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PubMed1989

[Multivariate statistical analysis in stabilometry in human upright standing (the first report)--age-related factor].

Posturography is not a clearly defined examination. Recently a number of parameters can be obtained in stabilometry by means of computers. To evaluate each parameter and to decide its normal range, subject's age must be considered. The age-related factors found in stabilometry were studied in terms of both multiple regression analysis and cluster analysis. The parameters used in this study were as follows: the area of an ellipse for rejection and of the figure displayed on an X-Y recorder, the maximum width on both the X axis (left and right direction) and the Y axis (anterior and posterior direction), the total length and the sum of excursion in each direction, the root mean square, the velocity, the acceleration, and the averaged frequency of body sway in both X and Y directions. One hundred normal subjects, aged from the second to sixth decade, including 10 males and 10 females in each decade, were tested. Each subject was asked to stand on a platform in Romberg's position for 60 seconds with both eyes open and closed. The significant parameters to predict age, which were determined by multiple regression analysis, were as follows (P less than 0.05): the averaged frequency in the Y direction with eyes closed, the maximum width in the X direction with eyes open, the area of the ellipse for rejection and of the figure with eyes closed, the maximum width in the Y direction and the area of the ellipse and the velocity in the X direction with eyes open. All test subjects were successfully classified into two groups by cluster analysis. One was the younger group aged less than 40 years and the other was the older group not younger than 40-year-old. However, the difference between with eyes open and with eyes closed was not significant (P less than 0.01) as regards the parameters of root mean square and averaged frequency in both sexes and at every decade. The difference between both sexes was supposed to be significant in the Y direction in the younger group and in the X direction in the older one.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Multivariate statistical analysis in stabilometry in human upright standing (second report)--pattern recognition of a stabilogram].

A pattern of a figure which is displayed by an X-Y recorder or by a polygraph in stabilometry may present several qualitative facts about the standing ability of a test-subject. The purpose of this study was to make a quantitative evaluation of the body stability in both normal and ataxic patients who were standing erect. The technique utilised was pattern-recognition, composed of principal component analysis and discriminant analysis. Stabilometrical examinations were carried out in 20 normal subjects, 39 with peripheral vestibular disturbance and 11 with disturbance of the central origin. Each examinee was ordered to keep an upright posture for 60 seconds both with the eyes open and with the eyes closed. The following parameters were used: the area of the ellipse for rejection by a statokinesigram, the maximum width and the total length of body excursion, the root mean square, the velocity, the acceleration and the average frequency in the horizontal plane. These were the same parameters that were used in the first report. Each component predicting a specific character in stabilometry was identified by this study of principal component analysis. The relationship between the components in order and its prediction were as follows: the first component predicted the size of the body movement, the second the force, the third the density, the fourth the difference between body movement with the eyes open and with the eyes closed and the fifth the direction of body sway. Furthermore, the principal components were successfully utilized to allow the classification of the test subjects into three groups: those who were normal, those with peripheral vestibular disturbance and those with disturbance of the central origin. Discriminant functions were also used to classify the above mentioned three groups and another five groups, namely: those who were normal, those with vestibular neuronitis, those with positional vertigo of the benign paroxysmal type, those with Ménière's disease and those with cerebellar ataxia. In classification of the three groups, the significant parameters used for discrimination were as follows (P less than 0.05): the root mean square with the eyes open, the distance and the maximum width of body excursion in the Y direction with the eyes open, the area of the ellipse for rejection both with the eyes open and with the eyes closed, the maximum width and the average frequency in the X direction with the eyes closed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Equilibrium of small animals in "drop shaft" experimentation--preliminary study on the frog with vestibular neurectomy].

We have newly designed instruments for equilibrium experimentation, using a drop shaft, and studied the behavior and EMG Patterns of frogs with or without unilateral vestibular neurectomy, as a preliminary study at JAMIC (Japan Microgravity Center). The results are reported herein and the efficacy of the drop shaft in equilibrium experimentation is also documented. 1) In unilateral vestibular neurectomized frogs, posture--head tilt, leg flexion on the affected side, and leg extension on the opposite side--is maintained and persists under microgravity. Rolling to the affected side was also observed. 2) The latencies of the EMG responses from M. tibialis anticus and M. longissimus dorsi were prolonged on the affected side. 3) The frog is suitable for use in equilibrium experiments utilizing a drop shaft. 4) The JAMIC drop shaft can be used to obtain constant and stable microgravity, 10(-4) G for 10 sec, which is similar to that in space. Drop shafts are suitable for equilibrium experimentation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Effects of body control and attention on body sway induced by a tilting room].

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of body control and attention on body sway that was induced by a "tilting room". With an initial instruction, 18 subjects were divided into two groups: target and body attention groups, and then stood on a stabilometer in a room that tilted forwardly. Body sway that was induced by the tilting room was measured with the stabilometer. During the training session, subjects received Dohsa training (Naruse, 1973) in order to control their body movement. Analyses indicated the following: (1) Subjects swayed in the same direction as tilting of the room; (2) No difference in the body sway was found for the two groups before training; and (3) After training, subjects increased the controllable area on the stabilometer and learned to use their bodily sensation better. Subjects in the target attention group had a greater increase in body sway than the other group. These results suggest that adult flexibility appeared in an ecological situation where conflicting information was received through visual and bodily sensation.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Relationship between development of the body-righting reaction and manual midline crossing behavior in the learning disabled.

