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PubMed2004

Effects of bird age, density, and molt on behavioral profiles of two commercial layer strains in cages.

Two commercial strains, Hy-Line W-36 and DeKalb XL, were moved to a laying house at 18 wk of age. They were housed 6 hens/layer cage at 2 densities (361 and 482 cm2/bird) with 2 replications each per strain/density combination. The high-density treatment contained 24 hens/replication and the low-density treatment contained 18 hens/replication for a total of 168 hens. Production parameters were measured during the first egg production cycle, the molt period, and the first 4 wk of the second lay cycle (20 to 68 wk of age). Behavioral observations were taken during 2 consecutive d at 26, 34, 43, 51, 62, 64, and 68 wk of age to examine behavioral patterns. Modified Hansen's tests were conducted concurrently to provide indication of the fearfulness levels of hens at the various stages of production. The production characteristics were similar for both strains. The hens kept at the higher density had lower (P < 0.01) hen-day production and (P < 0.05) daily egg mass. Appetitive behaviors were not affected by strain or density but were affected by the age of the hen and by molting. During the molt, feeding and drinking behavioral acts were fewer (P < 0.05) at 0.018 and 0.013 acts per bird/min, respectively, and standing behavior was highest. The results indicated that the frequencies of pecking inedible objects during the molt period were similar to the frequencies at 26 and 34 wk. Hens performed more acts of standing, and crouching and had lower frequency of movement during the molt. Those kept at a low density performed more movement acts. Feather pecking decreased as hens aged and increased when they molted but was not affected by strain or density. The frequency of aggression and submissive acts was significantly lower during the molt period. Behaviors were affected by strain, density, bird age, and molting; however, the patterns and number of aggressive acts did not increase to compromise the welfare status of the hens. Behaviors during the molt appeared consistent with mechanisms for conservation of body reserves.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Drinking motives, alcohol expectancies, self-efficacy, and drinking patterns.

The current study focused on the associations between drinking motives, alcohol expectancies, self-efficacy, and drinking behavior in a representative sample of 553 Dutch adolescents and adults. Data were gathered by means of self-report questionnaires and a 14-days drinking diary. A model was postulated in which negative expectancies and self-efficacy were directly associated with drinking, and in which drinking motives mediated the associations between positive expectancies, and drinking. The findings of multivariate analyses showed that drinking motives were related to general indicators of drinking and to drinking levels in specific situations. Furthermore, self-efficacy was moderately related to all drinking variables. Negative expectancies were related to general drinking variables but hardly to drinking in specific situations. Positive expectancies were hardly related to drinking in multivariate analyses and therefore mediation models could not be tested. No systematic moderator effects were apparent for age and gender on the associations between drinking motives, alcohol expectancies, self-efficacy, and drinking.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Naltrexone utility in depressed alcoholics.

The aim of this open-label pilot study was to evaluate the utility of naltrexone (50 mg per day) in decreasing alcohol use and to examine its impact on depressive symptoms among depressed alcoholics who have failed to abstain from alcohol use despite treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Fourteen ambulatory care patients, aged 18 to 65 years, with DSM-III-R comorbid diagnoses of alcohol dependence and major depressive disorder, who failed to abstain despite treatment with an antidepressant medication were enrolled in the study. Patients were followed for 12 weeks with weekly assessment of drinking behavior, depressive symptoms, functioning, alcohol craving, and side effects. The results of this study indicated a significant decrease in alcohol use and in urges to drink alcohol in the presence of the usual triggers. There was also a trend suggesting improvement in depressive symptoms and overall functioning. Naltrexone was well tolerated, with mild side effects reported at the onset of treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Partial insomnia, hyperactivity and hyperdipsia induced by repeated administration of toluene in rats: their relation to brain monoamine metabolism.

In an attempt to examine chronic effects of toluene on sleep, spontaneous locomotor activity and drinking behavior, rats were repeatedly administered toluene i.p. at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 14 consecutive days. The 200-mg/kg injections induced a decrease in total sleep on Day 1, an increase in locomotor activity on Days 1 through 4 and an increase in drinking activity on Days 0 through 6 after discontinuation of the daily injections. Both the reduced sleep and the increased locomotor activity appeared during the light period, whereas the drinking activity increased during the dark period. In order to find neurochemical correlates of the toluene-induced changes in behavior, regional concentrations of brain monoamines and their metabolites were determined. The toluene-induced partial insomnia and hyperactivity were associated with lowered concentrations of serotonin in frontal cortex, hippocampus and midbrain and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in midbrain and hypothalamus. The increased drinking activity was associated with increased concentrations of striatal 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid and hypothalamic noradrenaline and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol. Central monoaminergic mechanisms were implicated in the toluene-induced partial insomnia, hyperactivity and hyperdipsia.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Common mechanisms of reinforcement from alcohol and other drugs.

