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PubMed1979

Inability of passively acquired antibody to protect lambs against experimental pasteurellosis.

An experimental model of pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep was used to investigate the role of serum antibody in resistance to this disease. Lambs which had been vaccinated with a sodium salicylate extract of Pasteurella haemolytica type A1 were protected against challenge with PI3 virus followed by P. haemolytica type A1 7 days later. The majority of untreated lambs and lambs which had received either 200 ml of antiserum to P. haemolytica or 200 ml of control serum intraperitoneally 18 h before infection with P. haemolytica type A1 succumbed to the challenge. Lymphocytes from vaccinated lambs showed a specific proliferative response when exposed to P. haemolytica type A1 sodium salicylate extract, and this response increased after exposure of these animals to P. haemolytica type A1 in aerosol. The results indicate that the humoral immune response alone is incapable of affording protection against experimental pasteurellosis and that cell-mediated immunity may play an important part in resistance to this disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Mycoplasmas and acholeplasmas isolated from ducks and their possible association with pasteurellas.

Two hundred and sixty-three cases of clinically diseased ducks of all ages were examined for the presence of mycoplasmas. Mycoplasmas and acholeplasmas belonging to more than eight serogroups were cultured from 68 of them, and comprised 12 M anatis, one M columbinasale, two M gallinaceum, two M gallinarum, nine M synoviae, three unidentified Mycoplasma species, 37 Acholeplasma laidlawii and one unclassified acholeplasma belonging to each of serogroups 7 and 8. They were identified by biochemical characterisation, disc growth inhibition and agar gel diffusion tests. Fifty-three (78 per cent) of the isolates occurred with species of Pasteurella: 33.8 per cent with Pasteurella anatipestifer, 32.4 per cent with P multocida and 11.8 per cent with both P anatipestifer and P multocida. Nine of the isolates (13.2 per cent) were in pure culture and six (8.8 per cent) with other agents. Of the ducks negative for mycoplasmas 33.3 per cent were infected with P anatipestifer, 25.1 per cent with P multocida and 14.4 per cent with both P anatipestifer and P multocida. There was no correlation between the infections with mycoplasmas and P anatipestifer but there was a weak association between the infections with mycoplasmas, especially M anatis and P multocida.

Acholeplasma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The masked rat. An X-ray induced mutant with chronic blepharitis, alopecia, and pasteurellosis.

An autosomal recessive mutation had been previously X-ray-induced in the rat and named the masked rat (genotype mk/mk). This study describes the mutant's appearance, histology, and microflora. The rat's eyelids were swollen, often to the point of closure, and its face was partially covered by a brownish crust, giving the mutant a mask-like appearance. The chronic blepharitis was also accompanied by alopecia that appeared as bare patches across the mutant's back. Pasteurella pneumotropica was found in eyelids and on skin from all masked rats. The normal rat demonstrated a resistance to Pasteurella pneumotropica infection, or, conversely, the masked rat appeared to be genetically predisposed to pasteurellosis.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1987

Stress diminishes infiltration and oxygen metabolism of phagocytic cells in calves.

The influences of a stress situation on the phagocytic cell function before and after infection with Pasteurella haemolytica were measured in calves. No differences in phagocytic and metabolic activity of alveolar macrophages (AMs) were observed in vitro between cells isolated from stressed and nonstressed animals. The uptake of bacteria and the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) did not differ. However, the production of superoxide by PMNs isolated from stressed animals was significantly diminished as compared to control PMNs. The stressed and six of the nine control calves were then infected intrabronchially with P. haemolytica. Phagocytic cell function was again evaluated after three days. The lavage fluid obtained from the lungs of the infected animals contained about three times more PMNs and six times more AMs as compared to the lavage fluid of the control calves. However, the increase in phagocytic cell numbers was less by half in the calves infected after the stress period. No differences were detected in phagocytic and metabolic activity of PMNs and AMs among control, infected, and stressed and infected calves. However, the chemotactic activities of PMNs obtained from infected stressed and infected nonstressed animals were diminished as compared to control PMNs. In conclusion, the metabolic responsiveness of PMNs is diminished and the accumulation of phagocytic cells at a site of infection is reduced after a stress period.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in experimental production of bovine respiratory tract disease.

