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PubMed2005

[Sensitivity of various influenza virus strains to arbidol. Influence of arbidol combination with different antiviral drugs on reproduction of influenza virus A].

AIM: To study antiviral activity of arbidol in relation to various antigenic subtypes of influenza virus isolated from humans; efficacy of arbidol action in combination with adamantanic antiviral drugs, ribavirin and ribamidil on reproduction of influenza virus A (IVA) in cell culture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The activity of the drugs against viral reproduction was assessed by inhibition of viral antigens expression detected in virus-infected cells using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). RESULTS: Arbidol is not inferior to adamantanic drugs, neuraminidase inhibitors, ribavirin and ribamidil by its inhibiting activity in relation to influenza viruses A and B. Arbidol inhibits reproduction of human IVA antigenic strains H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 and remantadin-sensitive and remantadin-resistant strains of influenza virus. Arbidol inhibits reproduction of pathogenic for humans strains of avian influenza virus H5N1 and H9N2, strains H6N1 and H9N2 having internal genes common with H5N1 and H9N2. The inhibiting activity of arbidolin on cell culture viral reproduction enhanced if arbidol was used in combination with amantadine, remantadin, ribavirin and ribamidil. CONCLUSION: Arbidol has a wide spectrum antiviral activity and inhibits reproduction of various antigenic subtypes and remantadin-resistent human IVA, avian viruses H5N1 and H9N2, influenza viruses B and C.

Amantadine↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effectiveness of structured teaching program in improving knowledge and attitude of school going adolescents on reproductive health.

INTRODUCTION: Development of knowledge and attitude takes place during the adolescent period, which can have lifelong effects on the individual, family and society. Proper education in this age group is important for prevention of untoward social and health related problems. OBJECTIVE: To find out the effectiveness of structured teaching program in improving knowledge and attitude of school going adolescents on reproductive health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An experimental study with pretest - posttest control group design was carried out in four selected schools with similar settings in Dharan town of Nepal. All the subjects were divided into two groups: experimental and control, each comprising of two subgroups of 50 boys and 50 girls. Structured teaching program consisting of information on human reproductive system was used as a tool of investigation for the experimental group, whereas conventional teaching method was used for the control group. RESULTS: A total of 200 Adolescent school students were included in this study. The mean (+/-SD) pretest score of the experimental group on knowledge of reproductive health was 39.83 (+/- 16.89) and of the control group was 39.47(+/- 0.08). The same of experimental group after administration of the structured teaching program (84.60+/-10.60) and of the control group with conventional teaching method (43.93+/-10.08) was statistically significant (p<0.001). Similarly, the post-test scores of knowledge of the groups on responsible sexual behaviour and their attitude towards reproductive health were better in the experimental group than in the control group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The knowledge of adolescent school students on reproductive health is inadequate. The use of structured teaching program is effective in improving knowledge and attitude of the adolescents on reproductive health.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Effect of some drugs, experimental stress and estrus on unstable and fixed conditioned alimentary motor reflexes in cats. Reproduction and stress. Part V.

Reproduction of fixed conditioned alimentary motor reflexes in long-time laboratory kept cats in the course of the year is remarkably influenced by the sexual cycle. Estrus, anestrus, gestation and deliveries act upon the reflex reproduction in a similar way like deliberate application of experimental stress of various intensity. The study of the antistress efficacy of drugs modifying psychological functions and mental states in the method of reproduction of fixed alimentary motor reflexes under stress must specify the actual effect of experimental stress. Experimental sensory stress represented by intermittent sound of 98 dB and intermittent light (0.6 joules) acting with simultaneous frequency of 6 Hz was found to generally impair reflex reproduction over the whole period of twelve months. Correct response latencies were significantly prolonged and incorrect motor reactions significantly increased. If reflex reproduction was impaired due to the sexual cycle, simultaneous sensory stress still aggravates the impairment. The definition of the actual efficacy of experimental stressing thus necessarily requires regular control experiments in the course of the year with reproduction influenced neither by stress nor drugs at least at forthightly intervals.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Predicting reproductive outcome from sperm measurements in Swiss (CD-1) mice.