Vulnerability to substance abuse is an important social and scientific issue. A critical aspect of this phenomenon is the degree to which individuals who abuse one substance are likely to abuse other substances. The extent to which several pharmacologically distinct drugs will come to serve as positive reinforcers within genetically defined subjects defines their community with respect to abuse liability. Questions in this area are directed at determining whether reinforcement from and abuse of alcohol and other drugs define variations within a single behavioral phenomenon, or whether reinforcement and abuse must be individually defined for each substance involved. Previous studies have shown that ethanol can be readily established as a positive reinforcer in LEWIS rats and C57BL/6J mice. In low ethanol preferring F344 rats, ethanol maintains significant but low levels of responding. Ethanol does not maintain behavior in BALB/cJ or DBA/2J mice. These genotypic patterns of reinforcement from ethanol appear to correlate highly with patterns of reinforcement from cocaine and opiates. Other studies suggest that some aspects of drug self-administration may be mediated in part by common dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms, and animals which differ in ethanol drinking behavior show substantial differences in parameters of serotonergic function. Thus, there may exist important genetic determinants of drug reinforced behavior.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Endorphins and experimental addiction.

Animal studies suggest that the endogenous opioid systems in the brain play an important role in the initiation and maintenance of drug dependence. Opioids in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) may be involved in rewarded behaviors and, consequently, in the initiation of drug self-administration that may be associated with addiction proneness. Opioids in the limbic forebrain are particularly implicated in subsequent drug self-administration, which may be associated with craving, maintenance, and relapse. Alcohol intake in monkeys is reduced after treatment with naltrexone in a graded, dose-dependent manner. Naltrexone also is associated with a greater decrease in alcohol consumption after imposed abstinence. These findings support the idea that endorphins play a role in alcohol-drinking behavior, particularly after a period of abstinence during the so-called catch-up phenomenon. Recent studies of recovering alcoholic patients provide evidence that opiate antagonists attenuate the craving for alcohol and decrease and/or postpone relapse into addictive behavior.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1987

Cross-cultural comparisons of Irish and American adolescent drinking practices and beliefs.

The drinking behavior and alcohol expectancies of 168 Irish adolescents aged 15-18 were compared with those of a group of American adolescents matched on age and sex. The Irish adolescents reported less frequent social drinking and less problematic drinking. However, unlike American adolescents, those Irish youth who did drink in a social, frequent manner also reported drinking-related problems Irish adolescents expect less social benefit, less improvement of cognitive and motor functioning and less sexual enhancement, but greater increase in aggression as a consequence of drinking. These findings are discussed as possible etiological clues to established differences between Irish adult drinking and drinking by adults in other countries.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1995

Children's perceptual responses to ingesting drinks of different compositions during and following exercise in the heat.

Twelve 9- to 12-year-old children performed four exercise-in-the-heat trials (35 degrees C, 45% RH), which differed in the fluids consumed. In each trial, subjects were kept euhydrated while cycling one 20-min and two 15-min bouts at 50% peak VO2 followed by a 90% peak VO2 bout until exhaustion. Thereafter, they could drink ab libitum while resting. One drink was water, and the other three drinks had 6% CHO with different Na+: 0, 8.8, and 18.5 mEq.L-1. All drinks had the same grape flavor. The perceived thirst was similar among trials and it did not increase while subjects were exercising. On average, subjects felt their stomach "somewhat full" with no difference among drinks. Thermal sensations, RPE, and overall comfort were similar among trials. During a 30-min recovery, volume intake was similar among drinks (201 +/- 27 ml). In conclusion, the drink composition did not affect perceptual responses to drinking while euhydrated children exercised in the heat, nor did it affect drinking behavior during recovery.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1992

Assessment of alcohol-related workplace activities: development and testing of "Your Workplace".

Alcohol-related workplace activities are assessed using a short, easy to administer, self-report instrument. Three scales--Adverse Effects of Drinking on Work Performance, Support for Consumption and Support for Abstinence--are derived from it. They have internal reliability, are independent of one another and have face validity as well as discriminant and convergent validities. Some evidence of predictive (criterion-related) validity is presented. Researchers seeking to assess the interrelationship between alcohol-related work factors and drinking behavior can apply this instrument to the task.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Alcohol use and risky sex among college students.

