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PubMed2006

Teachers' perceptions of remediation possibilities of Dutch students in special education.

BACKGROUND: Research suggests that referral practices of teachers in regular education are not only affected by the level of learning difficulties but also by student behaviour and the level of students' parental involvement in education. It was hypothesized that teachers maintain a notion of the 'ideal' student, who has relatively good academic skills, is well behaved and has highly involved parents. AIMS: The main question of this study was whether special-education teachers' perceptions regarding remediation possibilities are similarly affected by student behaviour and the level of students' parental involvement. SAMPLE: Nineteen experienced Dutch school teachers in special education each evaluated four students: two with relatively high and two with relatively low academic performance. METHODS: Three questionnaires to assess learning difficulties, behavioural problems and the level of parental involvement were developed. RESULTS: Teachers' perceptions of remediation possibilities were related to the severity of the learning difficulties and academic skill. Academic skill, in turn, was strongly related to the perception of the children's behavioural problems and parental involvement, which, in turn, links the perception of remediation possibilities indirectly to children's behavioural problems and parental involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Special education teachers may also hold an image of the 'ideal' student. Students with high academic achievement levels are perceived as having fewer behavioural problems and more highly involved parents than students with low academic achievement levels. Whether this is due to justified or unjustified teachers' perceptions is a matter for future research. What is important is that stereotyping of students (justly or not) poses a serious problem for the Dutch reintegration policy.

Achievement↗

PubMed2006

Perceptions of empathic accuracy and assumed similarity in the coach-athlete relationship.

Drawing upon the methodology developed by Kenny and Acitelli (2001), this study examined empathic accuracy and assumed similarity in both parties' perceptions of coach-athlete relationships. One hundred and twenty-one coaches and athletes reported on their direct-perceptions and meta-perceptions of closeness, commitment and complementarity (3 Cs; Jowett & Cockerill, 2002), and of satisfaction with instruction, performance and external agents. There was evidence of both empathic accuracy and assumed similarity in coaches' and athletes' perceptions. Athletes were more accurate in identifying the specific content of their coaches' feelings in terms of closeness. Athletes and coaches from newly developed relationships displayed higher levels of empathic accuracy, whereas female athletes displayed higher levels of assumed similarity. Moreover, evidence suggested that athletes' and coaches' assumed similarity led to more accurate perceptions. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Living with Huntington's disease: Illness perceptions, coping mechanisms, and patients' well-being.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the illness perceptions and coping mechanisms of patients with Huntington's disease (HD), and to assess their role in the well-being of these individuals. DESIGN: A single group, cross-sectional study. METHODS: In 77 individuals with a clinically confirmed diagnosis of HD, illness perceptions, coping mechanisms, motor and cognitive performance, and well-being were assessed by means of questionnaire-guided interviews, and subjected to correlational analyses, t-tests and two-stage regression analyses. RESULTS: HD patients' illness perceptions were characterized by a strong illness identity, combined with beliefs about a long duration of HD, perceived negative consequences for their daily lives, and little hope for cure or improvement of their symptoms. In turn, the coping strategies that HD patients reported adopting to deal with their disease were comparable with those adopted by reference individuals dealing with everyday life stressful situations. Where the well-being of HD patients is concerned, compared with Dutch community sample, HD patients scored significantly lower on measures of physical well-being and general health. Both illness perceptions and coping mechanisms were significant predictors of patients' well-being. CONCLUSIONS: More systematic research within a health psychology framework is justified in order to assess the role of illness perceptions and coping mechanisms in the well-being of HD patients.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Perceptions of stress and coping strategies among adults with mild mental retardation: insight into psychological distress.

Stress, coping, perceptions of control, and psychological distress of 88 adults with mild mental retardation were assessed. Stressful interpersonal interactions and concerns over personal competencies occurred most frequently. Frequency and stress impact were positively associated with a composite score of psychological distress. Active coping was associated with less psychological distress than distraction or avoidant coping. Perceptions of control were positively related to active coping and negatively related to avoidant coping. Active coping was related to less psychological distress when used with perceptions of high control than with perceptions of low control. Decreasing opportunities for stress and increasing accurate perceptions of control and subsequently active coping may reduce psychological distress among people with mild mental retardation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Perception of racial barriers to health care in the rural South.