UNLABELLED: Recent advances in the quantification of sperm characteristics, particularly by techniques of videomicrography, raise the problem of identifying a subset of sperm measurements that can accurately predict reduced reproductive performance in the presence of a reproductive toxicant. This paper discusses and illustrates, with sperm data from Swiss (CD-1) mice, three properties of sperm measurements in addition to the association with reproductive outcome that can be used as objective criteria to distinguish among potentially useful sperm characteristics. Identification of these properties was motivated by the need to single out sperm characteristics that would yield hypothesis tests with good power to distinguish groups with altered sperm characteristics from those with normal sperm characteristics. The list of desirable properties of sperm characteristics includes: a) MEASUREMENT: The most useful sperm characteristics will exhibit low measurement bias and high measurement precision. b) Distribution: Sperm characteristics that follow the class of normal distributions allow easy identification of the most powerful hypothesis testing procedures. c) Variation: Sperm characteristics that exhibit limited variation from individual to individual will make altered values easier to detect. d) Correlation: Sperm characteristics that exhibit a high correlation with reproductive outcome will be most useful. MEASUREMENTs of sperm concentration, sperm motility, and abnormal sperm were examined for each of these properties in Swiss (CD-1) mice. For control animals, evidence of measurement bias between labs and significant variation among studies within labs was found for each sperm characteristic, with measurements of abnormal sperm exhibiting the least bias. Sperm concentration and the natural logarithm of abnormal sperm appeared normally distributed. Individual to individual variation was substantial for sperm motility and sperm concentration, both of which required an approximately 30% decrease in mean to achieve good statistical power. In contrast, abnormal sperm required only a 4% increase in mean to achieve the same power. In spite of the measurement noise associated with these sperm characteristics, data from 25 experiments indicated good agreement between the results of hypothesis tests based on sperm characteristics and reproductive outcome as judged by fertility and the number of pups. The same conclusions reached for reproductive outcome were reached in 19 of 24 experiments for sperm motility, in 19 of 25 experiments for sperm concentration, and in 17 of 24 experiments for abnormal sperm.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

[The role of adrenergic receptors in the regulation of blood flow in the reproductive organs of swine during the estrous cycle].

The dimension of flow in uterine artery (ua) and ovarian artery (oa) was measured. It was conducted in the isolated porcine (100-130 kg/per head) reproductive organs perfused with their own blood or Krebs-Henseleit fluid when the pressure was kept on the constant level 100 m Hg. Phenoxybenzamine (Ph), phentolamine (R), propranolol (P), pronetalol (Pr) were used and also after them adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA) or isoprenaline (I) were administrated. Changes in blood flow (bf) through the organs connected with inhibition or stimulation of adrenergic receptors during estrous cycle were analysed. It was stated that R increased bf, but not significantly. Ph increased significantly bf in the reproductive organs and blocked decreasing bf influence of A and NA in ua and oa areas. Both A and I administrated after Ph and R caused the increase in bf in the both investigated vessel areas. Beta-adrenolytic agents P and Pr decreased bf and also blocked increasing bf action of I. When we used A or NA after P or Pr administration, there was observed significant limitation of bf in the reproductive organs. Reactions evoked by alpha- and beta-adrenergic stimulation were different during estrous cycle. The highest activity of alpha receptor--which dominates the vessels of porcine reproductive organs--was found in the luteal phase of cycle where the activity of beta receptor was the lowest. The activity of alpha receptor decreased and increased activity of beta receptor in the pre and postovulatory phase of cycle compared to the state observed in the luteal phase. Beta receptor did not play any significant role in the regulation of bf in the porcine reproductive organs. Data from references discussed in this work and our results suggest that regulation of sensitivity of vessels in the porcine reproductive organs was not connected with quantitative representation of adrenergic receptors. Changes of vessel sensitivity were connected with changes of alpha-adrenergic receptor activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Peripheral target choice by homologous neurons during embryogenesis of the medicinal leech. II. Innervation of ectopic reproductive tissue by nonreproductive Retzius cells.

