthritis after CAE virus infection than goats lacking this specificity. Eleven groups (multiple-case families or halfsibling groups with at least two informative diseased offspring/group) were analyzed for manifestation of the disease and segregation of the parental haplotypes. The results of the maximum likelihood test of association (P less than 0.005) and the calculated high lod score value of 5.70 give evidence for linkage between the locus encoding the determined class I CLA alleles and a hypothetical locus (i) coding for genes responsible for arthritis resistance/susceptibility. The particular class I CLA allele associated with the disease susceptibility varied from family to family, however. These data provide the first evidence that CAE virus-induced arthritis in the goat is genetically influenced by the MHC system; they also suggest that susceptibility/resistance genes are not directly associated with the determined class I gene products but rather are in close genetic linkage.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Nutrient composition of the muscle, fat, and bone tissue of carcasses during the development of lambs of the merino breed with different feeding intensities].

In a developmental study of lambs, the following question was investigated: What is the influence of gender, bodyweight, and feeding intensity on the nutritional value of the carcass as well as the body tissues? This study was conducted with 108 lambs (50% males and 50% females) of the merino breed. The animals were fattened according to three feeding intensity levels ("high","medium", and "low") using varied feed concentrates and hay in their daily rations. They were slaughtered at body weights of 30, 45 or 55 kg. Six male and six female lambs were slaughtered at a bodyweight of 18 kg which was the initial weight of the fattening lambs. The left half of the slaughtered animal was carved according to the guidelines provided by the DLG (German Agricultural Society). For each cut, an examination of the meat(muscle), fatty tissue and bone/tendons was carried out and the percentages of these tissue components were determined for the whole joint. The samples of the tissues as well as the cuts were analysed for dry matter, crude protein, total fat level and crude ash. The carcasses of the male lambs showed higher protein content and lower fat levels. With increasing feeding intensity level and bodyweight, the differences in these nutritional components between the sexes rose. The muscle tissue (meat) of the lamb carcasses at the usual slaughter weight of 45 kg showed relatively low fat content (less than 10%). This was especially noticeable in carcasses of male lambs (less than 8%).

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of genetic diversity of Korean native pig (Sus scrofa) using AFLP markers.

In order to assess the genetic diversity and genetic relationships among the six commercial pig breeds including the Korean native pig, we performed an amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Applying the three EcoRI/TagI primer combinations to 54 individual pig samples out of six breeds, a total of 186 AFLP bands were generated, 67 (36%) of which were identified as polymorphic bands. From these polymorphic bands, the three estimates (percentage of polymorphic loci, Neis heterozygosity and Shannon index) of genetic diversity, G(ST) estimates, Neis unbiased genetic distance and two indices of genetic similarity were calculated. From all the calculations of genetic diversity, the lowest genetic diversity was exhibited in the Korean native pig, and the highest in the Chinese Yanbian pig. Given the mean G(ST) value (G(ST) = 0.390) across all pigs examined, levels of apparent breed subdivision were considerable. A UPGMA tree of individuals based on Jaccards similarity index showed that the Korean native pig formed a distinct cluster from the other five pigs. In addition, the tree displayed that all the individuals except for six individuals were grouped into their breeds. Principal component analysis based on the binary data matrix of either presence or absence confirmed the distinctness of the Korean native pig from the other pigs. Our results indicate that the Korean native pig has a low level of genetic diversity and is distinct from the five pig breeds, confirming the results from previous microsatellite data. The findings also suggest that AFLP analysis may be a valuable tool for revealing genetic relationships and genetic diversity among different pig breeds.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Interrelationship between tumour virus receptors, A and C, coded by host cell genes in fowl.

Bryan Standard strain of Rous Sarcoma Virus (BS-RSV) of subgroup A and pseudotype of Bryan high titre RSV(RAV-49) of subgroup C and an equal mixture of subgroup A and subgroup C virus were inoculated to 11-day old embryos of white leghorn (WL), Australorp (AL) and f1 and f2 generations of crosses between WL and AL breeds of fowl to detect and estimate the interrelationship between tumour virus receptor coding host cell genes of tva and tvc loci. Linkage values estimated on a pooled sex basis were 0.08 +/- 0.03 and 0.10 +/- 0.03 for WL and AL breeds respectively and 0.09 on pooled breed basis. This clearly indicates that the tva and tvc loci are indeed closely linked in WL and AL breeds of fowl and supports the concept of using subgroup C virus to raise stocks resistant to subgroup A virus infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Liver function in cows with traumatic inflammation of the reticulum and peritoneum after rumenotomy].

