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At least 1,189 records · Page 66Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Cigarette smoking. Health effects and cessation strategies.

During the last 15 years substantial advances in the fields of analytical chemistry, behavioral pharmacology, neurologic sciences, and the behavioral sciences have produced new understanding and insight into why people smoke and how they can stop. These fundamental research efforts have now produced treatment strategies that have objectively documented success rates and that the physician can now implement in his office. Impressive as current results can be, when the physician is willing to spend appropriate and necessary time, effort, and energy, current research indicates that our basic neurochemical understanding of cigarette smoking should improve substantially and lead to even more effective treatment interventions in the next 10 years.

Affect↗
PubMed1993

The effects of tobacco sales promotion on initiation of smoking--experiences from Finland and Norway.

Norway and Finland were among the first countries to adopt a total ban on tobacco sales promotion. Such legislation came into force in Norway and Finland in 1975 and 1978 respectively. These two countries are sometimes referred to as illustrations that such legislation has been successfully used as a means to reduce tobacco consumption. Tobacco industry spokesmen seem to interpret available evidence in the opposite way and maintain that the prohibition has not contributed to reducing the use of tobacco. Among the publications referred to and misused by tobacco industry spokesmen are publications from the authors of the present report. The effects of a ban on advertising can only be properly examined after describing a reasonable conceptual model. Such a model has to take into account (i) other social and cultural predictors of smoking, (ii) tobacco sales promotion in the contexts of all other mass communication, (iii) control measures other than a ban, and (iv) the degree of success in implementing the ban on advertising. Like any other kind of mass communication tobacco advertising influences the individual in a rather complex way. Behaviour change may be regarded as the outcome of an interpersonal and intrapersonal process. Social science research on tobacco advertising and the effects of banning such advertising has a short history, most studies having been carried out in the late 1980s. After examining available evidence related to the effects of tobacco advertising on the smoking habits of adolescents we conclude as follows: the few scientifically valid reports available today give both theoretical and empirical evidence for a causal relationship. Tobacco sales promotion seems both to promote and to reinforce smoking among young people. The dynamic tobacco market represented by children and adolescents is probably the main target of tobacco sales promotion. In Finland, there have been few studies explicitly addressing the causal links between tobacco sales promotion and the smoking habits of adolescents. In Norway, no such studies have been carried out. If we examine the changes in the use of tobacco over time, the data available do not lend support to the conclusions drawn by the tobacco industry spokesmen. In Norway the prevalence of daily smokers was higher in 1975, when the ban on tobacco advertising came into force than either before or after. The strongest decrease in the prevalence of daily smokers took place during the first five-year period after the ban was introduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Instilling a soul in your organization without losing yours to it.

Health-care professionals are accustomed to struggling with ethical considerations brought about by advances in the medical sciences. How aware are these professionals of the ethical dilemmas created by advances in the management sciences? Deeply embedded in organizational and departmental changes are theories, paradigms, and philosophies that often are understood poorly even by their promoters. Although these system changes can occur at glacial speed, they also can be glacial in their effects on an organization's culture. Are individuals aware that the latest implemented management fad is changing their behaviors? By becoming mindful of the potential ramifications of change, individuals increase their ability to behave in a civil manner--that is, ethically choosing to embrace or resist the change. By acting within their own sphere of influence, civil individuals at all levels of the organization collectively instill a soul in their organization rather than losing their own souls to it. This article is adapted from a commencement speech presented to graduates of an executive health-care administration program. Most of these graduates were a mixture of hospital department heads, middle managers, and a few medical and hospital executives. Each year, I distribute my current version of this teaching note or mini-lecture to students completing my leadership class in hope that it will help them put in perspective the appropriate use of the management sciences they intensely study.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1980

Concept and implementation of a program for treatments and statistical or logical interrogations of a file: LOGIST.

LOGIST is a general program which can be used for the usual statistical interrogations and also for other basic operations such as a validity check, the transcoding and the listing of data essential to biomedicine and the human sciences. The objectives laid down for this program have enabled almost total transferability (using FORTRAN IV exclusively), simplicity in the interrogation language, clear presentation of results, reduction to a minimum of computer running time and working storage required and the facility for modification of program or addition of new sub-programs. All the possible statistical procedures have not been included yet but any such additions are quite simple. This program, despite its considerable size, can be satisfactorily used on a mini-computer. At present, it is installed on a Mitra 15 computer with a total memory capacity of 32 K words of 16 bits. Use with larger more powerful machines will increase its potential. Routine application to diverse problems (quality control of a file, transcoding, linking of data, etc....) is very satisfactory.

Computers↗
PubMed2002

Applying the science to the prevention of catheter-related infections.