Most Retzius (Rz) cells innervate the body wall of their own and adjacent segments, whereas Rz cells in segments 5 and 6 [Rz (5,6)] innervate the reproductive tissue, which is found only in those segments. Results from the preceding paper (Loer and Kristan, 1989a) showed that Rz (5,6) and standard Rz cells do not normally compete for their respective peripheral targets. These experiments did not, however, distinguish between 2 other possible mechanisms of target selection: intrinsic differences in target preference or differences in the timing of target contact. In order to separate these possibilities experimentally, we transplanted reproductive primordia to standard segments. We found that standard Rz cells were capable of densely innervating ectopic reproductive tissue, provided the target was transplanted at an appropriate time and location. Furthermore, after some processes of standard Rz cells contacted ectopic reproductive tissue, the rest of the cell's processes showed their growth in a way reminiscent of Rz (5,6) processes. These results strongly suggest that Rz (5,6) innervate reproductive tissue at least partly because their processes contact this target during a period that is optimal for them to associate with the target, or when the reproductive tissue is most attractive to Rz processes, or both.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Sex hormone and IL-6 regulation of antigen presentation in the female reproductive tract mucosal tissues.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether Ag presentation takes place in the female reproductive tract and if the stage of the reproductive cycle, sex hormones, and IL-6 regulate uterine Ag presentation. Purified epithelial and mixed stromal cells were incubated with sensitized lymph node T lymphocytes in the presence of OVA. Ag presentation was highest at proestrus, the stage of the reproductive cycle that immediately precedes ovulation when estradiol levels peak, and lowest at estrus, when sperm enter the uterus in preparation for fertilization. Further, these studies demonstrate that estradiol given to ovariectomized rats increases uterine cell Ag presentation relative to that in controls. In the presence of mouse anti-rat Ia Ab, Ag presentation was blocked, indicating that Ag presentation by uterine cells is MHC class II restricted. In studies to analyze Ag presentation at sites distal to the female reproductive tract, we found that Ag presentation by adherent cells from the spleen is elevated at proestrus relative to that at other stages of the estrous cycle. When IL-6 was placed in the uterine lumen of ovariectomized rats, Ag presentation by epithelial and mixed stromal cells as well as mitogenesis by spleen cells were increased significantly relative to those in controls. These studies demonstrate that the female reproductive tract is an inductive site for immune responses and that mucosal immune protection may be either enhanced or suppressed depending on the endocrine balance when the female reproductive tract is exposed to pathogens.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Disorders of reproduction.

Human reproduction is an exceedingly complex process susceptible to insult at many stages. The targets of reproductive injury include the male and female worker as well as the conceptus. Because research into the reproductive and developmental effects of occupational exposures is relatively new, there are significant gaps in our knowledge of specific agents, their mechanisms of action, and their adverse effects. At the same time, workers increasingly are turning to their primary health care providers with concerns about potential reproductive hazards. Evaluation of patients includes identifying occupational agents with suspected reproductive or developmental effects, defining exposure parameters, and making estimates of risk based on the best available data. Management includes patient counseling and intervention to decrease hazardous exposures through workplace controls or temporary job transfers and leaves. By taking an occupational history, identifying possible work-related problems, and making appropriate referrals, primary care physicians can have an important role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of adverse reproductive outcomes.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMed1997

Polygyny and reproductive behavior in sub-Saharan Africa: a contextual analysis.

In this paper I examine the effect of polygyny on aggregate reproductive behavior. I argue that within countries there exist different polygyny regimes, each exhibiting a unique reproductive pattern. Using the 1988/1989 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS1) data, I identify three distinct regimes: low-polygyny, mid-polygyny, and high-polygyny regimes. The results of the bivariate and multivariate analyses reveal strong differences in reproductive preferences and behaviors across polygyny regimes. High-polygyny regimes, for instance, maintain a value orientation that favors and encourages high reproductive performance. The force of this pronatalism operates equally for men and women; but whereas men in this regime attain their reproductive goals by marrying multiple wives, women attain theirs by maximizing their reproductive capabilities. This maximization occurs through early initiation of sexual/reproductive activity, universal marriage and minimal interruption of marriage, nonuse of contraception within a union, and a positive attitude toward high fertility.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

The mucosal immune system in the human female reproductive tract: potential insights into the heterosexual transmission of HIV.