Undergraduates, 55 men and 151 women, completed a 13-item survey about drinking behavior and sexual activity. In general, men and women were similar in their behaviors. Despite recent efforts to promote AIDS awareness, it appears that both genders may be engaging in risky behavior. The results are discussed in terms of educational efforts aimed at AIDS prevention.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1998

Alcohol and aggression: general population views about causation and responsibility.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the public's perceptions about alcohol as a causal agent in aggressive behavior, and to assess how these beliefs are associated with notions of responsibility and the excuse-function of alcohol. In a 1995 probability survey, 994 adults across Ontario (50.3% female; mean age = 41.5, SD = 5.9) were asked questions about: alcohol-aggression expectancies; alcohol as an excuse; responsibility; personal drinking behavior; alcohol-aggression victimization; and demographics. Descriptive and regression analyses were conducted. Over three-quarters of respondents believed that alcohol is associated with aggression, with females, older respondents, those with less education, and those who do not drink heavily more likely to hold this view. A majority (92%) believed that an intoxicated person is responsible for any behavior, with very little subgroup variation. Analyses showed that the perception of alcohol as a causal agent was not associated with decreased personal responsibility attributions. In fact, the stronger the belief in the alcohol-aggression link, the more likely one was to hold the view that an intoxicated person is responsible for behavior. Beliefs that alcohol causes violence do not translate into the acceptance of intoxication as an excuse. Reasons as to why intoxication does not alleviate responsibility for the drunken actor--a result inconsistent with attribution theory--are discussed. The consistency of these results with the "New Temperance" movement in the United States is also discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Drinking patterns and drinking problems in 1984: results from a general population survey.

Findings on alcohol consumption and alcohol problems from a 1984 general population survey are presented and compared to previous survey findings. Eighteen percent of all men and 5% of all women were classified as frequent heavy drinkers; 6% of all men drinkers and 2% of all women drinkers reported that they got "drunk" as often as once per week or more. A system for measuring drinking problems, based largely on the work of Cahalan and Room, is presented and explained. As when interpreting any system of measuring drinking problems in a general population survey, readers must be aware that the resulting prevalence rates are strongly influenced by arbitrary decisions about where cutpoints should be drawn. With this caveat in mind, the results show that 9% of men drinkers and 4% of women drinkers reported problematic drinking behavior at what is defined as a moderate level of severity. Similarly, 14% of men drinkers and 6% of women drinkers reported adverse tangible consequences of drinking at a moderate level of severity. The age and sex distributions of drinking, heavy drinking, intoxication, and drinking problems were as expected, with greater proportions of men than women reporting these things and greater proportions of younger than older drinkers reporting them.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Youth alcohol use and risky sexual behavior: evidence from underage drunk driving laws.

Recent research calls into question previous methods for estimating the relationship between alcohol use and risky sexual behavior among youths [Rashad, I., Kaestner, R., 2004. Teenage sex, drugs and alcohol use: problems identifying the cause of risky behaviors. Journal of Health Economics 23, 493-503]. This paper provides new evidence on this question by using reductions in heavy alcohol use among underage males induced by state adoption of very strict age-targeted "Zero Tolerance" drunk driving laws. I estimate reduced form models of the effects of Zero Tolerance laws on state gonorrhea rates by age group and race over the period 1981-2000, controlling for state and year fixed effects and state-specific time trends. I find that adoption of a Zero Tolerance law was associated with a significant reduction in gonorrhea rates among 15-19-year-old white males, with no effect for slightly older males age 20-24 whose drinking behavior was unaffected by the tougher policies. I find mixed effects for white females and no significant effects for blacks. While not conclusive, these results suggest an important role for alcohol use in risky sexual behavior among young men.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Parenting and other influences on the alcohol use and emotional adjustment of children, adolescents, and emerging adults.

Five articles in a special section of Psychology of Addictive Behaviors are briefly reviewed. With samples spanning an age range of 6 years to college age, the 5 articles examine potential mediators and moderators of psychological adjustment and drinking behavior. These articles illustrate the potential contributions of gender, personality traits, motivational factors, environmental characteristics, and parenting styles on the alcohol use, consequences, and emotional adjustment of children, adolescents, and emerging adults. Strengths and limitations of the different designs and methods are discussed in relation to the specific findings and the potential insights the special section provides.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed1985

Intracerebroventricular injection of 125I-salmon calcitonin in rats: fate, anorexia and hypocalcemia.

Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of 19 pmol/rat or more of salmon calcitonin (sCT) or iodinated sCT suppressed spontaneous intake of food and water in a dose-dependent manner. Tail-whipping was a peculiar behavior which concomitantly developed, but no analgesia ensued from the doses tested (up to 62 pmol/rat). It was examined how the rise and fall pattern of these behavioral effects would correlate with the dispositional pattern of 125I-sCT. When the radioactive peptide was injected in anorectic doses via the i.c.v. route, the radioactivity was found to distribute throughout the brain, but not uniformly. In rats which showed a marked anorexia and tail-whipping behavior, distribution occurred in such a manner that it could be interpreted to reflect the regional and subcellular distribution pattern of sCT-specific binding sites. Even 3 hr after injection, the hypothalamus, the smallest region, retained the highest radioactivity corresponding to about 1% of the dose and at least one half of which was identified as the intact iodo-sCT. To be noted is the finding that sCT injected centrally will quickly enter the systemic circulation and peripherally induced long-lasting hypocalcemia, since the anorectic dose of sCT is considerably higher than the dose needed for the peripheral effect. It is concluded that most of the sCT after i.c.v. injection leaks into the systemic circulation, but the rest is retained rather selectively around the receptor in hypothalamic nuclei for a long time, leading to day-long suppression of feeding and drinking behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Legal control and alcohol in the United States and India.

Arrest data provide an index of public concern regarding alcohol-related activities of certain groups within a society. Any differences in these data may reflect the differences in the extent to which their conduct is viewed and reacted to as problematic behavior requiring legal control. In this paper we compare the official statistics regarding alcohol arrest data of adults and juveniles in the United States, India in general, and a "dry" Indian state, Tamil Nadu. The United States, India, and Tamil Nadu are similar in that the proportion of juveniles arrested for alcohol-related convictions compared to juveniles arrested for all offenses is about the same (i.e., 8%). But proportionately more of the young people, compared with adults, in the United States are subjected to arrest for liquor law violations, although a greater proportion of adults, compared to juveniles, are arrested for public drunkenness. In India generally, and Tamil Nadu in particular, juvenile vis-à-vis adult arrests for liquor law offenses are equal to their proportions in the population. That is, in contrast to India, alcohol law enforcement in the United States is specifically directed at regulating the drinking behavior of young people.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Effects of nicotine on ethanol dependence and brain damage.

Almost all alcoholics (80%-95%) smoke tobacco. When alcoholics binge, they achieve high, sustained blood alcohol levels, become physically dependent, and often suffer loss of cognition and other higher cortical functions. Nicotine could have a modulatory effect on ethanol drinking behavior and ethanol-induced brain damage through its cholinergic actions. To determine whether nicotine altered alcohol dependence, alcohol-induced brain damage, or both, a rat model of binge drinking was used to study the effects of nicotine on the alcohol withdrawal syndrome and its associated brain damage. After administration of the last dose of ethanol in a 4-day binge model, rats remained intoxicated for approximately 5 h, slowly returned to a neutral state, and entered a hyperexcited period, which peaked around 24 h and lasted a total of 60 h. Behavioral signs of withdrawal included splayed limbs, tremors, and seizures. Continuous transdermal nicotine did not alter the duration or severity of ethanol withdrawal. The 4-day binge ethanol treatment caused considerable brain damage in the perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, ventral dentate gyrus, and olfactory bulb as visualized with amino cupric silver stain. Nicotine alone caused little or no brain damage and did not markedly alter binge ethanol-induced damage in cortical or hippocampal regions. In the olfactory bulb, nicotine reduced ethanol-induced brain damage. Although results of other studies seem to indicate that nicotine increases alcohol consumption, our findings indicate that nicotine does not markedly change the development of alcohol dependence or alcohol-induced cortical damage.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗

PubMed1982

Effects of intravenous ethanol and of 4-methylpyrazole on alcohol drinking in alcohol-preferring rats.

Studies were undertaken to determine if elevated blood alcohol concentrations (BAC), produced by intravenous (IV) infusion of ethanol or by intraperitoneal (IP) administration of 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP), could reduce the free-choice oral alcohol consumption of adult male alcohol-preferring rats (P-rats). The IV infusion of ethanol either on a 24 or 12 (dark) hourly dose schedule reduced the amount of ethanol voluntarily ingested. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) inverse correlation between the amount of ethanol consumed orally and the amount of ethanol infused. Daily fluid and caloric intakes were not compromised. When the amount of ethanol infused was 85% or more of the control oral intake, there was a significant correlation between ethanol intake and tail-blood alcohol levels, taken at 5 min (r = 0.98; p less than 0.05) and 55 min (r = 0.93, p less than 0.05) after the last dark cycle infusion. Below the preinfusion level of 85%, the BAC were variable and did not correlate well with total ethanol intake. After a single IP injection of 4-MP, 90 mg/kg body wt, BAC increased from 10 mg% to 50-65 mg% for 2-3 days. Concomitant with the rise in BAC, these animals decreased their drinking of 10% ethanol and proportionately increased their water intake. The present studies suggest that pharmacological factors, distinct from orosensory cues, are important in regulating voluntary ethanol drinking behavior in the P-rats.

Alcohol Drinking↗