BACKGROUND: Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI) remains a leading cause of nososcomial infection, despite the fact that many CR-BSIs are preventable. Simple principles of infection control and the use of novel devices to reduce these infections are not uniformly implemented. OBJECTIVE: To review and summarize the evidence that promotes strategies to prevent CR-BSIs. DATA SOURCES: The Medline database and bibliographies of review articles and book chapters were searched for relevant articles. STUDIES INCLUDED: In vitro and in vivo laboratory-based studies, controlled clinical trials, prospective interventional trials, and epidemiologic investigations. OUTCOME MEASURES: Reduction in CR-BSI, catheter colonization, tunnel infection, or local site infection. SYNTHESIS: The recommended prevention strategies with strong supportive evidence include educating and training of health care providers who insert and maintain catheters; using full barrier precautions during central venous catheter insertion; using a 2% chlorhexidine preparation for skin antisepsis; eliminating the practice of scheduled replacement of central venous catheters for prevention of infection; and using antiseptic/antibiotic impregnated short-term central venous catheters. CONCLUSION: Simple interventions can reduce the risk for serious catheter-related infection. Health care provider awareness and adherence to these prevention strategies is critical to reducing the risk for CR-BSI, improving patient safety, and promoting quality health care.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2000

Transgenic plants and biosafety: science, misconceptions and public perceptions.

One usually thinks of plant biology as a non-controversial topic, but the concerns raised over the biosafety of genetically modified (GM) plants have reached disproportionate levels relative to the actual risks. While the technology of changing the genome of plants has been gradually refined and increasingly implemented, the commercialization of GM crops has exploded. Today's commercialized transgenic plants have been produced using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation or gene gun-mediated transformation. Recently, incremental improvements of biotechnologies, such as the use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a selectable marker, have been developed. Non-transformation genetic modification technologies such as chimeraplasty will be increasingly used to more precisely modify germplasm. In spite of the increasing knowledge about genetic modification of plants, concerns over ecological and food biosafety have escalated beyond scientific rationality. While several risks associated with GM crops and foods have been identified, the popular press, spurred by colorful protest groups, has left the general public with a sense of imminent danger. Reviewed here are the risks that are currently under research. Ecological biosafety research has identified potential risks associated with certain crop/transgene combinations, such as intra- and interspecific transgene flow, persistence and the consequences of transgenes in unintended hosts. Resistance management strategies for insect resistance transgenes and non-target effects of these genes have also been studied. Food biosafety research has focused on transgenic product toxicity and allergenicity. However, an estimated 3.5 x 10(12) transgenic plants have been grown in the U.S. in the past 12 years, with over two trillion being grown in 1999 and 2000 alone. These large numbers and the absence of any negative reports of compromised biosafety indicate that genetic modification by biotechnology poses no immediate or significant risks and that resulting food products from GM crops are as safe as foods from conventional varieties. We are increasingly convinced that scientists have a duty to conduct objective research and to effectively communicate the results--especially those pertaining to the relative risks and potential benefits--to scientists first and then to the public. All stakeholders in the technology need more effective dialogues to better understand risks and benefits of adopting or not adopting agricultural biotechnologies.

Culture Techniques↗
PubMed2003

Setting dietary guidance: the Canadian experience.

This article outlines processes underlying recent dietary guidance in Canada. In 1977, Nutrition Recommendations for Canadians were adapted from the Report of the Committee on Diet and Cardiovascular Disease. In the late 1980s, as science revealed new relationships between dietary patterns and chronic disease, the unified front of consistent dietary guidelines began to crumble when researchers and health organizations began to provide "unique" dietary advice. Evolution in health promotion concepts during this time, combined with the need for updated dietary guidance, influenced Health Canada to appoint two advisory committees in 1987. The Scientific Review Committee was charged with describing the dietary pattern that would supply recommended levels of essential nutrients while reducing risk of chronic disease, resulting in updated Nutrition Recommendations. The Communications and Implementation Committee translated the scientific recommendations into dietary advice for the public, leading to Canada's Guidelines to Healthy Eating. From this process, Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating emerged. The development of the Dietary Reference Intakes has resulted in updated nutrient requirement values and better tools for dietary assessment and planning. Health Canada recognizes the need to ensure alignment with this updated science through continuing leadership in defining and communicating accurate dietary guidance for Canada.

Canada↗
PubMed2004

Mapping subsets of scholarly information.

We illustrate the use of machine learning techniques to analyze, structure, maintain, and evolve a large online corpus of academic literature. An emerging field of research can be identified as part of an existing corpus, permitting the implementation of a more coherent community structure for its practitioners.

Computers↗
PubMed2005

Nutrition education in Chilean primary schools.

The purpose of this study was to incorporate nutrition education in Chilean primary schools. The baseline information included nutritional status, food consumption and physical activity of 1701 children from 3rd to 7th grade in ten urban and rural schools. Main results showed a high prevalence of obesity (15.4%) and overweight (19.6%), low consumption of vegetables, fruits, and dairy products, high intake of snacks and a low level of physical activity, especially in girls. Because the Ministry of Education does not allow the incorporation of new programs into the curriculum, the educational strategy was based on the development of a text book, a teacher's guide, five practical guides for students from third to eighth grade and a CD-Rom. These materials were validated by 36 teachers in six schools through an educational intervention. Teachers and students considered the educational materials useful, motivational and easy to understand. This program is being implemented in 57 schools.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Empowering home care nurses through education.