The studies resulted from clinical observations recorded earlier on the basis of which it was found that traumatic inflammation of the reticulum and peritoneum Uzco is accompanied by liver lesion. Basing on the animal material (72 cows) collected in the area of the Station's activity at Busko-Zdrój, the diagnostic value of the selected laboratory liver tests was estimated to be utilized in diagnosing the damage of this organ as well as in the treatment of cows after rumenotomy. The studies showed that for these purposes the determination of total bilirubin and its fraction, the concentration of which in cows of the Uzco breed before the operation exceeded considerably their normal level, is of highest value. In the postoperation period lasting about 10 days, the level of total bilirubin constantly decreased. The determination of total cholesterol and protein was found to be of slightly lower value. Among the opacity tests the iodic one is of highest value in determinations of liver parenchyma lesions in cows with the Uzco. The decrease in the level of total bilirubin and its fraction as well as the decrease in the number of positive reactions to iodic test in the postoperaton period have been recognized as prognostically favourable symptom.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Control through breeding methods of factors affecting nutritional quality of cereals and grain legumes.

The comparison of nutritional quality parameters of proteins from cultivated cereal and legume species with animal proteins indicate the poor nutritional value of these plant products. The nutritive value of different cereal and legume species is very variable and large differences have also been observed coming from cultivars belonging to the same species. Many interpreting factors, such as protein content, essential amino acid composition and availability, protein digestibility and others are involved in such a highly variability. In addition, cereals as well as legumes may contain large amounts of antinutritional factors which can have serious effects under particular circumstances (e.e. tannins in a low-protein diet or phytates in a metal-deficient diet). Some legume species also contain chemicals of a different nature (i. e. lathyrogens, cyanogenetic glycosides, and others) which may be extremely toxic when ingested in significant amounts. The plant breeder attempting to develop higher-yielding, disease-resistant and nutritionally-improved crop varieties should be aware of such a complex of factors and alert to the possible production or increase of undesirable products or deleterious changes in chemical composition. Available data, although rather limited, indicate valuable breeding approaches to the improvement of nutritive value of cereal and legume grains for humans.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2001

Computing mating bull fertility from DHI nonreturn data.

Animal model methodology was used to compute yearly measures of relative fertility of Holstein AI mating bulls based upon 70-d nonreturn of first breedings as reported to U.S. DHIA from 1988 through 1997. Estimated Relative Conception Rates (ERCR) were computed for bulls with a minimum of 50 first breedings in a single year using variance ratios 45.5 for mating bull, 45.5 for animal genetic effects, and 31 for permanent environment. The model assumed repeatability across lactations of 0.05 and included fixed effects of herd-year-month bred and classes of parity, early lactation energy-corrected milk and days open when bred. Estimates of fertility were greater for breedings to cows that were young, had low early lactation production, and were in late stages of lactation. ERCR were expressed as difference in nonreturn from the average AI mating bull of herdmates. Values ranged from -18 to +13. For ERCR computed from a minimum of 1000 breedings, 90% were within four units of zero. Early ERCR computed from a few breedings in a single year were tested for ability to predict later ERCR computed from a minimum of 1000 different breedings. Early ERCR computed from 300 or more matings accurately predicted later independent ERCR. For yearly estimates each based upon a minimum of 1000 breedings, 8% changed more than three units, and 4% declined more than three units. Correlations between ERCR and predicted transmitting abilities protein and type production index were significant but accounted for little variance. Correlations between ERCR and other traits were not significant.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Pulmonary function values and growth in Belgian white and blue double-muscled cattle.