Fourteen 6-month-old calves were infected with Pasteurella haemolytica or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus. Four calves were inoculated sequentially with IBR virus followed by P haemolytica at a 5-day interval. Calves were inoculated by allowing them to inhale an aerosol of the organism or by placing an inoculum in the right lung, using fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Clinical signs of infection were recorded, and the calves, if they survived, were killed and necropsied 3 days after inoculation with P haemolytica (or 8 days after inoculation with IBR virus). The extent of pulmonary lesions was determined, and the lower respiratory tract (lungs and lower trachea) was examined for both organisms. Inoculation of the calves by aerosolization with IBR virus alone resulted in mild respiratory tract disease. Mild-to-moderately severe respiratory tract disease developed as a result of sequential inoculations by aerosolization with IBR virus and P haemolytica. However, respiratory tract disease did not develop in calves exposed by aerosol to P haemolytica alone. Large numbers of these organisms were recovered from the lower respiratory tract of the dually inoculated calves, only indicating delayed pulmonary clearance. Mild clinical signs of disease but substantial, though localized, pneumonic lesions developed in calves inoculated with P haemolytica by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Calves inoculated with IBR virus by the latter procedure developed moderately severe respiratory tract disease involving 25% to 30% of the total lung volume. Lesions occurred mainly in the right lung, but the left lung also had marked lesions in these calves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aerosols↗
PubMed1995

Case report: Pasturella multocida empyema.

Pasturella multocida is a species of small, bipolar staining coccobacillus residing, saprophytically, in the oropharynx of many domestic and wild animals. Infection or cellulitis caused by Pasturella multocida most often occurs after a dog bite or cat bite.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis from a cat bite.

A 39-year-old man with no prior history of underlying arthritis developed osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in his hand following a cat bite. This case illustrates the virulence of Pasteurella multocida infections associated with animal bites, particularly those of cats, whose teeth can inoculate bone directly. The onset of cellulitis caused by P. multocida infections is often rapid, and the drug of choice for such infections remains penicillin. Appropriate antibiotic therapy, however, does not always prevent complications such as those seen in this patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Isolation of a retrovirus and a herpesvirus from a captive California sea lion.

A non-oncogenic retrovirus was isolated from an explanted skin biopsy from a captive California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) with a history of recurring skin lesions. The morphology of the viral particles in electron photomicrographs was characteristic of a foamy virus, a retrovirus in the subfamily Spumavirinae. Viral cytopathic effects consistent with foamy virus infection were observed in subsequent explants of skin and lymph nodes and co-cultivated peripheral blood leukocytes. The sea lion with the persistent foamy virus infection later died from pericarditis caused by Pasteurella multocida. A herpesvirus was isolated from explants of lung.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Exposure of calves to aerosols of parainfluenza-3 virus and Pasteurella haemolytica.

The present study was undertaken to investigate whether sequential exposure to aerosols of parainfluenza-3 virus followed by Pasteurella haemolytica, or P. haemolytica followed by parainfluenza-3 virus, could lead to the production of pulmonary lesions in conventionally-raised calves. Twenty male calves with low serum antibody titres to both organisms were placed in five equal groups. Synergism of parainfluenza-3 virus and P. haemolytica was not demonstrated in any of the sequentially infected groups and pulmonary lesions were mild in all challenged calves. Clinical signs of disease were not present after exposure to parainfluenza-3 virus although the virus was repeatedly isolated from nasal secretions of all inoculated calves. Exposure to P. haemolytica produced a transient response which consisted of increased rectal temperatures and respiratory rates, with a mild neutrophilic leukocytosis and a mild left shift present six hours postinoculation and returning to normal within 24 hours. Results from this study suggest, although do not confirm, that reduced pulmonary clearance of inhaled P. haemolytica in parainfluenza-3 virus infected calves does not necessarily lead to production of severe pulmonary lesions and that previous exposure to aerosols of P. haemolytica may not enhance secondary parainfluenza-3 virus infection.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2002

Taxonomic subgroups of Pasteurella multocida correlate with clinical presentation.

Pasteurella multocida is a small nonmotile gram-negative coccobacillus that is found in the nasopharynx and gastrointestinal tract of many wild and domesticated animals. In humans it most commonly causes cellulitis and localized superficial skin abscesses following an animal bite or scratch. The respiratory tract is the second most common site of infection for PASTEURELLA: Of the more than 17 species of Pasteurella known, Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida and Pasteurella multocida subsp. septica are among the most common pathogens in humans. With the use of molecular techniques, distinction between different subspecies of P. multocida can be made more easily and accurately. We used the sequence of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-PCR (REP-PCR) to characterize 20 strains (14 of P. multocida subsp. multocida and 6 of P. multocida subsp. septica; the 16S rDNA is identical for P. multocida subsp. multocida and Pasteurella multocida subsp. gallicida but differs from that of P. multocida subsp. septica) isolated from various anatomic sites. We found excellent correlation between the 16S rDNA sequence (a marker for a small conserved region of the genome), REP-PCR (a marker for a large portion of the genome), and biochemical tests (trehalose and sorbitol). We also found a correlation between the clinical presentation and the taxonomic group, with P. multocida subsp. septica more often associated with wounds than with respiratory infections (67 versus 17%, respectively) (P < 0.05, Z test) and P. multocida subsp. multocida more often associated with respiratory infections than with wounds (71 versus 14%, respectively) (P < 0.05, Z test).