The study was designed to consider the possible relationship between the development and integration of the body-righting reaction and the development of manual midline crossing behavior in learning-disabled and normal children aged 6 to 8 years (23 subjects in each group). A combination of three movement patterns (rolling from supine to prone, transition from supine to standing, and equilibrium in sitting) was used to analyze the body-righting reaction. The Space Visualization Contralateral Use (SVCU) score derived from the Southern California Space Visualization Test was used to measure manual midline crossing behavior. Results of the study found that the learning-disabled subjects exhibited significantly reduced performance on both test measures, when compared to the normal controls. A correlation between scores on the two tests did not reach significance. The findings are described as they relate to sensory integration testing, and the need for further study of the body-righting reaction and manual midline crossing behavior.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Current concepts of the vestibular system reviewed: 1. The role of the vestibulospinal system in postural control.

This paper reviews the research findings that support the presence of vestibulospinal reflexes in corrections for head and body instability. Studies of the importance of labyrinthine inputs to the central nervous system organization of eye, head, and body movements demonstrate that the vestibular nuclei are more than a simple relay station for labyrinthine activity. At all levels of the vestibular system beyond the primary vestibular afferents, parallel processing of labyrinthine signals occurs with input from other sensory systems. Thus, output of the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) is not equivalent to the labyrinthine input. It is the VNC output that influences motor behavior. Various sensory inputs are available to the nervous system to detect and correct postural instability. Most notably, vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive signals contribute significantly to the stabilizing responses in humans. The intent of this paper is to review experimental results rather than to discuss treatment interventions. Wherever possible, conclusions are drawn as to the clinical implications of current research findings.

Ear, Inner↗
PubMed1997

Are deficits in the equilibrium system relevant to the clinical investigation of solvent-induced neurotoxicity?

OBJECTIVES: The diagnosis of solvent-induced chronic toxic encephalopathy is commonly based on case histories of exposure to solvents, symptoms, and deficits on psychometric tests. It has previously been demonstrated that long-term solvent-exposed workers have disturbances of the equilibrium system. The correlation between these disturbances and the diagnosis of chronic toxic encephalopathy has been analyzed in the present study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty men, consecutively admitted due to the suspicion of this syndrome, were investigated and classified into 3 groups--solvent-induced chronic toxic encephalopathy, incipient chronic toxic encephalopathy and nonchronic toxic encephalopathy. They were all examined using an otoneurological test battery, including analysis of saccades, smooth pursuit, visual suppression of the vestibular ocular reflex, and dynamic posturography. RESULTS: Compared with healthy referents several of the subjects, even in the nonchronic toxic encephalopathy group, showed a reduced visual suppression ability, a prolonged latency of saccades, and pathological posturographic results. Some otoneurological tests correlated with the duration of exposure and the results of psychometric tests representing memory and perceptual skills. Nevertheless, there was no significant group correlation between the otoneurological findings and the diagnosis of chronic toxic encephalopathy. CONCLUSION: Disturbances revealed by an otoneurological investigation have so far not been considered in the diagnosis of chronic toxic encephalopathy. Our results indicate that an otoneurological test battery adds worthwhile information about lesions within the brainstem-cerebellar complex not revealed by a psychometric investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Acute effects of whole-body vibration. Stabilography and electrogastrography.

The influence of whole-body vibration on postural control and stomach motility was investigated. Fifteen subjects were exposed to two vibration signals (3 and 6 Hz random) while sitting for 1 h on a vibration simulator. A control situation, ie, sitting for 1 h without vibration, was also included. Stabilographic recordings before and 1 and 15 min after the sitting showed that exposure to these frequencies had no effect on postural control. Electrogastrographic (EGG) measurements before and during the sitting showed that, for 3 Hz, there was an initial increase in activity which decreased towards normal values. For 6 Hz there was a significant increase in activity for EGG frequencies of 0.05 and 0.13 Hz. The results imply that stomach motility can be affected by whole-body vibration in certain frequency ranges.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Footwear and postural stability in older people.

Accidental falls in the older population are common and often result in serious injury. Although a number of factors have been recognized as risk factors for falling, the effect of footwear on postural stability is often overlooked. This article reviews the literature on the effect of various footwear features on postural stability and suggests areas that warrant further investigation.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1999

Foot problems, functional impairment, and falls in older people.

Falls in older people are common and may lead to considerable disability. Although a number of risk factors for falling have been identified, the role of foot problems has received relatively little attention in the literature. This article reviews the literature pertaining to the prevalence of foot problems in older people and discusses the relationship of foot problems to functional impairment and falls. In addition, a number of theoretical considerations regarding specific foot conditions and postural instability are outlined.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1998

Control of FES in paraplegia: modeling voluntary arm forces.

Skilled behavior is difficult or impossible to articulate explicitly by the performers. Likewise biomechanical models of skilled motor actions are often limited by the lack of knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. A 'behavioral cloning' technique is described, based on a trained artificial neural network (ANN), that precisely mimics an individual's learned skill. In this paper the motor skill considered is that of paraplegics using their upper limbs whilst standing-up with FES. In a group of eight paraplegics with complete spinal injuries, it was possible to develop clones that followed closely the observed behavior of the subjects. Each subject used a unique and consistent voluntary control strategy. Subjects with more experience in using FES were more consistent in the use of their arms from trial to trial. Comparison of the clones revealed features suggestive of some common underlying voluntary control strategies.

Adolescent↗