Seventy-five double-muscled cattle of the Belgian white and blue breed, two days to 50 months old and weighing 45 to 680 kg, were investigated. Transpulmonary pressure changes, measured with an oesophageal balloon, variations of air flow and volume at the mouth were obtained during spontaneous breathing to calculate pulmonary function data. Oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in arterial blood were also recorded. Growth related changes of the pulmonary function values were similar to those observed in other bovine breeds. Total pulmonary resistance, specific total pulmonary resistance, viscous work, power of breathing, specific viscous work, respiratory frequency and peak-to-peak change in transpulmonary pressure were greater in Belgian white and blue cattle than in Friesian cattle. In the former, tidal volume, specific tidal volume, lowest transpulmonary pressure during expiration, transpulmonary pressure at the functional residual capacity level, dynamic lung compliance and oxygen tension in arterial blood were smaller. Airflow, minute volume and carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood were similar in the Belgian white and blue and Friesian cattle. These results were related to the great sensitivity of double-muscled cattle of the Belgian white and blue breed to laryngitis and bronchopneumonia.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Effects of breed, sex, and halothane genotype on fatty acid composition of pork longissimus muscle.

The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of breed, sex, and halothane genotype on fatty acid composition and several fatty acid indices of lipid extracted from porcine LM. Purebred Yorkshire (n = 436), Duroc (n = 353), Hampshire (n = 218), Spotted (n = 187), Chester White (n = 173), Poland China (n = 124), Berkshire (n = 256), and Landrace (n = 187) pigs (n = 1,934; 1,128 barrows and 806 gilts) from 1991, 1992, 1994, and 2001 National Barrow Show Sire Progeny Tests were used. Pigs were classified as the HAL-1843 normal (NN) genotype (n = 1,718) or the HAL-1843 carrier (Nn) genotype (n = 216). For statistical analysis, a mixed model was used that included fixed effects of breed, sex, halothane genotype, test, slaughter date, interaction of breed x sex, and random effects of sire and dam within breed. Breed significantly affected the concentration of individual fatty acids, total lipid content, and the values of several fatty acid indices of LM. Duroc pigs had the greatest (P < 0.01) content of total SFA. Total MUFA concentration in Poland China pigs was greater (P < 0.05) than in all other breeds except the Spotted (P > 0.05). The concentrations of total PUFA were greater (P < 0.01) in Hampshire, Landrace, and Yorkshire pigs compared with those of other breeds. Significant sex differences for individual fatty acids were detected. Compared with gilts, barrows had greater (P < 0.01) concentrations of SFA and MUFA but lower (P < 0.01) total PUFA. Halothane genotype was a significant source of variation for the percentages of some fatty acids. Pigs with the carrier (Nn) genotype had lower concentrations of SFA (P < 0.05) and MUFA (P < 0.01) but a greater concentration of PUFA (P < 0.01) compared with NN pigs. There were significant negative correlations between total lipid content and individual PUFA and significant positive correlations between lipid concentration and most individual SFA and MUFA. In conclusion, the results suggest that breed and sex are important sources of variation for fatty acid composition of LM.

Anesthetics, Inhalation↗
PubMed2006

[Genetic diversity of indigenous sheep breeds in Shandong Province based on microsatellite markers study].

By using 24 microsatellite markers, this paper studied the genetic diversity of four indigenous sheep breeds in Shandong Province. 467 alleles were detected from 164 sheep of 71 breeding groups, and the proportion of effective alleles was 49.59%. The differences of the allele number among microsatellite loci were larger than those among breeds. 123 peculiar alleles and 43 dominative alleles were found from these sheep. 89% of the microsatellite markers were not in Hardy-Weinberg, and 50% of them were neutral. All the microsattelite markers were of high polymorphic (PIC > 0.5), and the values of Shannon indexes were relatively high. The observed heterozygosities (0.454 to approximately 0.560) were significantly lower than their expected values (0.831 to approximately 0.849). It was suggested that the four indigenous sheep breeds in Shandong Province were highly genetic polymorphic but somewhat inbred. The NJ and UPGRAM dendrograms indicated that the small-tailed and large-tailed Han sheep in west Shandong were closer in genetics, and the Shandi and Wadi sheep in east Shandong were similar. The genetic distances between different sheep breeds were accordant to geographical distances.

Alleles↗
PubMed1983

Aspartate- and tyrosine transaminase activities in the organs of the rat during its breeding cycle.

The aspartate- and tyrosine transaminase activities of liver kidney, brain, hind leg striated muscle, skin, adipose tissue, small intestine and stomach of pregnant, lactating and post-lactating rats were determined. The ratios of activities between both enzymes were uniform in the different tissues studied, with minimal values for liver and adipose tissue. The patterns and activity ratios found during the breeding cycle of the rat agreed with tyrosine transaminase being an independent entity of aspartate transaminase in liver and adipose tissue, coexisting to some degree in most other tissues and being probably only an artifact (according to recent findings in the literature) in brain, muscle and intestine. The different patterns of change found during this period in most organs suggest different hormonal regulation and help support the possibility of an independent rôle for tyrosine transaminase in them.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2026

From family trials to genomic mate allocation: statistical and genomic strategies to accelerate sugarcane genetic improvement.