Using isolated cell suspensions and in situ techniques, we have partially characterized the organization, functional capacity, and sex hormone regulation of the mucosal immune system in the human female reproductive tract. Isolated cells suspensions have been used to demonstrate that the uterus contains antigen-presenting cells that are functionally able to present antigen to autologous tetanus toxoid-specific T cells. Immunophenotypic analyses of the female reproductive tract by three-color immunofluorescent staining has been used to show that lymphoid aggregates, which are absent in postmenopausal women, develop in the uterine endometrium during the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women. Lymphoid aggregates are composed of a B lymphocyte core surrounded by numerous CD8+CD4- T lymphocytes and an outer halo of macrophages. Macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and CD56+ NK cells are distributed throughout the uterine endometrium. In contrast, the Fallopian tube, cervix, and vagina, which lack lymphoid aggregates, contain CD8+ and CD4+ T cells as well as macrophages. The female reproductive tract has also been analyzed for the presence of antigen-independent CD3+ T lymphocyte cytolytic function by an anti-CD3 MAb-mediated redirected lysis assay. High levels of CD3+ T lymphocyte cytolytic activity were demonstrated in cervix and vagina and independent of stage of the menstrual cycle. In the uterus, cytolytic activity changed with endocrine state. In postmenopausal women the uterine endometrium had CD3+ T lymphocytes with high cytolytic activity, whereas premenopausal women had CD3+ T lymphocytes with moderate cytolytic potential during the proliferative phase to low/no cytolytic activity during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. In studies to determine whether the upper reproductive tract could be infected with HIV-1, we found on the basis of nef expression and p24 release that epithelial cells from the Fallopian tube, and from the uterus and cervix, are infectable. These studies demonstrate that the human female reproductive tract is an inductive site for immune responses and the cell-mediated immunity is present throughout the female reproductive tract. These studies further indicate that the Fallopian tube and uterus are potential entry sites for HIV-1 infection and that uterine immune cell architecture as well as cytolytic activity are under hormonal control.

Antigen Presentation↗

PubMed1998

[Some elements for interpreting men's presence in reproductive health processes]

This study aims to identify analytical approaches to situate men in processes pertaining to reproductive health. We challenge the position that identifies them only as actors that can support improvements in the health of women and children. More recently there has been a concern over reshaping their role, as individuals who both reproduce and face risks to their reproductive organs, behaviors, and processes. One possibility for explaining men's presence in such processes is to identify their absence or presence as conditioning the consequences for women and children. The issue is to determine how they hamper or foster maternal health. A second possibility is to delve into the relational, social, and potentially conflictive nature of "sexualized" reproduction. This implies a new approach to the analysis of reproduction as a relational process, rather than as isolated events involving men and women, meanwhile recovering the respective specificities. The gender perspective is used to conceive of processes without denying the power dimension. Thus, a new approach is taken to sexuality, reproduction, and health in terms of interaction, in order to build clearer references with regard to the male population. We base our study on the approach attempting to build reflections on men as related to the dynamics of reproductive health.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The effects of medazepam on memory trace reproduction during learning and amnesia in aggressive and submissive C57Bl/6J mice].

Experiments were conducted on C57B1 mice to study the role of the social status on the reproduction of a conditioned reaction of passive avoidance and the effect of medazepam on the processes of reproduction. Aggressive and submissive animals were selected according to the test for agonistic confrontations. No effect of the animals' social status on the formation of a conditioned habit was revealed, but a significant increase in the level of defecation was recorded in the aggressive mice. Medazepam administration before the test reduced the reproduction of the conditioned reaction only in the control mice. An amnestic effect blocked reproduction in control and submissive mice but did not change it in the aggressors. Medazepam restored the amnestic memory trace only in submissive individuals. In aggressive mice it reduced the emotional response but did not change reproduction. The data obtained suggest that variations of the social status determine both the behavioral responsiveness to training and the changes in reproduction in response to medazepam.

Aggression↗

PubMed2026

Ultrastructural Insights Into the Reproductive Anatomy and Eggs of Cotton Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders is a major pest of cotton, notorious for its high reproductive potential and rapid evolution of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. Despite its economic significance, detailed knowledge of its reproductive anatomy and egg ultrastructure has remained limited, constraining the development of advanced molecular control strategies such as CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing. The present study provides the first comprehensive characterization of the reproductive system and egg surface morphology of P. gossypiella using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The male reproductive system consists of fused, bean-shaped testes, seminal vesicles, duplex and simplex ejaculatory ducts, and paired accessory glands. The female reproductive system comprises paired ovaries with four polytrophic ovarioles per ovary, lateral and common oviducts, accessory glands, corpus bursae, and spermathecal glands. Eggs are oval, dorsoventrally flattened, exhibit a reticulated chorion with distinct micropylar and aeropylar regions. SEM images revealed 6-9 rosette cells encircling a circular micropylar plate, 14-19 first order and 17-23 s order ribs, and 250-291 polygonal surface cells. The structural features of P. gossypiella eggs reveal key sites for sperm entry, aeropylar respiration, and candidate zones for microinjection in gene editing applications. These findings establish a morphological baseline critical for optimizing embryo manipulation and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery in lepidopteran genome editing. This study represents a pioneering effort to integrate classical egg morphology with molecular entomology, thereby advancing precision genetic interventions aimed at resistance management and population suppression in P. gossypiella.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

The purchase of fruitfulness: assisted conception and reproductive disability in a seventeenth-century comedy.