We assessed how commonly people in the rural South perceive racial barriers to care, the characteristics of the people among whom this perception is most common and whether this perception is associated with satisfaction with and use of health services. We analyzed telephone survey data collected in 2002-3, using weighted statistical techniques and multivariate logistic regression in analyses stratified by race. Fifty-four percent of African Americans and 23% of Whites reported that they perceive racial barriers to care in their communities. African Americans who were middle-aged or older, male, or who report being in good-to-excellent health were more likely to perceive racial barriers. Whites who were younger, less educated, and uninsured were more likely than other Whites to perceive racial barriers. For African Americans, perceptions of racial barriers were associated with lower likelihood of being satisfied with care, but not with use of preventive services. The perception of racial barriers to health care is prevalent in the rural South, especially among African Americans. The consequences of this perception may include mistrust and dissatisfaction with medical care.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

ADA members weigh in on perceptions of the ADA and association priorities.

BACKGROUND: The American Dental Association conducted the 2000 Membership Needs and Opinions Survey to evaluate the professional needs and personal perceptions of ADA members on selected topics. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to a sample of 6,310 ADA members in January 2000 with follow-up mailings in February, March and April 2000. Data collection was completed in July 2000. The survey included questions on critical professional issues, perceptions of the American Dental Association and its priorities. A total of 3,558 surveys were received for an adjusted response rate of 59.5 percent. Only professionally active dentists who were ADA members were included in the sampling frame. RESULTS: Members evaluated statements about the American Dental Association, revealing their perceptions of the ADA on key issues. Findings showed strong support for the ADA Seal program, agreement that the ADA enhances the integrity and ethics of the profession and that the ADA is the premier professional association for dentists. Findings also provided information regarding the relative importance of ADA priorities by allocating "dues dollars" in $5 increments. The highest priorities were "providing continuing education to dentists," "lobbying members of Congress and federal regulatory agencies" and "influencing national public health policy." CONCLUSIONS: ADA members, both new and established dentists, had positive perceptions of the Association and its programs. Although there was general agreement between these groups concerning ADA priorities, there was a substantial difference between some subgroups (especially graduate students and federally employed dentists) and the overall membership on the issue of changes in the licensure process to facilitate dentists' freedom of movement. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The Association should continue to take into account the membership's perceptions of the ADA and its priorities, as well as note issues of special interest to selected membership subgroups, in the planning and implementation of Association activities.

American Dental Association↗

PubMed2003

[Influence of body size on the electric current perception threshold].

Although the threshold for electric current perception is of great importance for safety considerations and safety regulations, important aspects remain unsolved, e.g. the role of age or body size. In the present study measurements of the perception threshold were performed in 790 persons aged between 18 and 82 years randomly selected from the general population. For the first time, the composition and size of the sample were selected such as to allow extrapolation to the general population. The results reveal not only statistically significant gender differences in the perception threshold but also statistically significant relationships between perception threshold and body size. The assumption that the differences in body size between men and women are responsible for the gender-specific difference in electric current perception threshold was not confirmed in this study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Undergraduate student and faculty perceptions of problem drinking.