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) underpins global sugar and bioenergy supply and is increasingly valued as a renewable biomass feedstock. Sustained improvement in commercial traits and resilience is constrained by long breeding cycles, clonal propagation, multi-stage testing, and a highly polyploid, heterozygous, and frequently aneuploid genome with substantial non-additive genetic variation. Genomic selection has demonstrated value for predicting elite-clone performance, yet its operational use remains limited at earlier decision points, including family selection, parent evaluation, and cross design. This review examines the biological, statistical, and genomic factors that shape these decisions, with emphasis on the Australian breeding context based on progeny assessment trials (PATs), clonal assessment trials (CATs), and final assessment trials (FATs). We evaluate challenges arising from family plot means, the use of different full-sib samples as nominal family replicates, spatial heterogeneity, competition, genotype-by-environment interaction, and the partitioning of additive and non-additive effects. We also assess the integration of pedigree and genomic relationship, genotype representation, allele-dosage estimation, aneuploidy, genomic prediction models, and training-population design. We then consider genomic prediction of cross performance and constrained mate allocation as approaches for improving expected family performance, accounting for cross-specific non-additive effects and managing relatedness. We propose a decision-centred framework that links family and clonal data across breeding stages, tracks the propagation of information and uncertainty, and supports parent recycling and cross allocation. We conclude with a practical research agenda for stage-integrated mixed-model and single-step analyses that connect early family evaluation with genomic prediction and cross-level decision support in sugarcane breeding.

Saccharum↗
PubMed2003

Swiss Mattenklee landraces, a distinct and diverse genetic resource of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.).

Genetic variability within and among 19 landraces and cultivars of red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) was investigated by means of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis in order to assess the potential value of Swiss Mattenklee landraces as genetic resources for plant breeding and the preservation of biodiversity. Populations were classified into three groups according to their origin and agronomic features: Mattenklee landraces (8), Mattenklee cultivars (8) and field clover cultivars (3). Analysis of molecular variance based on 276 polymorphic AFLP markers revealed 80% of total variability to be due to variability within populations while 12% were attributed to variability among groups. Stepwise discriminant analysis identified a subset of 126 AFLP markers which best separated individual plants into the three respective groups. Genetic distances between populations were considerably larger among groups than among populations within the same group, providing further evidence for the genetic distinction between Mattenklee landraces, Mattenklee cultivars and field clover cultivars. AFLP markers identified two landrace clusters, containing three and four populations respectively, which, together with one additional landrace, may sufficiently represent the genetic variability of all eight landraces investigated. The results of this study strongly suggest that Swiss Mattenklee landraces form a genetically distinct group of red clover. The data obtained provide criteria on how to efficiently manage, preserve and exploit Mattenklee germplasm.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Semen parameters and level of microsatellite heterozygosity in Noriker draught horse stallions.

It was the aim of the present study to determine physiological values for different semen parameters in an endangered draught horse breed, the Austrian Noriker. Because small population size is often believed to cause a decrease in fertility and/or semen quality through inbreeding and a reduction in genetic variation, the general genomic heterogeneity of the breed was estimated on the basis of microsatellite variation and correlated to semen parameters. Semen could be collected from 104 of 139 stallions with semen collection being more often successful in younger stallions. Mean volume of ejaculates was 90.8+/-55.1 ml, density 243+/-114 x 10(6)ml(-1), total sperm count 21.0+/-23.7 x 10(9), percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa 38+/-18% and total motility 50+/-23%. Total sperm count and semen motility were significantly affected by age. Blood samples of 134 stallions were analysed for 12 microsatellite DNA markers. Genotypes of 110 stallions with at least 11 successfully typed markers were used for calculation of heterozygosity. A total of 82 alleles was identified with a mean of 6.8 alleles per marker. Heterozygosity varied between 35 and 76% for the different markers, mean heterozygosity was calculated to 63%. No correlation between heterozygosity and semen parameters was found.

Aging↗