The relationships between socioeconomic and biogenetic reproduction are always socially constructed but not always acknowledged. These relationships are examined as they apply to an instance of infertility and assisted reproduction presented in a seventeenth-century English play, Thomas Middleton's 1613 comedy, A Chaste Maid in Cheapside. Middleton's satirization of the effects of secrecy on the category of reproductive disability is analyzed and its applicability to our own time considered. The discussion is in four parts, focusing on: the attribution of disabled status to one member of the couple, the wife; the use of this attribution to protect the husband's reputation for sexual and reproductive health; the concealment of the nature of assisted reproduction; and the interests of the child conceived with such assistance.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Reproductive health research in China: the Ford Foundation initiatives.

Increasing demographic and epidemiological evidence shows that maternal health problems are widespread and are linked to social, cultural, and economic factors, in particular, to women's status in society. Thus, there is an urgent need to expand existing knowledge about these influences on reproductive health and to empower women to gain control over them. To this end, there is a need for a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach with an emphasis on social science research and training. The Ford Foundation, after an extensive review of its work in population and development, embarked on a new, ten-year, comprehensive reproductive health program for the 1990s. This paper describes one component of that program, a partnership with the All China Women's Federation to sponsor a series of reproductive health research activities. It examines the development and evaluates the positive and negative outcomes of the project, which commenced in 1991, from the perspective of a consultant involved in the process. So far, the project has generated interest in reproductive health in at least twenty-one Chinese provinces and has fostered a real partnership between the sponsoring and the collaborating agency. Based on the immediate outcomes of a research competition designed to identify research projects and investigators, of participant evaluation of the methodology training course, and of the strategies aimed at building capabilities and strengthening institutions in order to ensure future success, I conclude that the Ford Foundation's reproductive health initiative in China is a worthwhile and sustainable project.

China↗

PubMed1989

The relationship between lifespan and reproduction in the rotifer Asplanchna brightwelli.

Lifespan is strongly correlated (0.7009) with the length of the reproductive period in the rotifer Asplanchna brightwelli. Lifespan is correlated to a lesser degree with the number of offspring produced (0.5545). When lifespan is extended by experimental means, it is the length of the reproductive period which is increased. Extension of the reproductive period appears to be the most important determinant of lifespan extension. These findings do not support most of the reproduction theories, but support the concept that the end of the reproductive period signals the end of the lifespan.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

A review on reproductive biotechnologies for conservation of endangered mammalian species.

This review describes the use of modern reproductive biotechnologies or assisted reproductive techniques (ART) including artificial insemination, embryo transfer/sexing, in vitro fertilization, gamete/embryo micromanipulation, semen sexing, genome resource banking, and somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning) in conservation programs for endangered mammalian species. Such biotechnologies allow more offspring to be obtained from selected parents to ensure genetic diversity and may reduce the interval between generations. However, the application of reproductive biotechnologies for endangered free-living mammals is rarer than for endangered domestic breeds. Progress in ART for non-domestic species will continue at a slow pace due to limited resources, but also because the management and conservation of endangered species is biologically quite complex. In practice, current reproductive biotechnologies are species-specific or inefficient for many endangered animals because of insufficient knowledge on basic reproduction like estrous cycle, seasonality, structural anatomy, gamete physiology and site for semen deposition or embryo transfer of non-domestic species.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

The role and influence of stakeholders and donors on reproductive health services in Turkey: a critical review.

Since 1965, Turkey has followed on anti-natalist population policy and made significant progress in improving sexual and reproductive health. This paper presents a critical review of the national reproductive health policies and programmes of Turkey and discusses the influence of national and international stakeholders and donors on policy and implementation. While government health services have played the primary role in meeting sexual and reproductive health needs, international donor agencies and national non-governmental and other civil society organisations, especially universities, have played an important complementary role. Major donor agencies have supported many beneficial programmes to improve reproductive health in Turkey but their agendas have sometimes not been compatible with national objectives and goals, which has caused frustration. The main conclusion of this review is that countries with clear and strong reproductive health policies can better direct the implementation of international agreements as well as get the most benefit from the support of international donors.

Adolescent↗