Using a questionnaire, 487 students and 155 faculty members at two midwestern undergraduate colleges were surveyed to learn the factors that affect perceptions of problem drinking. Multivariate analysis of variance showed perceptions to be significantly related to respondents' drinking habits. Multivariate analyses of covariance, with respondents' drinking as the covariate, revealed significant differences in perceptions between faculty and students and between male and female students. The gender of the questionnaire's target individual also affected perceptions. The results replicate and expand on findings explicating the role of demographic and cognitive factors in the perception of drinking.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[Self-perception of oral health status by the elderly].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the self-perception of oral health status of the elderly and to analize the clinics, subjectives and sociodemographic factors that interfer in this perception. METHODS: Results are based on interviews and clinical assessment of 201 subjects aged 60 years and over, who were dentate, functionally independents and used to go to a health care center in the town of Araraquara, SP, Brazil. A questionnaire with questions about social characteristics of the sampled population, their oral health status self-perception and the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) was applied. All subject underwent a clinical examination to determine the prevalence of the main oral diseases. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the association between social and clinic variables, and the GOHAI index with their oral health self-perceptions. In addition, analyses were made to identify self-assessment predictors. RESULTS: The clinical examination revealed that dental caries and periodontal disease had a significant prevalence, though 42.7% of the sample assessed their oral health status as regular. Social class, the GOHAI index, and the decayed and missing teeth were all associated with the self-assessment. The multivariate analysis showed that the self-assessment predictors were the GOHAI index, missing teeth and Community Periodontal Index and Treatment Needs index. These predictors accounted for 30% of the self-assessment variability. CONCLUSIONS: As the oral health self-perception had minor influence on the clinical conditions, developing educational and preventive actions for the elderly population are recommended.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Suggestion of an inverse relationship between perception of occupational risks and work-related injuries.

Worker perception of risk influences worker behavior and consequently exposure to risks. However, an inverse relationship between perception of occupational risks and work-related injuries has not yet been clearly established. A matched case-control was performed aiming to investigate possible differences in perception of occupational risks between workers who had suffered occupational injuries and those who had not. Cases were defined as all 93 workers from a large metallurgical factory in southeastern Brazil, who had suffered occupational injuries during the year 1996. Controls were 372 workers who had not suffered occupational injuries, matched on the basis of the factory sector and jobs performed. Assessment of occupational risk perception was performed by asking the workers to fill out a questionnaire consisting of questions on specific risks related to problems in work relations, work per se, and mode of production. The findings suggest that the degree of perception that workers with occupational injuries have of some occupational risks is lower than that of their non-injured coworkers.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed2004

[Methodology for the elaboration of an Organizational Perceptions Index].

This article presents the methodological basis for elaborating an Organizational Perceptions Index. The tool allows one to grasp the perceptions of organization members and solve some problems identified in the process. It is assumed that perceptions are the result of individual and collective subjectivities, the latter referring to culturally-bounded, socially-constructed representations. The Organizational Perceptions Index expresses the positive or negative perceptions of organization members and integrates data related to four organizational dimensions: infra-structure, management, environment, and culture. The methodology integrates research data in an evaluation tool, with the aim of orienting interventions and monitoring changes over time.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2006

Self-esteem, parent-child interaction, emotional support, and self-perception among Thai undergraduate nursing students.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of parent-child interaction on self-esteem as mediated by emotional support and self-perception among undergraduate nursing students in Thailand. This study recruited 307 Thai baccalaureate nursing students who completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Ross Parent-Child Interaction Questionnaire, Emotional Support instrument, and Self-Perception questionnaire. Results revealed that the students reported relatively high self-esteem. A path model demonstrated the positive effect of parent-child interaction on emotional support and self-perception, and the positive effects of emotional support and self-perception on self-esteem. Self esteem was powerfully predicted from emotional support and moderately predicted from self-perception. These variables account for 37% of the variance in self esteem.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The vibratory perception threshold in young diabetic patients: associations with glycemia and puberty.

The vibratory perception threshold, an indicator of sensory neuropathy, was measured in young type I diabetic patients (N = 55) and nondiabetic control subjects (N = 34) of similar age. Values were significantly higher in the diabetic patients (P less than 0.01), and 20% had values greater than that of any control subject. This difference was most marked among those postpubertal and persisted with allowances for age and gender in an analysis of covariance. Although the vibratory perception threshold was not related to hemoglobin A1 in younger diabetic patients (Tanner stage less than 5), there was a highly significant positive relationship in postpubertal patients (r = 0.72, P less than 0.001). There were also associations of the vibratory perception threshold with age in diabetic and control subjects (r = 0.44 and r = 0.43, respectively, P less than 0.01 for both) and with diabetes duration (r = 0.36, P less than 0.01). These data indicate that vibratory perception threshold abnormalities occur early in the course of type I diabetes mellitus; however, they are more evident in those patients who are postpubertal. In addition, they suggest that the association between the vibratory perception threshold and glycemia may be modified by developmental factors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Perceptions of movement patterns: recall of movement.