The recent increase in specialized patient care creates a need to produce well-rounded home care nurses who are able to provide quality holistic care to their patients. Empowering the nursing staff to provide this care generates the need to develop creative modes of teaching and updating patient assessment skills. One visiting nurse association implemented a two-day nursing skills lab to achieve this goal.

Holistic Health↗
PubMed2006

Frequency of feeding enrichment and response of laboratory nonhuman primates to unfamiliar people.

Although environmental enhancement plans for nonhuman primates vary between facilities, feeding enrichment represents a component of most programs. As part of a facility's feeding enrichment program, offering hand-fed food items by trained staff provides an opportunity for positive human interaction. We hypothesized that increased implementation of such enrichment would be associated with increased likelihood of a monkey accepting a hand-fed treat from a stranger. Several species of monkeys were tested at the Tulane National Primate Research Center. In 2002 and 2005, we recorded the number of caged monkeys that accepted a treat tablet from an unfamiliar person within 10 s. We compared the frequency of caretaker-implemented feeding enrichment documented for each animal room during the month proceeding data collection with the proportion of animals within the room that accepted the treat from the stranger. In 2002, 29.8% of the 500 subjects accepted the treat from the unfamiliar person. The proportion of animals that accepted the treat was significantly correlated with the number of days during which feeding enrichment had been implemented. In 2005, feeding enrichment frequency had increased by 76%, and 53.4% of the 676 subjects accepted the treat. These findings suggest that this simple form of enrichment may improve monkeys' responses to unfamiliar people, and that it holds promise as a method for mediating the stress imposed by human activity in animal rooms. In addition, a stranger's treat-feeding attempts may be a useful indicator of an institution's implementation of their environmental enrichment program.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1995

The nurse's role in giving nutritional advice.

Nurses are ideally placed to advise on nutrition and diet. Using the principles of the nursing process, nurses can assess clients, plan and help them implement changes in diet and evaluate the results. Everyday language should be used and practical advice must be given.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

The science, fiction, and reality of embryo cloning.

Although many scientists view cloning as a useful procedure for scientific research into early embryo development -- one that cannot currently be used to produce multiple copies of humans -- the popular literature has led some individuals to view it as sinister. To address the concerns of the public, various conceptions of cloning are distinguished and their basis in fact analyzed. The possible uses, benefits, and detriments of both embryo splitting and nuclear transplantation are explained. Once the nature and purposes of cloning are understood, and the distinctive ethical dilemmas created by embryo splitting and nuclear transplantation are sorted out, these procedures should be clinically implemented to assist in vitro fertilization treatment for those who are infertile and to further other therapeutic and investigational efforts in medicine.

Animal Experimentation↗
PubMed1996

[Implementation of international scientific and technological projects in the study of consequences of the Chernobyl AES accident].

The paper discusses the approaches and scientific and organizational principles used in the development of some International research projects in the study of consequences of the Chernobyl accident, which are under way by Russia's Ministry of Science and Engineering Policy. Special attention is given to sociomedical aspects and the possibilities of defining an individual medical policy while working with the liquidators and the members of their families.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Application of neural networks to pharmacodynamics.

Neural networks (NN) are computational systems implemented in software or hardware that attempt to simulate the neurological processing abilities of biological systems. A synopsis is presented of the operational characteristics, structures, and applications of NN. The NN technology has primarily been aimed at recognition science (e.g., handwriting, voice, signal, picture, image, pattern, etc.). It is pointed out that NN may also be particularly suitable to deal with pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) systems, especially in cases such as multivariate PK/PD population kinetics when the systems are so complex that modeling by a conventional structured model building technique is very troublesome. The main practical advantage of NN is the intrinsic ability to closely emulate virtually any multivariate system, including nonlinear systems, independently of structural/physiologic relevance. Thus, NN are most suitable to model the behavior of complex kinetic systems and unsuitable to model the structure. In a practical sense, this structure limitation may be inconsequential because NN in its multivariate formulation may consider any physiologic, clinical, or population variable that may influence the kinetic behavior. The application of NN in PD is demonstrated in terms of the ability of an NN to predict, by extrapolation, the central nervous system (CNS) activity of alfentanil. The drug was infused by a complex computer-controlled infusion scheme over 180 min with simultaneous recording of the CNS effect quantified by a fast Fourier transform power spectrum analysis. The NN was trained to recognize (emulate) the drug input-drug effect behavior of the PD system with the input-effect data for the 180 min as a training set.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alfentanil↗
PubMed1988

Three mass media campaigns to prevent adolescent cigarette smoking.

This article describes behavioral science theory and formative research used to develop television and radio campaigns for preventing the initiation of cigarette smoking among adolescents. It also presents the content and form of the messages, the plans, and the costs for national implementation of the campaigns.

Adolescent↗