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of Pasteurella spp. strains isolated from human infections.

This report describes the distribution of species and capsular groups in a collection of 143 strains of Pasteurella recovered from human patients. The organism isolated most frequently was Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida. As in animals, most of the group A strains were recovered from the respiratory tract. The distribution of species in relation to the animal source suggests that P. multocida subsp. multocida is more infective than other Pasteurella species or subspecies for man.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Growth of Pasteurella multocida in vaccinated and normal mice.

Specific pathogen-free CD-1 mice are highly susceptible to infection by Pasteurella multocida strain 5A whether introduced intravenously, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, or aerogenically. The growth of the challenge organism in the blood, liver, spleen, lung, and peritoneal cavity was quantitated hourly for up to 12 h. Unvaccinated mice died 9 to 12 h after intravenous challenge due to the uncontrolled growth of the organism in all tissues tested. The rate of removal of the bacteria from the blood and of phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages was extremely slow. In the absence of specific opsonins, more than 90% of the unopsonized challenge inoculum remained in the extracellular growth phase throughout the challenge period. Vaccination of mice with two doses of 10(8) heat-killed (60 C for 60 min) P. multocida given 7 days apart protected the mice against 100 to 1,000 lethal challenge doses. Survival data and growth curves obtained for both actively and passively immunized mice indicated that a humorally mediated immune mechanism was involved. Peak resistance to challenge occurred 21 to 28 days after the mice received the second dose of antigen, and this correlated with an 8- to 16-fold increase in specific agglutinin titers over the same time. Resistance to aerogenic challenge by vaccinated mice was less effective than when other routes of infection were used. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1987

Specific antibody response to Pasteurella multocida.

Six patients with culturally proven Pasteurella multocida infection were evaluated serologically. The infections were 1 foot abscess, 1 septicemia, 3 bronchitis and 1 bronchopneumonia. Most of them were elderly women closely exposed to pets or domestic animals. The serotypes of the strains were determined in 5 cases (3 A3, 2 A7). Specific antibodies against capsular and somatic antigens of P. multocida were determined by indirect hemagglutination and agglutination respectively. The antibodies were strictly directed against the capsular and somatic specificities of the isolated strain. The range of the serum antibody titers were 20 to 2,560 to capsular antigens and 5 to 640 to somatic antigens within 2 weeks after the first clinical signs of infection. Several months after successful treatment, the capsular antibodies were lower while the somatic antibodies had almost disappeared. These findings suggest a good sensitivity for these serologic methods in active cases. Declining antibody titers follow healing. Cross-reactivity of the serologic tests with other bacteria was not observed. Serologic diagnosis of P. multocida infections is a possible alternative to direct diagnosis when cultures are negative or when unusual localizations must be confirmed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Pelvic inflammatory pseudotumor with central infectious abscess: a case report.

Inflammatory pseudotumors (IPT) are a fascinating group of lesions which involve almost all organs and tissues of the body. The clinical manifestations are diverse. Final diagnosis can only be made by meticulous microscopic examination of different areas of the tumor. A 60 year-old woman had a pelvic IPT with central infectious abscess. The lesion involved her urinary bladder, mesentery, terminal ileum, right rudimentary ovary and the abdominal wall. It mimicked malignant tumor clinically, and led to total surgical excision. Early follow-up has shown a favorable results. IPTs are extremely uncommon. The characteristic pathologic picture is a reparative fibroblastic tissue infiltrated by polymorphic inflammatory cells. Pelvic IPT, admixed with central infectious abscess, is even rarer. Prior pelvic surgery and pasteurella hemolytica infection might be causative factors in this reported case.

Abdominal Abscess↗
PubMed1984

Formulation of an effective Pasteurella multocida vaccine for sheep.

An effective vaccine for the immunization of sheep against Pasteurella multocida infection was prepared from P. multocida Strain D4 (Type D) and a selected strain of P. multocida Type A. Provided an adequate concentration of bacteria was used, the vaccine thus formulated induced antibodies in sheep that protected mice not only against the vaccine strains but also against infection by a number of heterologous Type A and Type D strains as well as untypable strains. A locally prepared A1(OH)3 gel was found to be an effective adjuvant.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