The present study attempted to characterize the perception retention, and recall of kinaesthetic information regarding movement sequences (patterns). An attempt was made to draw on and extend conclusions relevant to simple movements (movement amplitude). One group of 10 blindfolded subjects recalled criterion movement patterns that had been actively commanded and 10 subjects recalled passively induced movements. The following conclusions were made. (1) Previous reports of algebraic errors in the recall of simple movement amplitudes are consistency with the finding that criterion perimeter, area, and depth of features were underestimated when recalled. (2) Measures of the accuracy of kinaesthetic perception do not alone account for the generally low level of pattern recall, the large range of individual differences or the underestimation of amplitude. The process of percept formation and of translating a percept into recalled movement are implicated. (3) Conclusions based on the short-term retention and recall of simple movements do not account for the coding, retention, and recall of movement sequences (patterns). (4) Percepts were formed, and patterns were recalled as a sequence of features but not as a sequence of key positions. (5) No direct difference was demonstrated between the recall of actively commanded and passively induced criterion movement patterns. However, the finding of a high gross angle change in the active condition was explained in terms of an unfavourable interaction between corollary discharge and sensory information.

Female↗

PubMed1986

Children's perception of parental exercise: influence of sex and age.

The purpose of the study was to document children's perception of parental exercise, relating these perceptions to (1) the self-reported parents' habits of exercise, and (2) the children's own activity patterns. The subjects were 198 students of both sexes, aged 12 to 14 yr. and enrolled in school Grades 7 to 9. A standard questionnaire assessed their perceptions of parental and personal physical activity. Both parents of each subject also reported their respective levels of habitual physical activity. Congruence between the children's perceptions and the self-reported exercise habits of the opposite-sex parent differed for boys and girls, increasing for boys and decreasing for girls between Grades 7 and 9. No significant associations were observed between the children's perception of parental exercise patterns and their own like habits. This suggests that during adolescence parental influences are minimized by other factors, personal or environmental.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Orosensory perception and articulatory proficiency in hearing-impaired adults.

Articulation errors and intelligibility of rated speech of 75 hearing-impaired young adults were compared to their errors on a test of orosensory perception. Analysis indicated no significant correlations between articulation, intelligibility of speech, and orosensory perception when total errors were compared. Some significant relationships were evident, however, for types of error. In addition, orosensory perception errors were compared with degree of hearing loss and history of use of amplification. These results indicated no significant relationships between the communication characteristics and total orosensory perception errors; however, when types of orosensory perception errors were compared, several significant relationships were evident. In general, present results may be useful in the development of appropriate remediation strategies for use by speech-language pathologists working with hearing-impaired persons.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Physical self-perception of elite athletes and nonathletes: a Turkish sample.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between physical self-perception and sports participation by comparing physical self-perception in a sample of elite Turkish athletes and a nonathletic control group. A total of 329 elite athletes from variety of sports at the national level (n(men)=207; M(age)=19.1 yr., SD=3.3 and n(women)=122; M(age)=18.5 yr., SD=3.6) and 469 nonathletic university students (n(men)=275; M(age)=20.8, SD=1.6 and n(women)=194; M(age)=20.7 yr., SD=1.7) voluntarily participated and answered the Physical Self-perception Profile. Scores for the elite athletes were significantly different from those of nonathletes on self-perception in all psychomotor subdomains. Further, physical self-perception of athletes and nonathletes also differed with regard to their sex.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Risk perceptions in Australia.

Research on perceptions of risk in Australia began only recently. Typically, data from other countries were used to determine what hazards might be considered most and least risky by the Australian public. Relying on overseas data is problematic, however, because cultural contexts may influence risk perceptions. To address the paucity of data on risk perceptions in Australia, we obtained relative risk ratings for 30 hazardous technologies and activities from 40 Australian undergraduate students. The results suggested that, while there are some similarities with other countries, there are also some unique features in Australian risk perceptions. Researchers should investigate the reasons underlying similarities and differences in risk perceptions across cultures.

Adolescent↗